{"https://codexery.com/flood-myths/e/flood-myths/yu-the-great/": {"t": "Yu the Great", "s": "Legendary founder of China's first dynasty and flood-control hero."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/xia-dynasty/": {"t": "Xia dynasty", "s": "First dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography, possibly legendary.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/xia-dynasty.webp", "c": "Gary Todd · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution/": {"t": "1911 Revolution", "s": "The uprising that ended millennia of imperial rule in China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1911 Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "Absolute monarchy", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy.webp", "c": "Nicolai Abildgaard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yangtze/": {"t": "Yangtze", "s": "Longest river in China, third-longest in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hainan/": {"t": "Hainan", "s": "China's southernmost island province, a tropical free-trade port."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/outer-manchuria/": {"t": "Outer Manchuria", "s": "Historical region ceded by Qing China to Russia in the 19th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other/img/other/outer-manchuria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Outer Manchuria · see source"}, "/e/history-of-imperial-china/vietnam-under-chinese-rule/": {"t": "Vietnam under Chinese rule", "s": "Four periods of Chinese rule over parts of northern and central Vietnam, spanning from 111 BC to 1428 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/manchu-people/": {"t": "Manchu people", "s": "Tungusic people who founded the Qing dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai/": {"t": "Yuan Shikai", "s": "Chinese general and statesman who briefly declared himself emperor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yuan Shikai · see source"}, "/e/history-of-imperial-china/lingchi/": {"t": "Lingchi", "s": "A Chinese execution method involving slow slicing of the body.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/lingchi.webp", "c": "Agence Rol. Agence photographique (commanditaire) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/capital-punishment/": {"t": "Capital punishment", "s": "State-sanctioned killing as punishment for misconduct."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/afterlife/": {"t": "Afterlife", "s": "Speculation on existence after death across religions and philosophies."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/mandate-of-heaven/": {"t": "Mandate of Heaven", "s": "Chinese doctrine legitimizing rule through Heaven's favor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/mandate-of-heaven.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-chinese-mythology/e/places-in-chinese-mythology/tian/": {"t": "Tian", "s": "Ancient Chinese concept of heaven and supreme cosmic power."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/mencius/": {"t": "Mencius", "s": "Chinese Confucian philosopher, the Second Sage, who taught innate human goodness."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/zhou-dynasty/": {"t": "Zhou dynasty", "s": "Longest-reigning Chinese dynasty, spanning nearly eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/shang-dynasty/": {"t": "Shang dynasty", "s": "Earliest Chinese dynasty confirmed by archaeology and written records."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qin-dynasty/": {"t": "Qin dynasty", "s": "First imperial dynasty of China, unifying the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/book-of-han/": {"t": "Book of Han", "s": "First dynastic history in annals-biography form, covering the Former Han."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/confucius/": {"t": "Confucius", "s": "The paragon of Chinese sages and founder of Confucianism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/sima-qian/": {"t": "Sima Qian", "s": "Father of Chinese historiography who endured castration to complete the Shiji."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/book-of-documents/": {"t": "Book of Documents", "s": "One of the Five Classics, foundational to Chinese political philosophy."}, "/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/marco-polo/": {"t": "Marco Polo", "s": "Venetian merchant whose travels opened the East to European understanding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/marco-polo.webp", "c": "Marco Polo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ibn-battuta/": {"t": "Ibn Battuta", "s": "The greatest traveller of the pre-modern world, whose journeys spanned Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ibn-battuta.webp", "c": "Léon Benett · via Wikipedia: Ibn Battuta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/church-of-the-east/": {"t": "Church of the East", "s": "Major Eastern Christian branch, once spanning Asia from Mesopotamia to China."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-taizong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "s": "Second emperor of Tang, co-founder of the dynasty, and ruler of the golden Zhenguan era."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/hokkien/": {"t": "Hokkien", "s": "A major Southern Min Chinese variety with global diaspora influence."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/ginger/": {"t": "Ginger", "s": "A spice and folk medicine from Maritime Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/herbs-spices/e/herbs-and-spices/galangal/": {"t": "Galangal", "s": "A pungent, aromatic rhizome used in cuisine and traditional medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/quanzhou/": {"t": "Quanzhou", "s": "Quanzhou: Ancient port of the Maritime Silk Road."