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"https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/neoplasm.webp", "c": "Shibata, Hideki; Ohike, Nobuyuki; Norose, Tomoko; Isobe, Tomohide; Suzuki, Reika · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/carcinogenesis/e/carcinogenesis/malignant-transformation/": {"t": "Malignant transformation", "s": "Cells acquire cancer properties, often from external, avoidable factors."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cellular-differentiation/": {"t": "Cellular differentiation", "s": "Process where stem cells become specialized cell types."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/colorectal-cancer/": {"t": "Colorectal cancer", "s": "A common cancer of the colon or rectum."}, "https://codexery.com/cancer/e/cancer/oncology/": {"t": "Oncology", "s": "Branch of medicine focused on cancer care."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/gastrointestinal-tract/": {"t": "Gastrointestinal 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"https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/radiation-therapy/": {"t": "Radiation therapy", "s": "Ionizing radiation used to treat cancer and other conditions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/img/medical-procedures-and-treatments/radiation-therapy.webp", "c": "Linda Bartlett (Photographer) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/chemotherapy/": {"t": "Chemotherapy", "s": "Systemic cancer treatment using cytotoxic drugs to inhibit cell division."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/hpv-vaccine/": {"t": "HPV vaccine", "s": "HPV vaccines prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia/": {"t": "Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia", "s": "Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precancerous condition of the cervix caused by HPV, graded 1–3, with treatment typically starting at CIN 2+."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system-and-abdomen/fecal-incontinence/": {"t": "Fecal incontinence", "s": "Involuntary loss of bowel contents, often underreported and treatable."}, "https://codexery.com/teratogens/e/teratogens/doxorubicin/": {"t": "Doxorubicin", "s": "Anthracycline chemotherapy agent used against multiple cancers."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/hiv/": {"t": "HIV", "s": "Retrovirus causing AIDS, transmitted via bodily fluids."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/chromosomal-translocation/": {"t": "Chromosomal translocation", "s": "Chromosomal translocation alters genome structure, affecting health.", "i": "https://codexery.com/genetics/img/genetics/chromosomal-translocation.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/translation-biology/": {"t": "Translation (biology)", 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distinct human infections."}, "https://codexery.com/conditions-diagnosed-by-stool-test/e/conditions-diagnosed-by-stool-test/strongyloides-stercoralis/": {"t": "Strongyloides stercoralis", "s": "A parasitic roundworm capable of autoinfection and lifelong persistence."}, "https://codexery.com/parasitic-diseases/e/parasitic-diseases/heterakis-gallinarum/": {"t": "Heterakis gallinarum", "s": "A nematode carrier of Histomonas meleagridis causing blackhead disease."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/schistosomiasis/": {"t": "Schistosomiasis", "s": "A parasitic disease spread by freshwater snails affecting millions globally."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/bladder/": {"t": "Bladder", "s": "Hollow organ storing urine from the kidneys of vertebrates."}, "https://codexery.com/bleeding/e/bleeding/hematuria/": {"t": "Hematuria", "s": "Blood in urine from any urinary tract site; may be visible or microscopic."}, "https://codexery.com/anatomical-pathology/e/anatomical-pathology/granuloma/": {"t": "Granuloma", "s": "An organized collection of macrophages in chronic inflammation."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/e/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/ascending-cholangitis/": {"t": "Ascending cholangitis", "s": "Life-threatening bile duct inflammation, usually from gallstone obstruction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/img/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/ascending-cholangitis.webp", "c": "Alaa Najjar · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/e/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/cholecystitis/": {"t": "Cholecystitis", "s": "Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/img/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/cholecystitis.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-skin-and-subcutaneous/e/symptoms-and-signs-skin-and-subcutaneous-tissue/desquamation/": {"t": "Desquamation", "s": "The shedding of dead skin cells from the outermost layer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-skin-and-subcutaneous/img/symptoms-and-signs-skin-and-subcutaneous-tissue/desquamation.webp", "c": "Barbariandeagle · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cytopathology/e/cytopathology/lymphadenopathy/": {"t": "Lymphadenopathy", "s": "Lymphadenopathy is abnormal lymph node size or consistency, often from infection."}, "https://codexery.com/immune-system-disorders/e/immune-system-disorders/hhv-8-associated-mcd/": {"t": "HHV-8-associated MCD", "s": "A rare lymphoproliferative disorder caused by HHV-8 infection."}, "https://codexery.com/idiopathic-diseases/e/idiopathic-diseases/idiopathic-multicentric-castleman-disease/": {"t": "Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease", "s": "A rare lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown cause."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology/e/microbiology/cytokine/": {"t": "Cytokine", "s": "Small proteins crucial for immune signaling and inflammation."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/cervical-screening/": {"t": "Cervical screening", "s": "Cervical screening identifies risk of cervical cancer through molecular, cytologic, or visual inspection tests."}, "https://codexery.com/chronic-pain-syndromes/e/chronic-pain-syndromes/pelvic-pain/": {"t": "Pelvic pain", "s": "Pain in the pelvic region, acute or chronic, with varied causes."}, "https://codexery.com/pain/e/pain/dyspareunia/": {"t": "Dyspareunia", "s": "Painful sexual intercourse affecting many worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/biopsy/": {"t": "Biopsy", "s": "A medical test extracting cells or tissues for disease diagnosis."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/medical-imaging/": {"t": "Medical imaging", "s": "Technique and process of imaging the interior of a body 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"https://codexery.com/physiology-anatomy/e/physiology-and-anatomy/sex-organ/": {"t": "Sex organ", "s": "Organs involved in sexual reproduction across species."}, "https://codexery.com/carcinogenesis/e/carcinogenesis/tumor-suppressor-gene/": {"t": "Tumor suppressor gene", "s": "Genes that regulate cell division and suppress tumor development."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/tissue-biology/": {"t": "Tissue (biology)", "s": "Tissue is an assembly of similar cells with a specific function."}, "https://codexery.com/gynaecological-cancer/e/gynaecological-cancer/uterine-cancer/": {"t": "Uterine cancer", "s": "Uterine cancer includes endometrial cancer and uterine sarcoma."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/bethesda-system/": {"t": "Bethesda system", "s": "Standardized reporting for cervical and thyroid cytopathology."