{"/e/indigenous-rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/tepehu-n-revolt/": {"t": "Tepehuán Revolt", "s": "Tepehuán rebellion against Spanish rule in New Spain, 1616–1620."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "The empire on which the sun never set.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/spanish-empire.webp", "c": "Nagihuin · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-mexico/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of Mexico", "s": "Original foundation of Mexico's pluricultural nation."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/uto-aztecan-languages/": {"t": "Uto-Aztecan languages", "s": "A major Native American language family spanning the US and Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/sinaloa/": {"t": "Sinaloa", "s": "A northwestern Mexican state with rich agricultural and musical heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/encomienda/": {"t": "Encomienda", "s": "A Spanish labor system that entrusts conquered peoples to conquerors."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/halley-s-comet/": {"t": "Halley's Comet", "s": "First comet recognized as periodic, observed for over two millennia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/halley-s-comet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Halley's Comet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-folklore/e/latin-american-folklore/curandero/": {"t": "Curandero", "s": "Traditional healer blending indigenous and Catholic practices.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-folklore/img/latin-american-folklore/curandero.webp", "c": "Martín Huamán /Archivo Centro Takiwasi · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/caracas/": {"t": "Caracas", "s": "Capital and largest city of Venezuela, cultural and economic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-maracaibo/": {"t": "Lake Maracaibo", "s": "A vast brackish lake in Venezuela, known for its oil wealth, Catatumbo lightning, and status as one of the oldest lakes on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-maracaibo.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/short-story/": {"t": "Short story", "s": "A brief prose narrative evoking a single effect or mood."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mapuche/": {"t": "Mapuche", "s": "Indigenous people of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina"}, "/e/indigenous-rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/destruction-of-the-seven-cities/": {"t": "Destruction of the Seven Cities", "s": "Mapuche uprising that destroyed seven Spanish cities in southern Chile."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/eighty-years-war/": {"t": "Eighty Years' War", "s": "The Eighty Years' War: A struggle for independence and religious freedom in the Habsburg Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/extremadura/": {"t": "Extremadura", "s": "Landlocked Spanish autonomous community with rich wildlife and Roman heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/diego-de-almagro/": {"t": "Diego de Almagro", "s": "Spanish conquistador who helped conquer Peru and led the first Spanish expedition to Chile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/diego-de-almagro.webp", "c": "Domingo Mesa · via Wikipedia: Diego de Almagro · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/strait-of-magellan/": {"t": "Strait of Magellan", "s": "Natural sea route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/valpara-so/": {"t": "Valparaíso", "s": "A historic port city on Chile's Pacific coast, known for its colorful hillside districts and UNESCO-listed quarter."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/concepci-n-chile/": {"t": "Concepción, Chile", "s": "Second largest city in Chile by urban area and a major industrial and educational hub."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/lautaro/": {"t": "Lautaro", "s": "Mapuche toqui who led resistance against Spanish conquest in Chile."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/lima/": {"t": "Lima", "s": "Capital and largest city of Peru, political and cultural center."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/dysentery/": {"t": "Dysentery", "s": "A diarrheal disease causing bloody stools, often from poor sanitation."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/patagonia/": {"t": "Patagonia", "s": "A vast region spanning southern South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/patagonia.webp", "c": "Argentixs · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/cattle/": {"t": "Cattle", "s": "Domesticated bovid ungulates raised for meat, dairy, and labor."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/salta-province/": {"t": "Salta Province", "s": "Northwestern Argentine province with diverse geography and history."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism/": {"t": "Baptism", "s": "Christian rite of initiation using water, with varied modes and meanings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism.webp", "c": "Confidence24 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/spaniards/": {"t": "Spaniards", "s": "Spaniards are an ethnic group indigenous to Spain with a global legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/bow-and-arrow/": {"t": "Bow and arrow", "s": "A prehistoric ranged weapon system still used for hunting and sport."