{"/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/fibrobacterota/": {"t": "Fibrobacterota", "s": "Cellulose-degrading bacteria in mammalian digestive tracts."}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/gram-negative-bacteria/": {"t": "Gram-negative bacteria", "s": "Bacteria with a thin cell wall and outer membrane, often antibiotic-resistant."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/e/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/appendicitis/": {"t": "Appendicitis", "s": "Inflammation of the appendix, a common surgical emergency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/img/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/appendicitis.webp", "c": "CoRus13 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/feces/": {"t": "Feces", "s": "Solid waste discharged during defecation, used in agriculture and medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/chronic-pain-syndromes/e/chronic-pain-syndromes/irritable-bowel-syndrome/": {"t": "Irritable bowel syndrome", "s": "A chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder with unknown cause."}, "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/e/aging-associated-diseases/type-2-diabetes/": {"t": "Type 2 diabetes", "s": "A chronic metabolic disease marked by insulin resistance and high blood sugar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/img/aging-associated-diseases/type-2-diabetes.webp", "c": "Authors of the study: GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/pseudomonadota/": {"t": "Pseudomonadota", "s": "A diverse phylum of gram-negative bacteria with pathogenic and free-living members."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/acetic-acid/": {"t": "Acetic acid", "s": "The second simplest carboxylic acid, key to vinegar and industrial chemistry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/acetic-acid.webp", "c": "Michael D. Turnbull · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/botany-plant-biology/e/botany-and-plant-biology/starch/": {"t": "Starch", "s": "A polysaccharide energy store in plants and human staple."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cellulose/": {"t": "Cellulose", "s": "The most abundant organic polymer on Earth, essential for plant cell walls and industrial products."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/pectin/": {"t": "Pectin", "s": "Plant cell wall polymer used as a gelling agent in foods."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mucus/": {"t": "Mucus", "s": "Slippery gel protecting and lubricating body surfaces."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/horizontal-gene-transfer/": {"t": "Horizontal gene transfer", "s": "Movement of genetic material between organisms not via parent-to-offspring inheritance."}, "https://codexery.com/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/e/eukaryote-groups-and-taxonomy/diaphoretickes/": {"t": "Diaphoretickes", "s": "The diverse eukaryotic clade encompassing plants, algae, and many protists."}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/excavata/": {"t": "Excavata", "s": "Diverse group of unicellular flagellate eukaryotes, sometimes considered a clade.", "i": "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/img/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/excavata.webp", "c": "Abu Shawka · CC0"}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/eukaryote/": {"t": "Eukaryote", "s": "Eukaryotes are organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/img/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/eukaryote.webp", "c": "Gáspár Jékely · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/algae-and-protists/e/algae-and-protists/amoebozoa/": {"t": "Amoebozoa", "s": "A major group of amoeboid protists with lobose pseudopods."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/rhizaria/": {"t": "Rhizaria", "s": "Diverse clade of mostly unicellular amoeboid eukaryotes."}, "https://codexery.com/algae-and-protists/e/algae-and-protists/chromalveolata/": {"t": "Chromalveolata", "s": "A proposed eukaryote supergroup later found not to be monophyletic."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/incertae-sedis/": {"t": "Incertae sedis", "s": "A term for taxa with unknown or undefined broader relationships."}, "https://codexery.com/algae-and-protists/e/algae-and-protists/haptophyte/": {"t": "Haptophyte", "s": "Algae that produce minerals and include coccolithophores."}, "https://codexery.com/algae-and-protists/e/algae-and-protists/cryptomonad/": {"t": "Cryptomonad", "s": "Cryptomonads: algae and colorless flagellates with ejectosomes and a complex plastid history."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/sar-supergroup/": {"t": "SAR supergroup", "s": "A major eukaryotic supergroup uniting stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-behavior/e/animal-behavior/symbiosis/": {"t": "Symbiosis", "s": "Close, long-term interactions between different species."}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/chlamydia-pneumoniae/": {"t": "Chlamydia pneumoniae", "s": "Obligate intracellular bacterium causing pneumonia and chronic diseases."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/chlamydia-trachomatis/": {"t": "Chlamydia trachomatis", "s": "Obligate intracellular bacterium causing blindness and sexually transmitted infections."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/chlamydia/": {"t": "Chlamydia", "s": "A common sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, often asymptomatic but treatable with antibiotics."