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology-organizations/e/pathology-organizations/college-of-american-pathologists/": {"t": 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"https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/microscope/": {"t": "Microscope", "s": "Instrument for viewing objects invisible to the naked eye.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/microscope.webp", "c": "Chad Anderson, staff photographer for SFO Museum · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-organizations/e/obstetrics-and-gynaecology-organizations/american-college-of-obstetricians-and-gynecologists/": {"t": "American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists", "s": "Professional association of U.S. obstetrician-gynecologists founded in 1951."}, "https://codexery.com/breast-cancer-organizations/e/breast-cancer-organizations/american-cancer-society/": {"t": "American Cancer Society", "s": "Nationwide nonprofit working to eliminate cancer through research and support."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/ontario/": {"t": "Ontario", "s": "Canada's most populous 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"https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/blood-test/": {"t": "Blood test", "s": "Laboratory analysis of blood for medical diagnosis and monitoring."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/vomiting/e/vomiting/norovirus/": {"t": "Norovirus", "s": "Highly contagious virus causing acute gastroenteritis and vomiting."}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/invertebrates/flatworm/": {"t": "Flatworm", "s": "Simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates commonly called flatworms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/img/invertebrates/flatworm.webp", "c": "Mesostoma · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system-and-abdomen/hepatomegaly/": {"t": "Hepatomegaly", "s": "Enlargement of the liver, a sign with many possible causes."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/rudolf-leuckart/": {"t": "Rudolf Leuckart", "s": "German zoologist and father of parasitology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/rudolf-leuckart.webp", "c": "Richard Paulussen (1854-1906) · via Wikipedia: Rudolf Leuckart · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/supernumerary-body-parts/e/supernumerary-body-parts/hermaphrodite/": {"t": "Hermaphrodite", "s": "An organism producing both male and female gametes."}, "https://codexery.com/zoonotic-parasitic-diseases/e/zoonotic-parasitic-diseases/opisthorchis-felineus/": {"t": "Opisthorchis felineus", "s": "A trematode causing liver disease in fish-eating mammals."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/host-biology/": {"t": "Host (biology)", "s": "A larger organism that harbours a smaller symbiotic guest."}, "https://codexery.com/fish-and-marine-life/e/fish-and-marine-life/freshwater-fish/": {"t": "Freshwater fish", "s": "Fish adapted to live in low-salinity inland waters."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/skin-cancer/": {"t": "Skin cancer", "s": "Most common cancer in humans, primarily caused by UV radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cell-migration/": {"t": "Cell migration", "s": "Cell migration is central to development, immunity, and disease."}, "https://codexery.com/addiction/e/addiction/nf-b/": {"t": "NF-κB", "s": "Transcription factor family regulating immune response, cell survival, and inflammation."}, "https://codexery.com/tree-derived-bioactive-compounds/e/tree-derived-bioactive-compounds/paclitaxel/": {"t": "Paclitaxel", "s": "A taxane chemotherapy drug from the Pacific yew."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/white-blood-cell/": {"t": "White blood cell", "s": "Nucleated immune cells that defend against infection and disease.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/white-blood-cell.webp", "c": "BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:\n\nBlausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\". WikiJournal of M · via Wikipedia: White blood cell · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/natural-killer-cell/": {"t": "Natural killer cell", "s": "Innate immune cells that kill stressed cells lacking self markers."}, "https://codexery.com/cancer/e/cancer/cancer/": {"t": "Cancer", "s": "A group of diseases involving uncontrolled cell growth with potential to spread."}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/infectious-mononucleosis/": {"t": "Infectious mononucleosis", "s": "An infection usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus."}, "https://codexery.com/immune-system-disorders/e/immune-system-disorders/immune-disorder/": {"t": "Immune disorder", "s": "Dysfunction of the immune system, either overactive or underactive."}, "https://codexery.com/psychopathological-syndromes/e/psychopathological-syndromes/alice-in-wonderland-syndrome/": {"t": "Alice in Wonderland syndrome", "s": "A neurological disorder distorting perception of size, distance, and time."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-cell-biology/e/microbiology-and-cell-biology/lysis/": {"t": "Lysis", "s": "The breakdown of a cell membrane by various mechanisms."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-nucleus/": {"t": "Cell nucleus", "s": "Membrane-bound organelle containing the cell's genome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-nucleus.webp", "c": "Szajci · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-membrane/": {"t": "Cell membrane", "s": "Semipermeable lipid bilayer separating cell interior from environment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-membrane.webp", "c": "Blackout Sea · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/microrna/": {"t": "MicroRNA", "s": "Small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/burkitt-lymphoma/": {"t": "Burkitt lymphoma", "s": "Aggressive B-cell lymphoma first described in equatorial Africa."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/": {"t": "Hodgkin lymphoma", "s": "Lymphatic cancer defined by Reed–Sternberg cells."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/central-nervous-system/": {"t": "Central nervous system", "s": "Central nervous system integrates and coordinates body activity."}, "https://codexery.com/immune-system-disorders/e/immune-system-disorders/autoimmune-disease/": {"t": "Autoimmune disease", "s": "The adaptive immune system attacks the body's own tissues."}, "https://codexery.com/steroid-responsive-inflammatory/e/steroid-responsive-inflammatory-conditions/dermatomyositis/": {"t": "Dermatomyositis", "s": "Systemic autoimmune disease affecting skin, muscles, and often internal organs."}, "https://codexery.com/steroid-responsive-inflammatory/e/steroid-responsive-inflammatory-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/": {"t": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "s": "Chronic autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation and systemic effects."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/electron-microscope/": {"t": "Electron microscope", "s": "Uses electron beams for much higher resolution than light microscopes."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/oral-sex/": {"t": "Oral sex", "s": "Sexual activity involving mouth stimulation of genitals."}, "https://codexery.com/sexual-practices-identities/e/sexual-practices-and-identities/non-penetrative-sex/": {"t": "Non-penetrative sex", "s": "Sexual activity usually without penetration, often for safer sex."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/sexual-intercourse/": {"t": "Sexual intercourse", "s": "An intimate activity with varied definitions and cultural significance."