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/mexican-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Mexican War of Independence", "s": "Armed conflict ending Spanish rule in Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/bartolom-de-las-casas/": {"t": "Bartolomé de las Casas", "s": "Spanish cleric and activist who fought colonial abuse of Indigenous peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/christopher-columbus/": {"t": "Christopher Columbus", "s": "Italian explorer who opened the Americas to European colonization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/christopher-columbus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hispaniola/": {"t": "Hispaniola", "s": "Caribbean island divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/e/plants-and-crops/sugarcane/": {"t": "Sugarcane", "s": "A tall perennial grass used for sugar production, native to New Guinea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/img/plants-and-crops/sugarcane.webp", "c": "Vis M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/genus/": {"t": "Genus", "s": "A taxonomic rank above species and below family, used in biological classification."}, "https://codexery.com/extant-reptiles-amphibians/e/extant-reptiles-and-amphibians/lizard/": {"t": "Lizard", "s": "Over 7,000 species of squamate reptiles excluding snakes."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-presidents/e/latin-american-presidents/l-zaro-c-rdenas/": {"t": "Lázaro Cárdenas", "s": "Mexican president who nationalized oil and redistributed land.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-presidents/img/latin-american-presidents/l-zaro-c-rdenas.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/la-malinche/": {"t": "La Malinche", "s": "Nahua interpreter and intermediary for Hernán Cortés during the conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/magdalena-river/": {"t": "Magdalena River", "s": "Colombia's main river, flowing north through the Magdalena River Valley to the Caribbean Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/magdalena-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Magdalena River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/andes/": {"t": "Andes", "s": "Longest continental mountain range, forming western backbone of South America."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/apostasy/": {"t": "Apostasy", "s": "Formal renunciation of a religion or belief."}, "/e/indigenous-rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/arauco-war/": {"t": "Arauco War", "s": "A long-running conflict between Spaniards and Mapuche in Chile."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/human-sacrifice/": {"t": "Human sacrifice", "s": "Ritual killing to appease gods or serve rulers."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medical-doctor/": {"t": "Medical doctor", "s": "Health professional who practices medicine to promote and restore health."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/nayarit/": {"t": "Nayarit", "s": "A Mexican state with Pacific coast, indigenous heritage, and agricultural economy."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-bourbon/": {"t": "House of Bourbon", "s": "European dynasty ruling France, Spain, and other kingdoms since the 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/nuevo-le-n/": {"t": "Nuevo León", "s": "The industrial heart of northeastern Mexico", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/nuevo-le-n.webp", "c": "Tefita228 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/tlaxcala/": {"t": "Tlaxcala", "s": "The smallest state of Mexico, rich in pre-Hispanic and colonial heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/hern-n-cort-s/": {"t": "Hernán Cortés", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led the fall of the Aztec Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/hern-n-cort-s.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Hernán Cortés · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/zacatecas/": {"t": "Zacatecas", "s": "A Mexican state rich in silver and colonial history."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/aguascalientes/": {"t": "Aguascalientes", "s": "Small Mexican state with high density and rapid growth."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/guadalajara/": {"t": "Guadalajara", "s": "Capital of Jalisco, cultural and economic center of western Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/francisco-v-zquez-de-coronado/": {"t": "Francisco Vázquez de Coronado", "s": "Spanish conquistador who sought the Seven Cities of Gold."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southwestern-united-states/": {"t": "Southwestern United States", "s": "A land of deserts, plateaus, and cultural fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pedro-de-alvarado/": {"t": "Pedro de Alvarado", "s": "Spanish conquistador of Central America, known for his military skill and cruelty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pedro-de-alvarado.webp", "c": "Tomás Povedano · via Wikipedia: Pedro de Alvarado · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "s": "Native peoples of the Americas with diverse cultures and languages."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/sonora/": {"t": "Sonora", "s": "Northwestern Mexican state with arid geography and rich indigenous history."}, "https://codexery.com/activists-reformers/e/activists-and-reformers/po-pay/": {"t": "Po'pay", "s": "Po'pay (c."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-mexico/": {"t": "New Mexico", "s": "Land of diverse cultures, history, and high desert."