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sumatra/": {"t": "Sumatra", "s": "Large Indonesian island with rich history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/sumatra.webp", "c": "Sadalmelik · via Wikipedia: Sumatra · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/bactria/": {"t": "Bactria", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilization, key Zoroastrian center and Greco-Bactrian kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Han", "s": "Seventh Han emperor who expanded China's borders and centralized the state."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/i-ching/": {"t": "I Ching", "s": "Ancient Chinese divination text and classic of changes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/img/ancient-and-classical-texts/i-ching.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: I Ching · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/conservation-priority-breeds-of-the/e/conservation-priority-breeds-of-the-livestock-conservancy/akhal-teke/": {"t": "Akhal-Teke", "s": "A Turkmen breed prized for endurance and a metallic sheen."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/zhang-qian/": {"t": "Zhang Qian", "s": "Han envoy whose journeys opened the Silk Road."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire/": {"t": "Sasanian Empire", "s": "Iranian empire lasting from 224 to 651 AD.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire.webp", "c": "Original file by Ro4444, edited by me · via Wikipedia: Sasanian Empire · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/chinese-buddhism/": {"t": "Chinese Buddhism", "s": "Sinicized Mahayana Buddhism, largest religion in mainland China."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/song-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Song dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty/": {"t": "Liao dynasty", "s": "A Khitan-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 916 to 1125, controlling Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of Siberia and Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty.webp", "c": "SY · via Wikipedia: Liao dynasty · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-1115-1234/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (1115–1234)", "s": "The Jurchen-led Great Jin: gold, empire, and the first Chinese dynasty known in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-mongol-conquests/": {"t": "The Mongol Conquests", "s": "Mongol conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/zheng-he/": {"t": "Zheng He", "s": "Chinese admiral who led seven voyages across the Indian Ocean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/zheng-he.webp", "c": "User:Vmenkov · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/yongle-emperor/": {"t": "Yongle Emperor", "s": "Third emperor of the Ming dynasty, known for moving the capital to Beijing and sponsoring the Yongle Encyclopedia."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/matteo-ricci/": {"t": "Matteo Ricci", "s": "Jesuit missionary who bridged Ming China and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/matteo-ricci.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Matteo Ricci · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-forbidden-city/": {"t": "The Forbidden City", "s": "Imperial palace complex in Beijing, China."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/macartney-embassy/": {"t": "Macartney Embassy", "s": "First British diplomatic mission to China, rejected by the Qianlong Emperor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-empire/img/british-empire/macartney-embassy.webp", "c": "William Alexander · via Wikipedia: Macartney Embassy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/emperor-of-china/": {"t": "Emperor of China", "s": "Absolute monarch and Son of Heaven ruling under the Mandate of Heaven."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/son-of-heaven/": {"t": "Son of Heaven", "s": "Sacred monarchial title of the Chinese sovereign.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/son-of-heaven.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china/": {"t": "The Great Wall of China", "s": "An ancient defensive system spanning thousands of miles across China's northern borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/history-of-imperial-china/heqin/": {"t": "Heqin", "s": "Correcting historical inaccuracies in the heqin marriage alliance record.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/heqin.webp", "c": "BabelStone · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-opium-war/": {"t": "First Opium War", "s": "Conflict between Britain and Qing China over opium trade and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/chinese-sovereign/": {"t": "Chinese sovereign", "s": "Ruler of a Chinese monarchical regime, with varied titles and powers."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-gaozu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "s": "Founder of the Han dynasty, born a peasant, who rose from rebel to emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/modu-chanyu/": {"t": "Modu Chanyu", "s": "Founder of the Xiongnu Empire and a formidable steppe conqueror."}, "https://codexery.com/chanyus/e/chanyus/chanyu/": {"t": "Chanyu", "s": "Title of Inner Asian nomad rulers for eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/chanyus/e/chanyus/laoshang/": {"t": "Laoshang", "s": "Xiongnu chanyu who expanded the empire westward."}, "https://codexery.com/chanyus/e/chanyus/junchen/": {"t": "Junchen", "s": "Xiongnu chanyu who upheld heqin peace with Han."}, "https://codexery.com/chanyus/e/chanyus/qiedihou/": {"t": "Qiedihou", "s": "Xiongnu chanyu who reigned during Han–Xiongnu conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sixteen-kingdoms/": {"t": "Sixteen Kingdoms", "s": "Non-Han rulers governed northern China before reunification by the Northern Wei."