}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/vaccination/": {"t": "Vaccination", "s": "Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hippocrates/": {"t": "Hippocrates", "s": "Father of Medicine who separated medicine from religion and emphasized natural causes of disease."}, "https://codexery.com/reproductive-biology/e/reproductive-biology/scrotum/": {"t": "Scrotum", "s": "External sac containing testicles, regulating temperature for sperm production."}, "https://codexery.com/sexual-practices-identities/e/sexual-practices-and-identities/sexual-penetration/": {"t": "Sexual penetration", "s": "Insertion of a body part or object into a body orifice."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-tests/e/medical-tests/autoinoculation/": {"t": "Autoinoculation", "s": "Self-implantation of cells or viruses within one organism."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cytoplasm/": {"t": "Cytoplasm", "s": "Cytoplasm is the cell material outside the nucleus."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/mitosis/": {"t": "Mitosis", "s": "The division that ensures genetic identity across cell generations."}, "https://codexery.com/rare-infectious-diseases/e/rare-infectious-diseases/trichodysplasia-spinulosa/": {"t": "Trichodysplasia spinulosa", "s": "Rare skin condition in immunocompromised patients, caused by a polyomavirus."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/chromosome/": {"t": "Chromosome", "s": "A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/genital-wart/": {"t": "Genital wart", "s": "A common STI caused by low-risk HPV types."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university/": {"t": "Heidelberg University", "s": "Germany's oldest university, founded in 1386.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university.webp", "c": "Max Adamo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/merkel-cell-polyomavirus/": {"t": "Merkel cell polyomavirus", "s": "A human oncovirus linked to aggressive skin cancer."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/luc-montagnier/": {"t": "Luc Montagnier", "s": "French virologist who co-discovered HIV and won the Nobel Prize.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/img/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/luc-montagnier.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Luc Montagnier · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/conditions-diagnosed-by-stool-test/e/conditions-diagnosed-by-stool-test/helicobacter/": {"t": "Helicobacter", "s": "Gram-negative helical bacteria that infect the stomach lining."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/helicobacter-heilmannii-s-s/": {"t": "Helicobacter heilmannii s.s", "s": "A zoonotic bacterium linked to stomach ulcers and lymphoma."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/helicobacter-salomonis/": {"t": "Helicobacter salomonis", "s": "A zoonotic Helicobacter species causing human gastrointestinal disease."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/helicobacter-suis/": {"t": "Helicobacter suis", "s": "A zoonotic Helicobacter species linked to stomach diseases in humans."}, "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/gram-negative-bacteria/": {"t": "Gram-negative bacteria", "s": "Bacteria with a thin cell wall and outer membrane, often antibiotic-resistant."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/e/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/gastritis/": {"t": "Gastritis", "s": "Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by H. pylori or NSAIDs."}, "https://codexery.com/abdominal-pain/e/abdominal-pain/peptic-ulcer-disease/": {"t": "Peptic ulcer disease", "s": "Damage to stomach or duodenal lining, often from H. pylori or NSAIDs."}, "https://codexery.com/common-infections-and-diseases/e/common-infections-and-diseases/zoonosis/": {"t": "Zoonosis", "s": "Infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/amoxicillin/": {"t": "Amoxicillin", "s": "Amoxicillin is a penicillin-type antibiotic, specifically an aminopenicillin, used to fight bacterial infections."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/helicobacter-bizzozeronii/": {"t": "Helicobacter bizzozeronii", "s": "A zoonotic Helicobacter species causing human gastrointestinal disease."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/flagellum/": {"t": "Flagellum", "s": "A hair-like appendage providing motility across all domains of life."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/molecular-biology/": {"t": "Molecular biology", "s": "Study of molecular structures and processes in cells."}, "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/e/aging-associated-diseases/atrophic-gastritis/": {"t": "Atrophic gastritis", "s": "Chronic stomach inflammation causing loss of glandular cells.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/img/aging-associated-diseases/atrophic-gastritis.webp", "c": "CoRus13 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions-related-to-obesity/e/medical-conditions-related-to-obesity/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease/": {"t": "Gastroesophageal reflux disease", "s": "Chronic reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus causing symptoms and complications."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/antimicrobial-resistance/": {"t": "Antimicrobial resistance", "s": "Microbes evolve to resist drugs that once treated infections."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/penicillin/": {"t": "Penicillin", "s": "A group of β-lactam antibiotics from Penicillium moulds."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/ranitidine/": {"t": "Ranitidine", "s": "H2 blocker for stomach acid, later linked to cancer risk."}, "https://codexery.com/yeasts/e/yeasts/saccharomyces-boulardii/": {"t": "Saccharomyces boulardii", "s": "A probiotic yeast lineage of Saccharomyces cerevisiae used for gastrointestinal health."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/antibiotic/": {"t": "Antibiotic", "s": "Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances active against bacteria."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-pioneers/e/medical-pioneers/barry-marshall/": {"t": "Barry Marshall", "s": "Australian physician who proved H. pylori causes ulcers."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-sensations/e/symptoms-and-sensations/nausea/": {"t": "Nausea", "s": "A diffuse sensation of unease and urge to vomit."}, "https://codexery.com/vomiting/e/vomiting/vomiting/": {"t": "Vomiting", "s": "Forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth or nose."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms/e/symptoms/fatigue/": {"t": "Fatigue", "s": "A prolonged state of low energy, both medical and normal."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/acupuncture/": {"t": "Acupuncture", "s": "Alternative medicine involving needle insertion, lacking scientific evidence of efficacy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/img/physiology-and-medicine/acupuncture.webp", "c": "Acuhealth · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/hepatitis-a/": {"t": "Hepatitis A", "s": "A vaccine-preventable liver infection spread through contaminated food or water."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nucleotide/": {"t": "Nucleotide", "s": "Nucleotides are the monomeric units of DNA and RNA."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/antiviral-drug/": {"t": "Antiviral drug", "s": "Medications that treat viral infections by targeting viral replication."