Mikhail Khodorkovsky
Exiled Russian oligarch and opposition activist
Elena Ternovaja · via Wikipedia: Mikhail Khodorkovsky · CC BY-SA 3.0
Mikhail Khodorkovsky is an exiled Russian businessman and opposition activist who was once the wealthiest man in Russia, with a fortune estimated at $15 billion in 2003.[1] In May 2005, a court found him guilty and imposed a nine-year prison term, and his incarceration was later lengthened to last until 2014.[2]
Quick Facts
- Born
- 26 June 1963
- Birthplace
- Moscow, Soviet Union
- Spouse
- Yelena Dobrovolskaya (div., divorced), Inna Khodorkovskaya
- Children
- Pavel
- Anastasia
- Ilya
- Gleb
- Education
- Mendeleev Russian University of Chemistry and Technology
Facts from the source article.
Life and work
He graduated with a degree in chemical engineering from the D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia in 1986.[3] In 1986, he opened his first business, a private café, with partners from the Komsomol youth organization.[4] The European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia violated Khodorkovsky's rights in his conditions of detention after his arrest.[5] After his release, he re-launched Open Russia in 2014 to promote reforms to Russian civil society.[6]
Boris and Marina Khodorkovsky, his parents, worked as engineers in a Moscow factory that produced measuring instruments.[7] Through a rigged auction, Khodorkovsky obtained the Yukos oil company for roughly $300 million.[4] On 25 October 2003, authorities arrested him at Novosibirsk airport and subsequently accused him of fraud and tax evasion.[8]
What the cited sources add
The Khodorkovsky.com editors state that he founded the Podmoskovny Lyceum in 1994, a boarding school that still operates with funding from the Khodorkovsky Foundation.[9] The same source notes that in 2001, Khodorkovsky travelled to Washington DC to announce a $1 million gift from Yukos to the United States Library of Congress.[9] The BBC News timeline reports that Khodorkovsky acquired Yukos for a sum variously put at between $200 million and $1.5 billion.[10] The Khodorkovsky website states that in 2002, Vedomosti awarded Khodorkovsky its annual "Entrepreneur of the Year" prize.[11]
The Khodorkovsky.com editors report that through Yukos, he introduced progressive principles of corporate governance and transparency to Russian industry.[9]
References
- Wikipedia, "Mikhail Khodorkovsky" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Gentleman, "Russian oligarch in London fatalistic about his safety from attack", The Guardian, 20 March 2018; Maternovsky, "List of Billionaires Swells From 17 to 25", The Moscow Times, 1 March 2004 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Mikhail Khodorkovsky" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Erklärung von Chodorkowski: Dank an Hans-Dietrich Genscher", Der Spiegel, 20 December 2013 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Mikhail Khodorkovsky" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Gessen, "Cell Block Four", Archive, 25 February 2010, p. 3–7 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Mikhail Khodorkovsky" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Hoffman, "The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia", PublicAffairs, 2002, p. 100–126 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- "Mikhail Khodorkovsky case: European Court faults Russia", BBC News, 31 May 2011. facts only, no text reused. bbc.co.uk
- Wikipedia, "Mikhail Khodorkovsky" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Open Russia", Khodorkovsky; Kara-Murza, "50,000 March in Moscow Against Putin's War", World Affairs Journal, 26 September 2014; "The Yukos affair: Baiting the bear: Russia is trying to impede enforcement of a massive damages award", The Economist, 15 April 2016 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Mikhail Khodorkovsky" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Frontline/World - Moscow - Rich in Russia - Interview with Mikhail Khodorkovsky: Money, Power and Politics", PBS (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Mikhail Khodorkovsky" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Gessen, Masha, "The Wrath of Putin", Vanity Fair, April 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.; (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- "A vision for Russia", www.khodorkovsky.com. Retrieved 13 January 2014.. facts only, no text reused. khodorkovsky.com
- "Timeline: The rise and fall of Yukos", BBC News, 31 May 2005. facts only, no text reused. news.bbc.co.uk
- "Yukos", Khodorkovsky. facts only, no text reused. khodorkovsky.com
Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Mikhail Khodorkovsky (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.
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