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/peptidoglycan/": {"t": "Peptidoglycan", "s": "Mesh-like macromolecule giving bacterial cell walls strength and shape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/peptidoglycan.webp", "c": "Yikrazuul · Public domain"}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/cyanobacteria/": {"t": "Cyanobacteria", "s": "Ancient photosynthetic bacteria that oxygenated Earth's atmosphere.", "i": "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/img/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/cyanobacteria.webp", "c": "Lamiot · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/chloroplast/": {"t": "Chloroplast", "s": "The green powerhouses of plant and algal cells, evolved from ancient cyanobacteria."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-biology/e/plant-biology/photosynthesis/": {"t": "Photosynthesis", "s": "The process by which plants and other organisms convert light into chemical energy."}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/gram-positive-bacteria/": {"t": "Gram-positive bacteria", "s": "Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan retaining crystal violet stain."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/flowering-plant/": {"t": "Flowering plant", "s": "Flowering plants dominate land habitats and sustain human agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/eudicots/": {"t": "Eudicots", "s": "Eudicots are flowering plants with tricolpate pollen and two cotyledons."}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/ipomoea/": {"t": "Ipomoea", "s": "Largest genus in Convolvulaceae, with diverse species and uses."}, "https://codexery.com/new-zealand-cuisine/e/new-zealand-cuisine/k-mara/": {"t": "Kūmara", "s": "Polynesian name for the sweet potato, a pre-Columbian staple."}, "https://codexery.com/botany-plant-biology/e/botany-and-plant-biology/tuber/": {"t": "Tuber", "s": "Enlarged plant storage organs derived from stems or roots."}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/ipomoea-aquatica/": {"t": "Ipomoea aquatica", "s": "A semi-aquatic vegetable widely cultivated in Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/dna-sequencing/": {"t": "DNA sequencing", "s": "Determining the order of nucleotides in DNA."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-immunology/e/microbiology-and-immunology/phylum/": {"t": "Phylum", "s": "A taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/organic-compound/": {"t": "Organic compound", "s": "Carbon-based compounds central to life and chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/carbohydrate/": {"t": "Carbohydrate", "s": "Carbohydrates are sugars and their derivatives, central to life and nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/redox/": {"t": "Redox", "s": "Chemical reactions where oxidation states change via electron or atom transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/symbiogenesis/": {"t": "Symbiogenesis", "s": "Theory that eukaryotic cells arose from symbiotic mergers of prokaryotes."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/chlorophyll/": {"t": "Chlorophyll", "s": "Green pigments that absorb light for oxygenic photosynthesis."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/endomembrane-system/": {"t": "Endomembrane system", "s": "A unified system of membranes exchanging material within eukaryotic cells."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/red-algae/": {"t": "Red algae", "s": "Red algae, known scientifically as Rhodophyta—a name derived from the Greek words for \"rose\" and \"plant\"—are among the oldest and most diverse groups of eukaryo", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/img/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/red-algae.webp", "c": "Derek Keats · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/green-algae/": {"t": "Green algae", "s": "Green algae are the photosynthetic ancestors of all land plants."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/organelle/": {"t": "Organelle", "s": "Specialized subunit within a cell with a specific function"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/plastid/": {"t": "Plastid", "s": "Membrane-bound organelles derived from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/prokaryote/": {"t": "Prokaryote", "s": "Single-celled organisms without a nucleus, foundational to life on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/img/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/prokaryote.webp", "c": "Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, LadyofHats translated in gujarati by User:Sushant_savla · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-biology/": {"t": "Cell (biology)", "s": "The fundamental unit of all known life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-biology.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/domain-taxonomy/": {"t": "Domain (taxonomy)", "s": "Highest taxonomic rank of all organisms."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-nucleus/": {"t": "Cell nucleus", "s": "Membrane-bound organelle containing the cell's genome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-nucleus.webp", "c": "Szajci · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cytoskeleton/": {"t": "Cytoskeleton", "s": "Dynamic protein network shaping and organizing all cells."