}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/blood-transfusion/": {"t": "Blood transfusion", "s": "Intravenous transfer of blood components to treat medical conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/hepatitis-d/": {"t": "Hepatitis D", "s": "A satellite virus requiring hepatitis B for infection."}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/hepatitis-e/": {"t": "Hepatitis E", "s": "A liver infection causing acute and chronic hepatitis worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/img/viral-infections/hepatitis-e.webp", "c": "Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.\n\n\n\n\n\n \nThis media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with · via Wikipedia: Hepatitis E · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/rna/": {"t": "RNA", "s": "RNA is a nucleic acid essential for genetic information and catalysis."}, "https://codexery.com/addiction/e/addiction/harm-reduction/": {"t": "Harm reduction", "s": "Policies reducing harm without requiring abstinence from behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/general-health-and-wellness/e/general-health-and-wellness/breastfeeding/": {"t": "Breastfeeding", "s": "Breastfeeding provides essential nutrition and immune benefits to infants and mothers."}, "https://codexery.com/biosafety-level-4-laboratories/e/biosafety-level-4-laboratories/centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention/": {"t": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "s": "U.S. federal agency for disease control and prevention."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hirohito/": {"t": "Hirohito", "s": "Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989, reigning through war and reconstruction."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/science-journal/": {"t": "Science (journal)", "s": "Peer-reviewed journal of the AAAS, covering all scientific disciplines."}, "https://codexery.com/anatomical-pathology/e/anatomical-pathology/alcoholic-liver-disease/": {"t": "Alcoholic liver disease", "s": "Liver damage from chronic alcohol overconsumption, ranging from fatty liver to cirrhosis."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system-and-abdomen/ascites/": {"t": "Ascites", "s": "Abnormal fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity, often from cirrhosis."}, "https://codexery.com/bleeding/e/bleeding/coagulopathy/": {"t": "Coagulopathy", "s": "Impaired blood clotting causing prolonged or excessive bleeding."}, "https://codexery.com/pediatric-cancers/e/pediatric-cancers/fibrolamellar-hepatocellular-carcinoma/": {"t": "Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma", "s": "A rare liver cancer in young people with a distinct gene fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/tumor-markers/e/tumor-markers/insulin/": {"t": "Insulin", "s": "Peptide hormone regulating glucose metabolism and anabolic processes."}, "https://codexery.com/carcinogenesis/e/carcinogenesis/reactive-oxygen-species/": {"t": "Reactive oxygen species", "s": "Reactive oxygen species are chemically reactive molecules derived from oxygen."}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/genital-herpes/": {"t": "Genital herpes", "s": "A common viral infection of the genitals with no cure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/img/viral-infections/genital-herpes.webp", "c": "Me · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/varicella-zoster-virus/": {"t": "Varicella zoster virus", "s": "Virus causing chickenpox and shingles in humans."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/chickenpox/": {"t": "Chickenpox", "s": "Highly contagious viral disease causing itchy blisters and fever."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-viral-diseases/e/animal-viral-diseases/bovine-herpesvirus-1/": {"t": "Bovine herpesvirus 1", "s": "A herpesvirus causing respiratory, genital, and reproductive disease in cattle."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lipid-bilayer/": {"t": "Lipid bilayer", "s": "Thin polar membrane forming a barrier around all cells.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/lipid-bilayer.webp", "c": "Bensaccount · via Wikipedia: Lipid bilayer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cell-death/": {"t": "Cell death", "s": "Cell death is the cessation of a cell's functions."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs/e/symptoms-and-signs/malaise/": {"t": "Malaise", "s": "A vague feeling of unease, often the first sign of illness."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/year/": {"t": "Year", "s": "A unit of time based on Earth's orbit around the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/endoplasmic-reticulum/": {"t": "Endoplasmic reticulum", "s": "Organelle for protein folding and lipid synthesis."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/anal-cancer/": {"t": "Anal cancer", "s": "Anal cancer is a malignancy often linked to HPV infection."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/yamagata-prefecture/": {"t": "Yamagata Prefecture", "s": "A prefecture of mountains, cherries, and historic Dewa Province.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/yamagata-prefecture.webp", "c": "さかおり · via Wikipedia: Yamagata Prefecture · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/national-diet/": {"t": "National Diet", "s": "Japan's bicameral legislature, supreme law-making organ of the state."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/promiscuity/": {"t": "Promiscuity", "s": "Practice of frequent or indiscriminate sexual activity with different partners."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-asahi-shimbun/": {"t": "The Asahi Shimbun", "s": "One of Japan's oldest and largest national daily newspapers."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/sex-education/": {"t": "Sex education", "s": "Instruction on human sexuality across cultures and eras."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/stockholm/": {"t": "Stockholm", "s": "The capital of Sweden, spanning fourteen islands where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/nature-journal/": {"t": "Nature (journal)", "s": "British weekly journal of peer-reviewed natural science research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/nature-journal.webp", "c": "ESO/M. 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{"t": "Herd immunity", "s": "Indirect protection when enough of a population is immune."}, "https://codexery.com/rare-infectious-diseases/e/rare-infectious-diseases/laryngeal-papillomatosis/": {"t": "Laryngeal papillomatosis", "s": "Benign laryngeal tumors caused by HPV, often recurring despite treatment."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/developing-country/": {"t": "Developing country", "s": "A country with a less-developed industrial base and lower HDI, though definitions vary widely."}, "https://codexery.com/carcinogenesis/e/carcinogenesis/oncogene/": {"t": "Oncogene", "s": "Genes that can cause cancer when mutated or overexpressed."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/post-translational-modification/": {"t": "Post-translational modification", "s": "Covalent protein changes after synthesis, diversifying function and regulation."}, 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"c": "via Wikipedia: New Orleans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/inuit/": {"t": "Inuit", "s": "Inuit are Indigenous Arctic peoples descended from the Thule culture."}, "https://codexery.com/rare-cancers/e/rare-cancers/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/": {"t": "Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma", "s": "A rare T-cell cancer that first appears in the skin."