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/northern-and-southern-dynasties/": {"t": "Northern and Southern dynasties", "s": "Period of division, cultural growth, and technological advance."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/northern-wei/": {"t": "Northern Wei", "s": "The Northern Wei: Unifier of Northern China and Catalyst of Sinicization"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-xiaowen-of-northern-wei/": {"t": "Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei", "s": "Emperor who sinicized the Northern Wei and reformed land tenure."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/qara-khitai/": {"t": "Qara Khitai", "s": "A Khitan-led Central Asian empire continuing the Liao legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/hungarian-language/": {"t": "Hungarian language", "s": "A Ugric language of the Uralic family, spoken by 14 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/uyghurs/": {"t": "Uyghurs", "s": "Turkic ethnic group native to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Northwest China"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/g-kt-rk-khagans/e/g-kt-rk-khagans/qapaghan-qaghan/": {"t": "Qapaghan Qaghan", "s": "Second qaghan who expanded the Turkic Khaganate to its peak."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/hexi-corridor/": {"t": "Hexi Corridor", "s": "A historic corridor linking China to Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/torture/": {"t": "Torture", "s": "Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/img/crime-and-deviance/torture.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/treason/": {"t": "Treason", "s": "Crime of disloyalty to a state or sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/mass-murder/": {"t": "Mass murder", "s": "Violent crime involving multiple killings in a single event."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-medieval-poets/e/classical-and-medieval-poets/lu-you/": {"t": "Lu You", "s": "Patriotic poet of the Southern Song", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-medieval-poets/img/classical-and-medieval-poets/lu-you.webp", "c": "Lu You / Qu Dajun · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/orientalism/": {"t": "Orientalism", "s": "Western depictions of the Eastern world in art, literature, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau/": {"t": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "s": "Genevan philosopher whose ideas shaped modern political and educational thought.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau.webp", "c": "Allan Ramsay · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/taboo/e/taboo/naming-taboo/": {"t": "Naming taboo", "s": "A taboo against using exalted persons' names in China and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qi-state/": {"t": "Qi (state)", "s": "A major Zhou dynasty state in ancient China, known for its early hegemony and cultural influence."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-xuan-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Xuan of Han", "s": "Tenth Han emperor who oversaw the Zhao–Xuan Resurgence."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/three-kingdoms/": {"t": "Three Kingdoms", "s": "A partial revival of the old three kingdoms in early medieval Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-yang-of-sui/": {"t": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "s": "Second Sui emperor whose projects and wars bankrupted the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-literary-voices/e/asian-literary-voices/su-shi/": {"t": "Su Shi", "s": "Song dynasty literatus, exiled official, and prolific artist."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/statute/": {"t": "Statute", "s": "A formal written enactment of a legislative body.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/img/legal-systems-and-concepts/statute.webp", "c": "Wojsyl · via Wikipedia: Statute · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-mammals/e/legendary-mammals/xiezhi/": {"t": "Xiezhi", "s": "A one-horned mythical beast that could tell right from wrong, known across East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/bigcats/e/big-cats/leopard/": {"t": "Leopard", "s": "The leopard (Panthera pardus) is a solitary, spotted big cat adapted to diverse habitats across Africa and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bigcats/img/big-cats/leopard.webp", "c": "Thomas Fuhrmann · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula/": {"t": "Arabian Peninsula", "s": "World's largest peninsula, roughly comparable in size to India", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula.webp", "c": "SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE · via Wikipedia: Arabian Peninsula · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/arabian-sea/": {"t": "Arabian Sea", "s": "A historically vital sea linking Old World trade networks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/arabian-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arabian Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tamils/": {"t": "Tamils", "s": "Dravidian ethnic group with over two millennia of written history."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/south-china-sea/": {"t": "South China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, vital to global trade and fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/borneo/": {"t": "Borneo", "s": "Third-largest island, divided among three sovereign states."}, "https://codexery.com/bangladeshi-cuisine/e/bangladeshi-cuisine/betel-nut-chewing/": {"t": "Betel nut chewing", "s": "A widespread stimulant practice with ancient origins and health risks."