[{"n": "Aristocracy", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/aristocracy/", "s": "Rule by a small, privileged class of aristocrats."}, {"n": "Bey", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/bey/", "s": "A Turkic title for chieftains and aristocrats, used across Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Europe, and the"}, {"n": "Emir", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/emir/", "s": "Arabic title for commander, prince, or monarch."}, {"n": "Gentleman", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/gentleman/", "s": "From chivalry to Confucianism: the enduring ideal of the gentleman."}, {"n": "Absolute monarchy", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature."}, {"n": "Caliphate", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph."}, {"n": "Enlightened absolutism", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/enlightened-absolutism/", "s": "Absolute monarchs ruling with Enlightenment ideals to enhance power."}, {"n": "Feudalism", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/feudalism/", "s": "A system of land-for-service obligations in medieval Europe."}, {"n": "Guild", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/guild/", "s": "Professional associations regulating craft and trade across eras and regions."}, {"n": "Manorialism", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/manorialism/", "s": "Medieval land tenure system centred on manor and serf labour."}, {"n": "Nobility", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility/", "s": "Hereditary social class ranked below royalty, with varied privileges."}, {"n": "Oligarchy", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/oligarchy/", "s": "Rule by a small, powerful minority, often wealthy or noble."}, {"n": "Patrician (ancient Rome)", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/patrician-ancient-rome/", "s": "Original ruling class of ancient Rome, distinguished from plebeians."}, {"n": "Pharaoh", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/pharaoh/", "s": "Monarch of ancient Egypt, intermediary between gods and people."}, {"n": "Polis", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/polis/", "s": "Ancient Greek city-state that was the native land of its citizens."}, {"n": "Senate", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/senate/", "s": "A deliberative assembly, often the upper house of a bicameral legislature."}, {"n": "Slavery", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/slavery/", "s": "Slavery is the ownership of a person as property."}, {"n": "Tsar", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, {"n": "Vassal", "u": "/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/vassal/", "s": "A subordinate bound by mutual obligation to a lord."}]