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/dermatitis/": {"t": "Dermatitis", "s": "Common skin inflammation with many forms."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/staphylococcus-aureus/": {"t": "Staphylococcus aureus", "s": "A common bacterium that can turn deadly.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/staphylococcus-aureus.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/common-infections-and-diseases/e/common-infections-and-diseases/viral-disease/": {"t": "Viral disease", "s": "Disease caused by pathogenic virus invasion of host cells."}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/chronic-condition/": {"t": "Chronic condition", "s": "Chronic conditions are persistent health states lasting over three months."}, "https://codexery.com/epidemics/e/epidemics/yellow-fever/": {"t": "Yellow fever", "s": "A viral hemorrhagic fever transmitted by mosquitoes."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/foodborne-illness/": {"t": "Foodborne illness", "s": "Illness from contaminated food, a major global health burden."}, "https://codexery.com/addiction/e/addiction/reinstatement-of-drug-seeking-behavior/": {"t": "Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior", "s": "Recurrence of drug use after abstinence, driven by triggers and neurobiology."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-anatomy/e/physiology-and-anatomy/placenta/": {"t": "Placenta", "s": "Temporary organ enabling nutrient and gas exchange in pregnancy."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-sensations/e/symptoms-and-sensations/heartburn/": {"t": "Heartburn", "s": "A burning sensation behind the breastbone, often linked to acid reflux."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-endocrinology-nutriti/e/symptoms-and-signs-endocrinology-nutrition-and-metabolism/anorexia-symptom/": {"t": "Anorexia (symptom)", "s": "Loss of appetite as a symptom, not a diagnosis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-endocrinology-nutriti/img/symptoms-and-signs-endocrinology-nutrition-and-metabolism/anorexia-symptom.webp", "c": "Kristian Niemi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms/e/symptoms/hematemesis/": {"t": "Hematemesis", "s": "Vomiting of blood from the upper gastrointestinal tract, a medical emergency."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-digestive-system-and-abdomen/dysphagia/": {"t": "Dysphagia", "s": "Difficulty swallowing, distinct from painful swallowing or globus sensation."}, "https://codexery.com/bleeding/e/bleeding/melena/": {"t": "Melena", "s": "Dark, tarry stool from upper gastrointestinal bleeding; requires urgent evaluation."}, 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"https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/refrigeration/": {"t": "Refrigeration", "s": "Artificial cooling that transformed food preservation and human settlement."}, "https://codexery.com/reproductive-biology/e/reproductive-biology/estrogen/": {"t": "Estrogen", "s": "Sex hormone regulating female reproduction and secondary sex characteristics."}, "https://codexery.com/cooking/e/cooking-techniques/frying/": {"t": "Frying", "s": "The art and science of cooking food in hot oil or fat."}, "https://codexery.com/cooking/e/cooking-techniques/smoking-cooking/": {"t": "Smoking (cooking)", "s": "Ancient method of preserving and flavoring food with smoke."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/correlation/": {"t": "Correlation", "s": "Correlation measures linear relationships but does not imply causation."}, "https://codexery.com/cutaneous-conditions/e/cutaneous-conditions/skin-condition/": {"t": "Skin condition", "s": "Medical conditions affecting the skin, nails, and related structures."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions-related-to-obesity/e/medical-conditions-related-to-obesity/acanthosis-nigricans/": {"t": "Acanthosis nigricans", "s": "A skin marker of insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction."}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/smoking/": {"t": "Smoking", "s": "Combustion of plant material for inhalation of psychoactive fumes."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/mesothelioma/": {"t": "Mesothelioma", "s": "Cancer of internal linings, chiefly caused by asbestos."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/vasopressin/": {"t": "Vasopressin", "s": "Hormone regulating water balance and blood pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/cytopathology/e/cytopathology/limited-stage-small-cell-lung-carcinoma/": {"t": "Limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma", "s": "Potentially curable small-cell lung cancer confined to one radiation portal."}, "https://codexery.com/conditions-diagnosed-by-stool-test/e/conditions-diagnosed-by-stool-test/helminthiasis/": {"t": "Helminthiasis", "s": "Parasitic worm infection affecting over a quarter of the world's population."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/urinary-system/": {"t": "Urinary system", "s": "System that produces and excretes urine in vertebrates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/img/physiology-and-medicine/urinary-system.webp", "c": "Wagner Souza e Silva · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/infertility/": {"t": "Infertility", "s": "Infertility is the inability to reproduce, defined in humans as failure to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs/e/symptoms-and-signs/failure-to-thrive/": {"t": "Failure to thrive", "s": "A sign of inadequate weight gain in children."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-sensations/e/symptoms-and-sensations/myalgia/": {"t": "Myalgia", "s": "Muscle pain symptom of many diseases and conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/hypoxia-medicine/": {"t": "Hypoxia (medicine)", "s": "A condition of inadequate oxygen supply at the tissue level."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/feces/": {"t": "Feces", "s": "Solid waste discharged during defecation, used in agriculture and medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-and-development/e/reproduction-and-development/asexual-reproduction/": {"t": "Asexual reproduction", "s": "Reproduction without gamete fusion, producing genetically identical offspring."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/cattle/": {"t": "Cattle", "s": "Domesticated bovid ungulates raised for meat, dairy, and labor."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/iodine/": {"t": "Iodine", "s": "Heaviest stable halogen, essential for thyroid hormone synthesis."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/carcinogenic-parasite/": {"t": "Carcinogenic parasite", "s": "Parasites that cause cancer: three flukes are proven Group 1 carcinogens."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-linnaeus/": {"t": "Carl Linnaeus", "s": "Father of modern taxonomy"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/botany-plant-biology/e/botany-and-plant-biology/radicle/": {"t": "Radicle", "s": "The embryonic root that first emerges from a germinating seed."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/necrosis/": {"t": "Necrosis", "s": "Unregulated cell death causing inflammation and tissue damage."}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/benign-tumor/": {"t": "Benign tumor", "s": "Benign tumors are non-cancerous growths that can still cause harm."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/spleen/": {"t": "Spleen", "s": "Organ filtering blood and supporting immune function.