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution/": {"t": "American Revolution", "s": "Political movement that created the sovereign United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rio-grande/": {"t": "Rio Grande", "s": "The Rio Grande: a vital, arid-land river forming the U.S.-Mexico border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rio-grande.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rio Grande · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/theocracy/": {"t": "Theocracy", "s": "Government by divine guidance or religious officials."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/heresy/": {"t": "Heresy", "s": "A belief or theory strongly at variance with established religious doctrines, often met with censure."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/santa-fe-new-mexico/": {"t": "Santa Fe, New Mexico", "s": "Oldest state capital in the U.S., founded in 1610.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/santa-fe-new-mexico.webp", "c": "Netherzone · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united-states/taos-pueblo/": {"t": "Taos Pueblo", "s": "Oldest continuously inhabited city in the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/navajo/": {"t": "Navajo", "s": "Diné, largest federally recognized tribe in the U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/great-plains/": {"t": "Great Plains", "s": "Broad North American flatland of prairie, steppe, and grassland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/great-plains.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alluvial plain · see source"}, "/e/indigenous-rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/t-pac-katari/": {"t": "Túpac Katari", "s": "Aymara leader who besieged La Paz in 1781."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/bolivia/": {"t": "Bolivia", "s": "A landlocked South American nation with diverse geography and a rich indigenous heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/la-paz/": {"t": "La Paz", "s": "Highest administrative capital city in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/sucre/": {"t": "Sucre", "s": "The Illustrious and Heroic Capital of Bolivia"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/science-fiction/": {"t": "Science fiction", "s": "Genre of speculative fiction about advanced technology and its consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ponce-de-leon/": {"t": "Ponce de Leon", "s": "Spanish explorer who led first European expeditions to Puerto Rico and Florida.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ponce-de-leon.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Juan Ponce de León · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/lesser-antilles/": {"t": "Lesser Antilles", "s": "An arc of islands forming the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/lesser-antilles.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lesser Antilles · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/guadeloupe/": {"t": "Guadeloupe", "s": "A French Caribbean archipelago of volcanic islands and Creole culture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/guadeloupe.webp", "c": "Enrevseluj · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/indigenous-rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/acaxee-rebellion/": {"t": "Acaxee Rebellion", "s": "Acaxee insurrection against Spanish rule, 1601–1603."}, "/e/indigenous-rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/pueblo-revolt/": {"t": "Pueblo Revolt", "s": "First successful anti-colonial revolution in the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/boxer-rebellion/": {"t": "Boxer Rebellion", "s": "An anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China (1899–1901) by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, defeated by the Eigh", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/boxer-rebellion.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Boxer Rebellion · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-mythology/e/christian-mythology/antichrist/": {"t": "Antichrist", "s": "Prophesied opponent of Christ, appearing before the Second Coming."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/durango-city/": {"t": "Durango (city)", "s": "Capital of Durango state, founded as a mining town."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/chihuahua-state/": {"t": "Chihuahua (state)", "s": "Largest Mexican state, known for Copper Canyon and Paquimé."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/maya-peoples/": {"t": "Maya peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica, descendants of the ancient Maya civilization."}, "/e/indigenous-rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/bartolina-sisa/": {"t": "Bartolina Sisa", "s": "Aymaran leader who co-led the siege of La Paz."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/quechuan-languages/": {"t": "Quechuan languages", "s": "The most widely spoken pre-Columbian language family of the Americas, originating in central Peru."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-titicaca/": {"t": "Lake Titicaca", "s": "Highest navigable lake in the world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-titicaca.webp", "c": "bobistraveling · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/torture/": {"t": "Torture", "s": "Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/img/crime-and-deviance/torture.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}}