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/kingdom-taxonomy/": {"t": "Kingdom (taxonomy)", "s": "Second highest taxonomic rank, below domain."}, "https://codexery.com/algae-and-protists/e/algae-and-protists/amoeba/": {"t": "Amoeba", "s": "Unicellular organisms that change shape using pseudopods."}, "https://codexery.com/algae-and-protists/e/algae-and-protists/flagellate/": {"t": "Flagellate", "s": "Organisms with whip-like flagella for movement and feeding."}, "https://codexery.com/algae-and-protists/e/algae-and-protists/ciliate/": {"t": "Ciliate", "s": "Ciliates are protists with cilia and two types of nuclei."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna/": {"t": "Mitochondrial DNA", "s": "Mitochondrial DNA is a small, maternally inherited genome essential for energy conversion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna.webp", "c": "National Human Genome Research Institute · via Wikipedia: Mitochondrial DNA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondria/": {"t": "Mitochondria", "s": "Double-membraned organelles that produce cellular energy as ATP."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/reproduction-and-development/sexual-reproduction/": {"t": "Sexual reproduction", "s": "Sexual reproduction combines gametes to create genetically diverse offspring.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/img/reproduction-and-development/sexual-reproduction.webp", "c": ".mw-parser-output .messagebox{margin:4px 0;width:auto;border-collapse:collapse;b · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/conifers-and-gymnosperms/e/conifers-and-gymnosperms/sequoia-sempervirens/": {"t": "Sequoia sempervirens", "s": "The tallest living trees on Earth, reaching over 381 feet."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/chromosome/": {"t": "Chromosome", "s": "A chromosome is a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/chromatin/": {"t": "Chromatin", "s": "The complex of DNA and protein that packages and organizes genetic material.", "i": "https://codexery.com/genetics/img/genetics/chromatin.webp", "c": "Courtesy of NIAID Ryan Kissinger · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/flagellum/": {"t": "Flagellum", "s": "A hair-like appendage providing motility across all domains of life."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-immunology/e/microbiology-and-immunology/phylogenetic-tree/": {"t": "Phylogenetic tree", "s": "Branching diagram showing evolutionary relationships among species."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/metabolism/": {"t": "Metabolism", "s": "Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions sustaining life."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-cell-biology/e/microbiology-and-cell-biology/microorganism/": {"t": "Microorganism", "s": "Microscopic organisms that shape life, health, and history."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cytoplasm/": {"t": "Cytoplasm", "s": "Cytoplasm is the cell material outside the nucleus."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-membrane/": {"t": "Cell membrane", "s": "Semipermeable lipid bilayer separating cell interior from environment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-membrane.webp", "c": "Blackout Sea · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/ribosome/": {"t": "Ribosome", "s": "Cellular machine that synthesizes proteins from mRNA.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/ribosome.webp", "c": "Vossman · via Wikipedia: Ribosome · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/cell-wall/": {"t": "Cell wall", "s": "Structural layer outside cell membrane providing support and protection."}, "https://codexery.com/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/e/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/fungus/": {"t": "Fungus", "s": "Eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology/e/microbiology/chemosynthesis/": {"t": "Chemosynthesis", "s": "Life-sustaining process that converts inorganic compounds into organic matter."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/natural-selection/": {"t": "Natural selection", "s": "The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in fitness."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-and-development/e/reproduction-and-development/asexual-reproduction/": {"t": "Asexual reproduction", "s": "Reproduction without gamete fusion, producing genetically identical offspring."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/antimicrobial-resistance/": {"t": "Antimicrobial resistance", "s": "Microbes evolve to resist drugs that once treated infections."}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/protist/": {"t": "Protist", "s": "Eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/img/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/protist.webp", "c": "Respectively: Claire Fackler, CINMS, NOAA, User:Wiedehopf20 , Frank Fox, Patrick · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/algae-and-protists/e/algae-and-protists/euglenozoa/": {"t": "Euglenozoa", "s": "Flagellate Discoba including free-living species and human parasites."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/microtubule/": {"t": "Microtubule", "s": "Cytoskeletal biopolymers providing structure and intracellular transport."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology/e/microbiology/citric-acid-cycle/": {"t": "Citric acid cycle", "s": "A central metabolic pathway for energy release in respiration."