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/img/physiology-and-medicine/spleen.webp", "c": "Cancer Research UK uploader · via Wikipedia: Spleen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/anatomical-pathology/e/anatomical-pathology/ann-arbor-staging/": {"t": "Ann Arbor staging", "s": "Staging system for Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin lymphomas."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/castleman-disease/": {"t": "Castleman disease", "s": "A group of rare lymphoproliferative disorders with unknown cause."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/programmed-cell-death/": {"t": "Programmed cell death", "s": "Cell death from internal events, crucial for development and homeostasis."}, 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"Endometrial cancer", "s": "Cancer of the uterine lining, often signaled by postmenopausal bleeding."}, "https://codexery.com/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/e/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/candida-albicans/": {"t": "Candida albicans", "s": "Opportunistic yeast causing candidiasis; model fungal pathogen.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/img/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/candida-albicans.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/chiang-mai/": {"t": "Chiang Mai", "s": "Historic capital of Lan Na, second-largest city in Thailand.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/img/miscellaneous-cities/chiang-mai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Wat · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/sanitation/": {"t": "Sanitation", "s": "Sanitation systems aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease."}, "https://codexery.com/lao-cuisine/e/lao-cuisine/larb/": {"t": "Larb", "s": "A Lao minced meat salad with bold, harmonious flavors."}, "https://codexery.com/fermentation/e/fermented-foods/pla-ra/": {"t": "Pla ra", "s": "A traditional Thai fermented fish seasoning with strong smell.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fermentation/img/fermented-foods/pla-ra.webp", "c": "Xufanc · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/wage/": {"t": "Wage", "s": "Wage is the price of labor, measured in time or piece rate."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/poverty/": {"t": "Poverty", "s": "A condition of lacking financial resources and essentials for basic living."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/albendazole/": {"t": "Albendazole", "s": "Albendazole is a broad-spectrum drug used against parasitic worms and certain protozoa, belonging to the 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Wilson · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cell-cycle/": {"t": "Cell cycle", "s": "The sequence of events leading to cell division, from interphase through mitosis and cytokinesis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/robert-koch/": {"t": "Robert Koch", "s": "Founder of modern bacteriology and discoverer of the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax."}, "https://codexery.com/pandemics/e/pandemics/viral-load/": {"t": "Viral load", "s": "Viral load quantifies virus in fluid, guiding therapy for chronic infections."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-cell-biology/e/microbiology-and-cell-biology/microbiology/": {"t": "Microbiology", "s": "Scientific study of microscopic organisms and their roles."}, "https://codexery.com/worms-and-worm-like-invertebrates/e/worms-and-worm-like-invertebrates/nematode/": {"t": "Nematode", "s": "Roundworms that dominate Earth's ecosystems in number and diversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/worms-and-worm-like-invertebrates/img/worms-and-worm-like-invertebrates/nematode.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/martinus-beijerinck/": {"t": "Martinus Beijerinck", "s": "Dutch microbiologist and co-discoverer of viruses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/martinus-beijerinck.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Martinus Beijerinck · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-viral-diseases/e/animal-viral-diseases/avian-sarcoma-leukosis-virus/": {"t": "Avian sarcoma leukosis virus", "s": "A retrovirus causing lymphoid leukosis and other tumors in chickens."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/francis-peyton-rous/": {"t": "Francis Peyton Rous", "s": "American pathologist who discovered a virus that causes cancer."}, "https://codexery.com/rodents-and-lagomorphs/e/rodents-and-lagomorphs/cottontail-rabbit/": {"t": "Cottontail rabbit", "s": "Small lagomorphs of the Americas with white-tailed retreat signals."}, "https://codexery.com/pediatric-cancers/e/pediatric-cancers/carcinoid/": {"t": "Carcinoid", "s": "Slow-growing neuroendocrine tumor with malignant potential."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/peptide/": {"t": "Peptide", "s": "Short amino acid chains with diverse biological roles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/peptide.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/adrenal-gland/": {"t": "Adrenal gland", "s": "Endocrine glands producing hormones for stress, metabolism, and salt balance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/adrenal-gland.webp", "c": "PINSupport · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/syndromes-affecting-the/e/syndromes-affecting-the-gastrointestinal-tract/carcinoid-syndrome/": {"t": "Carcinoid syndrome", "s": "Paraneoplastic syndrome from neuroendocrine tumors causing flushing and diarrhea."}, "https://codexery.com/growth-disorders/e/growth-disorders/acromegaly/": {"t": "Acromegaly", "s": "A disorder of excess growth hormone after growth plates close, causing enlarged hands, feet, and facial features."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-named-after-discoverers/e/diseases-named-after-discoverers/cushing-s-syndrome/": {"t": "Cushing's syndrome", "s": "A hormonal disorder from prolonged glucocorticoid exposure."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-emergencies/e/medical-emergencies/bowel-obstruction/": {"t": "Bowel obstruction", "s": "A mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs/e/symptoms-and-signs/fibrosis/": {"t": "Fibrosis", "s": "Fibrosis is excessive connective tissue deposition disrupting organ function."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-respiratory-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-respiratory-system/pleurisy/": {"t": "Pleurisy", "s": "Inflammation of the pleurae causing sharp chest pain with breathing."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-diseases/e/respiratory-diseases/hemoptysis/": {"t": "Hemoptysis", "s": "Airway bleeding from bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs."}, "https://codexery.com/marsupials/e/marsupials/tasmanian-devil/": {"t": "Tasmanian devil", "s": "Carnivorous marsupial, now confined to Tasmania, endangered by facial tumour disease."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/medical-ultrasound/": {"t": "Medical ultrasound", "s": "Uses high-frequency sound waves for medical imaging and therapy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/medical-ultrasound.webp", "c": "Harrison Keely · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/gallium/": {"t": "Gallium", "s": "A silvery metal that melts in your hand."}, "https://codexery.com/oncology/e/oncology/anaplasia/": {"t": "Anaplasia", "s": "Loss of structural differentiation in cells, often indicating malignancy."