}, "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/e/plants-and-crops/sugarcane/": {"t": "Sugarcane", "s": "A tall perennial grass used for sugar production, native to New Guinea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/img/plants-and-crops/sugarcane.webp", "c": "Vis M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/spices/e/profiles/clove/": {"t": "Clove", "s": "Aromatic flower buds native to the Moluccas, used worldwide as a spice and fragrance."}, "https://codexery.com/spices/e/profiles/nutmeg/": {"t": "Nutmeg", "s": "The seed of the fragrant nutmeg tree, native to the Banda Islands and mainly produced there, yields both nutmeg and mace spices."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/horn-of-africa/": {"t": "Horn of Africa", "s": "A strategically vital peninsula and cultural crossroads in eastern Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/malay-peninsula/": {"t": "Malay Peninsula", "s": "Southernmost point of mainland Asia, rich in history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/malay-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Malay Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/painters-and-visual-artists/yan-zhenqing/": {"t": "Yan Zhenqing", "s": "Tang calligrapher, general, and loyal governor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/img/painters-and-visual-artists/yan-zhenqing.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yan Zhenqing · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/korean-folklore/e/korean-folklore/chunhyangjeon/": {"t": "Chunhyangjeon", "s": "A classic Korean love story of fidelity and justice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/korean-folklore/img/korean-folklore/chunhyangjeon.webp", "c": "Taman Renyah · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/taiping-rebellion/": {"t": "Taiping Rebellion", "s": "A 14-year civil war that devastated Qing China."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/deng-xiaoping/": {"t": "Deng Xiaoping", "s": "Architect of modern China and paramount leader from 1978 to 1989"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/chen-yun/": {"t": "Chen Yun", "s": "CCP statesman and architect of economic reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/jiang-zemin/": {"t": "Jiang Zemin", "s": "Fourth paramount leader of China from 1989 to 2002."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/nanyue/": {"t": "Nanyue", "s": "An ancient kingdom bridging China and Vietnam, founded by a Qin general after the dynasty's collapse."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/vietnamese-language/": {"t": "Vietnamese language", "s": "Austroasiatic language of Vietnam with over 86 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/french-indochina/": {"t": "French Indochina", "s": "French-dependent territories in Southeast Asia from 1887 to 1954."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/an-d-ng-v-ng/": {"t": "An Dương Vương", "s": "Founder and only ruler of Âu Lạc"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wen-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wen of Han", "s": "Fifth Han emperor who restored stability after Empress Lü's regency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wen-of-han.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/pearl-river/": {"t": "Pearl River", "s": "China's third-longest river system, flowing through Guangzhou.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/pearl-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pearl River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/ma-yuan-han-dynasty/": {"t": "Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)", "s": "Eastern Han general who suppressed the Trung sisters' rebellion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/img/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/ma-yuan-han-dynasty.webp", "c": "Attributed to Ma Yuan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism."}, "/e/history-of-imperial-china/maritime-silk-road/": {"t": "Maritime Silk Road", "s": "The ancient maritime network that connected East and West, shaped by Austronesian sailors and global trade.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/maritime-silk-road.webp", "c": "Yumeto · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-world/": {"t": "Eastern world", "s": "Umbrella term for diverse Eastern cultures and civilizations."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southern-europe/": {"t": "Southern Europe", "s": "Mediterranean Europe shaped by peninsulas, mountains, and ancient civilizations."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eurasia/": {"t": "Eurasia", "s": "The largest continental area on Earth, spanning Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/textile-production/e/textile-production/textile/": {"t": "Textile", "s": "Fibre-based materials from clothing to geotextiles."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/porcelain/": {"t": "Porcelain", "s": "A high-fired ceramic prized for strength, whiteness, and translucence."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/paper/": {"t": "Paper", "s": "Thin sheet of matted cellulose fibers used for writing and packaging."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-black-death/": {"t": "The Black Death", "s": "The deadliest pandemic in recorded history, the Black Death reshaped Europe and the Middle East.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-black-death.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/gunpowder-empires/": {"t": "Gunpowder empires", "s": "Three early modern Muslim empires unified by gunpowder weaponry."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}}