Invertebrates Codexery

Bivalvia

Aquatic molluscs with hinged shells, lacking a head.

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The name derives from Latin "bis" (two) and "valvae" (leaves of a door).[1] Paired shells have evolved independently in several other animal groups, including brachiopods and ostracods.[2] A ligament holds together two calcareous valves that enclose the body of molluscs belonging to the taxonomic class Bivalvia.[3][4]

Scientific classification

  1. KingdomAnimalia
  2. PhylumMollusca
  3. ClassBivalvia

Named by Linnaeus, 1758

Sources: Wikipedia taxobox: Bivalvia (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Quick Facts

Field
Class of aquatic molluscs
Known for
  • Having a hinged pair of calcified valves
  • filter feeding
  • source of pearls and food
First appearance
Early Cambrian, more than 500 million years ago
Number of living species
About 9,200

Facts from the source article.

Key facts and history

Linnaeus first used the term Bivalvia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758.[3] Bivalves have bilaterally symmetrical, laterally flattened bodies with a blade-shaped foot and no radula.[5] Most bivalves are filter feeders, using modified gills called ctenidia to capture phytoplankton.[6][7] The nervous system has no brain, consisting of paired ganglia and a nerve network.[8]

The sexes are usually separate, with external fertilization producing trochophore and then veliger larvae.[9][10] Based on the extended foot's shape, the class was later termed Pelecypoda, which translates to "axe-foot."[3] The shell is closed by the contraction of posterior and anterior adductor muscles, which form the primary muscular system.[11] Opening the shell is the function of the hinge ligament, which operates in opposition to the adductor muscles.[11]

Determining the age of bivalves is commonly done by examining the concentric rings found on the shell's exterior.[12]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Parker, "McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms", McGraw-Hill Education, 1984 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "On Candinia (Sacoglossa: Juliidae), a new fossil genus of bivalved gastropods", Journal of Paleontology, 1996, p. 230–235; "The Phylum Brachiopoda", Earthlife Web; "Ostracoda", Oxford Dictionaries; Webb, J., "A reappraisal of the palaeoecology of conchostracans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda)", Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 1979, p. 259–275 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Linnaeus, "Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata", Laurentii Salvii, 1758, p. 645 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Environmental and biological controls on bivalve shell mineralogy", Biological Reviews, 1969, p. 499–530; "Environmental and biological controls on bivalve shell mineralogy", Biological Reviews, 1969, p. 499–530 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ruppert, "Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition", Cengage Learning, 2004, p. 367–368; Dorit, "Zoology", Saunders College Publishing, 1991, p. 672 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Dorit, "Zoology", Saunders College Publishing, 1991, p. 675–678 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Dorit, "Zoology", Saunders College Publishing, 1991, p. 675–678; Gosling, Elizabeth, "Bivalve Molluscs: Biology, Ecology and Culture", Fishing News Books, 2004, p. 87 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Cofrancesco, Alfred F., "Nervous System and Sense Organs in Bivalves", Zebra Mussel Research Program, 2002; Morton, Brian, "Mollusk: The nervous system and organs of sensation", Encyclopædia Britannica (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Dorit, "Zoology", Saunders College Publishing, 1991, p. 682; Morton, Brian, "Bivalve: The reproductive system", Encyclopædia Britannica (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  10. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Dorit, "Zoology", Saunders College Publishing, 1991, p. 682; Morton, Brian, "Bivalve: Reproduction and life cycles", Encyclopædia Britannica (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  11. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ruppert, "Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition", Cengage Learning, 2004, p. 369; Gosling, Elizabeth, "Bivalve Molluscs: Biology, Ecology and Culture", Fishing News Books, 2004, p. 21; Morton, Brian, "Bivalve: The mantle and musculature", Encyclopædia Britannica; Morton, Brian, "Bivalve: The mantle and musculature", Encyclopædia Britannica (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  12. Wikipedia, "Bivalvia" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Gosling, Elizabeth, "Bivalve Molluscs: Biology, Ecology and Culture", Fishing News Books, 2004, p. 7–10 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  13. Open Library record, ISBN 9788131501047 ("Invertebrate Zoology"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Bivalvia (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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