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/receptor-biochemistry/": {"t": "Receptor (biochemistry)", "s": "Proteins that bind ligands and transduce biological signals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/receptor-biochemistry.webp", "c": "Wyatt Pyzynski · via Wikipedia: Receptor (biochemistry) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/addictive-substances-medications/e/addictive-substances-and-medications/drug-test/": {"t": "Drug test", "s": "Technical analysis of biological specimens for drug presence."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/head-and-neck-cancer/": {"t": "Head and neck cancer", "s": "A group of cancers affecting the head and neck region."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs/e/symptoms-and-signs/paresis/": {"t": "Paresis", "s": "A medical term for partial loss of voluntary movement."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/hearing-loss/": {"t": "Hearing loss", "s": "Partial or total inability to hear, affecting billions worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/cooking/e/cooking-techniques/curing-food-preservation/": {"t": "Curing (food preservation)", "s": "Curing: an ancient method of preserving food by drawing out moisture with salt."}, "https://codexery.com/headaches/e/headaches/sinusitis/": {"t": "Sinusitis", "s": "Inflammation of sinus membranes often caused by viral infection."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/e/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/esophagitis/": {"t": "Esophagitis", "s": "Inflammation of the esophagus, often from acid reflux.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/img/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/esophagitis.webp", "c": "CoRus13 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/genetics/": {"t": "Genetics", "s": "Study of genes and heredity"}, "https://codexery.com/chest-trauma/e/chest-trauma/pneumothorax/": {"t": "Pneumothorax", "s": "Air in the pleural space causing lung collapse and chest pain."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-sensations/e/symptoms-and-sensations/fever/": {"t": "Fever", "s": "Fever is a common symptom of an anti-infection defense mechanism."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammations/e/inflammations/constrictive-pericarditis/": {"t": "Constrictive pericarditis", "s": "Thickened pericardium restricts heart filling, causing heart failure symptoms."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/carbon-nanotube/": {"t": "Carbon nanotube", "s": "Carbon nanotubes are nanoscale tubes with remarkable strength and conductivity."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia/": {"t": "Cappadocia", "s": "Historical region in central Turkey with unique rock formations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/img/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia.webp", "c": "Peretz Partensky from San Francisco, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/occupational-diseases/e/occupational-diseases/asbestosis/": {"t": "Asbestosis", "s": "Chronic lung scarring from asbestos fiber inhalation."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/amphibole/": {"t": "Amphibole", "s": "A group of double-chain silicate minerals forming prismatic crystals."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/transplantation-medicine/": {"t": "Transplantation (medicine)", "s": "Transplantation replaces damaged functions using organs or tissues from donors."}, "https://codexery.com/origin-myths/e/origin-myths/etiology/": {"t": "Etiology", "s": "Study of causes, origins, or reasons behind phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/polymerase-chain-reaction/": {"t": "Polymerase chain reaction", "s": "PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences rapidly for study."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/rna-interference/": {"t": "RNA interference", "s": "RNAi is a gene-silencing process using double-stranded RNA."}, "https://codexery.com/molecular-biology/e/molecular-biology/g-protein-coupled-receptor/": {"t": "G protein-coupled receptor", "s": "Cell surface receptors that detect external signals and activate G proteins."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/homologous-recombination/": {"t": "Homologous recombination", "s": "Universal biological mechanism for genetic exchange and DNA repair."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/sars-cov-2/": {"t": "SARS-CoV-2", "s": "Virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic, first identified in Wuhan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/sars-cov-2.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/covid-19/": {"t": "COVID-19", "s": "COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/azithromycin/": {"t": "Azithromycin", "s": "Azithromycin is an antibiotic medication used to treat several bacterial infections, including middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, traveler's diarrh"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/dna-polymerase/": {"t": "DNA polymerase", "s": "Enzymes that synthesize DNA, essential for replication and PCR.", "i": "https://codexery.com/genetics/img/genetics/dna-polymerase.webp", "c": "DNA_polymerase.svg : Madprime derivative work: Chandres · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/helicase/": {"t": "Helicase", "s": "Enzymes that unwind nucleic acid strands using ATP hydrolysis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/helicase.webp", "c": "Phoebus87 at English Wikipedia · via Wikipedia: Helicase · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/musculoskeletal-system/e/musculoskeletal-system/groin/": {"t": "Groin", "s": "Junctional area between torso and thigh, site of adductor muscles."}, "https://codexery.com/anatomical-pathology/e/anatomical-pathology/anatomical-pathology/": {"t": "Anatomical pathology", "s": "Medical specialty diagnosing disease through tissue examination."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/genus/": {"t": "Genus", "s": "A taxonomic rank above species and below family, used in biological classification."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/carcinogenic-bacteria/": {"t": "Carcinogenic bacteria", "s": "Bacteria that are known or suspected to cause cancer."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/anemia/": {"t": "Anemia", "s": "A blood disorder reducing oxygen transport, affecting billions worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/diabetes/": {"t": "Diabetes", "s": "A group of endocrine diseases marked by high blood sugar."}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/cardiovascular-disease/": {"t": "Cardiovascular disease", "s": "Cardiovascular disease is the top global killer, largely preventable."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/asthma/": {"t": "Asthma", "s": "A chronic inflammatory airway disease with variable symptoms and no cure."}, "https://codexery.com/steroid-responsive-inflammatory/e/steroid-responsive-inflammatory-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/": {"t": "Inflammatory bowel disease", "s": "Chronic inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/crohn-s-disease/": {"t": "Crohn's disease", "s": "A chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the GI tract."}, "https://codexery.com/zoonoses/e/zoonoses/campylobacter/": {"t": "Campylobacter", "s": "Curved bacteria causing common gastroenteritis worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/zoonoses/img/zoonoses/campylobacter.webp", "c": "De Wood, Pooley, USDA, ARS, EMU. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/neisseria-gonorrhoeae/": {"t": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae", "s": "Gram-negative diplococcus causing gonorrhea and evolving antibiotic resistance."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-urinary-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-urinary-system/dysuria/": {"t": "Dysuria", "s": "Painful urination often indicating infection or irritation."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-urinary-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-urinary-system/testicular-pain/": {"t": "Testicular pain", "s": "Testicular pain can signal a surgical emergency requiring immediate evaluation."}, "https://codexery.com/abdominal-pain/e/abdominal-pain/pelvic-inflammatory-disease/": {"t": "Pelvic inflammatory disease", "s": "Infection of the upper female reproductive tract with serious long-term risks."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammations/e/inflammations/epididymitis/": {"t": "Epididymitis", "s": "Inflammation of the epididymis, often caused by bacterial infection."}, "https://codexery.com/arthritis/e/arthritis/septic-arthritis/": {"t": "Septic arthritis", "s": "Bacterial joint infection requiring urgent antibiotics and drainage."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammations/e/inflammations/endocarditis/": {"t": "Endocarditis", "s": "Inflammation of the heart's inner lining, often affecting valves."}, "https://codexery.com/sexual-practices-identities/e/sexual-practices-and-identities/sexual-abstinence/": {"t": "Sexual abstinence", "s": "The practice of refraining from sexual activity for various reasons, with historical and cultural dimensions."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms-and-signs-respiratory-system/e/symptoms-and-signs-respiratory-system/sore-throat/": {"t": "Sore throat", "s": "Pain or irritation of the throat, often viral in origin."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/chlamydia/": {"t": "Chlamydia", "s": "A common sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, often asymptomatic but treatable with antibiotics."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/johns-hopkins-university/": {"t": "Johns Hopkins University", "s": "First U.S. research university, founded by a Quaker philanthropist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/johns-hopkins-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/rudolf-virchow/": {"t": "Rudolf Virchow", "s": "German physician who founded modern pathology and social medicine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/rudolf-virchow.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rudolf Virchow · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/e/pioneers-of-medicine/karl-landsteiner/": {"t": "Karl Landsteiner", "s": "Austrian-American immunologist who classified blood groups and discovered Rhesus factor."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/gallstone/": {"t": "Gallstone", "s": "Stone formed in gallbladder from precipitated bile components."}, "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/chlamydiota/": {"t": "Chlamydiota", "s": "A bacterial phylum of obligate intracellular pathogens and symbionts, including human disease agents and newly discovered ocean-floor forms."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/conjunctivitis/": {"t": "Conjunctivitis", "s": "Inflammation of the conjunctiva causing red or pink eye."}, "https://codexery.com/reproductive-biology/e/reproductive-biology/genitourinary-system/": {"t": "Genitourinary system", "s": "Combined urinary and reproductive systems in placental mammals."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/adenosine-triphosphate/": {"t": "Adenosine triphosphate", "s": "The molecular unit of currency for intracellular energy transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/lactic-acid/": {"t": "Lactic acid", "s": "Organic acid central to metabolism, industry, and medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/vacuole/": {"t": "Vacuole", "s": "A versatile organelle for storage, waste, and pressure in cells."}, "https://codexery.com/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/e/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/eukaryote/": {"t": "Eukaryote", "s": "Cellular organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/ribosome/": {"t": "Ribosome", "s": "Cellular machine that synthesizes proteins from mRNA.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/ribosome.webp", "c": "Vossman · via Wikipedia: Ribosome · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/chlamydia-pneumoniae/": {"t": "Chlamydia pneumoniae", "s": "A major cause of atypical pneumonia and linked to asthma."}, "https://codexery.com/zoonoses/e/zoonoses/chlamydia-abortus/": {"t": "Chlamydia abortus", "s": "Bacterial species causing abortion in mammals, including humans."}, "/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/chlamydia-trachomatis/": {"t": "Chlamydia trachomatis", "s": "Obligate intracellular pathogen causing blindness and sexually transmitted infections."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/reproduction-and-development/reproduction/": {"t": "Reproduction", "s": "Biological process producing offspring from parent or parents.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/img/reproduction-and-development/reproduction.webp", "c": "MAKY.OREL · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/marsupials/e/marsupials/koala/": {"t": "Koala", "s": "Arboreal marsupial native to Australia, symbol of the continent."}, "https://codexery.com/extant-reptiles-amphibians/e/extant-reptiles-and-amphibians/iguana/": {"t": "Iguana", "s": "Herbivorous lizards native to the Americas and Caribbean."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/bronchitis/": {"t": "Bronchitis", "s": "Inflammation of the bronchi causing cough, often viral or smoking-related."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/": {"t": "Coronary artery disease", "s": "The most common cardiovascular disease, caused by plaque buildup in heart arteries."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/natural-environment/": {"t": "Natural environment", "s": "The natural world includes all living and non-living things occurring without human artifice."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/phagocytosis/": {"t": "Phagocytosis", "s": "Cellular engulfment of particles for immunity or nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lysosome/": {"t": "Lysosome", "s": "Membrane-bound organelles that serve as the cell's degradation center.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/lysosome.webp", "c": "Kelvinsong · via Wikipedia: Lysosome · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/streptococcus-pneumoniae/": {"t": "Streptococcus pneumoniae", "s": "A Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic diplococcus that is a leading cause of pneumonia and meningitis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/streptococcus-pneumoniae.webp", "c": "Romina Camilli, Raoul JP Bonnal, Maria Del Grosso, Michele Iacono, Giorgio Corti · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/human-genome/": {"t": "Human genome", "s": "Complete set of human DNA sequences, including nuclear and mitochondrial genomes."}, "https://codexery.com/syndromes-of-unknown-causes/e/syndromes-of-unknown-causes/sj-gren-s-disease/": {"t": "Sjögren's disease", "s": "Autoimmune disease causing dryness, fatigue, and systemic complications."}, "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/e/aging-associated-diseases/hashimoto-s-thyroiditis/": {"t": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis", "s": "Autoimmune disease causing gradual thyroid destruction and hypothyroidism."}}