}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/bacteroidota/": {"t": "Bacteroidota", "s": "Gram-negative bacteria essential to gut health and global ecosystems."}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/opisthokont/": {"t": "Opisthokont", "s": "Broad eukaryotic group including animals and fungi."}, "https://codexery.com/algae-and-protists/e/algae-and-protists/choanoflagellate/": {"t": "Choanoflagellate", "s": "Closest living relatives of animals, studied for multicellularity origins."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-organizations/e/genetics-organizations/metabarcoding/": {"t": "Metabarcoding", "s": "Simultaneous taxonomic identification of multiple species from mixed DNA samples."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/parasitism/": {"t": "Parasitism", "s": "A close, harmful relationship where one organism exploits another.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/img/ecology-and-behavior/parasitism.webp", "c": "Soebe · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/protozoa/": {"t": "Protozoa", "s": "Polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, historically seen as first animals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/img/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/protozoa.webp", "c": "Pitelka, Dorothy R. (Dorothy Riggs), 1920- · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/small-intestine/": {"t": "Small intestine", "s": "The primary organ for nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract."}, "https://codexery.com/zoonoses/e/zoonoses/giardiasis/": {"t": "Giardiasis", "s": "A common parasitic disease causing diarrhoea and malabsorption worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/e/reproduction-and-development/reproduction/": {"t": "Reproduction", "s": "Biological process producing offspring from parent or parents.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reproduction-development/img/reproduction-and-development/reproduction.webp", "c": "MAKY.OREL · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/gastrointestinal-tract/": {"t": "Gastrointestinal tract", "s": "The digestive passageway from mouth to anus."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/developing-country/": {"t": "Developing country", "s": "A country with a less-developed industrial base and lower HDI, though definitions vary widely."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/drainage-basin/": {"t": "Drainage basin", "s": "A land area where surface water converges to a single outlet."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/grazing/": {"t": "Grazing", "s": "Grazing converts grassland into meat, milk, and wool."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/large-intestine/": {"t": "Large intestine", "s": "Last part of the digestive system in tetrapods."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-behavior/e/animal-behavior/dormancy/": {"t": "Dormancy", "s": "A survival strategy minimizing metabolic activity during harsh conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/golgi-apparatus/": {"t": "Golgi apparatus", "s": "The Golgi apparatus is a cellular organelle found in most eukaryotes, forming part of the endomembrane system.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/golgi-apparatus.webp", "c": "explorebiology · via Wikipedia: Golgi apparatus · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/common-infections-and-diseases/e/common-infections-and-diseases/zoonosis/": {"t": "Zoonosis", "s": "Infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/beaver/": {"t": "Beaver", "s": "Large semiaquatic rodents that build dams and lodges."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/developed-country/": {"t": "Developed country", "s": "A country with high living standards and advanced economy."}, "https://codexery.com/danish-inventions/e/danish-inventions/gram-stain/": {"t": "Gram stain", "s": "A staining method that classifies bacteria into two groups."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology/e/microbiology/bacterial-cell-structure/": {"t": "Bacterial cell structure", "s": "Bacteria have unique cell structures including peptidoglycan cell walls.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbiology/img/microbiology/bacterial-cell-structure.webp", "c": "Shahid Khan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/escherichia-coli/": {"t": "Escherichia coli", "s": "A model bacterium central to microbiology and biotechnology."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/pseudomonas-aeruginosa/": {"t": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "s": "Opportunistic pathogen with high antibiotic resistance and versatile metabolism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/pseudomonas-aeruginosa.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/antibiotic/": {"t": "Antibiotic", "s": "Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances active against bacteria."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/penicillin/": {"t": "Penicillin", "s": "A group of β-lactam antibiotics from Penicillium moulds."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/antimicrobial/": {"t": "Antimicrobial", "s": "Agents that kill or inhibit microorganisms to treat or prevent infection."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lipid-bilayer/": {"t": "Lipid bilayer", "s": "Thin polar membrane forming a barrier around all cells.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/lipid-bilayer.webp", "c": "Bensaccount · via Wikipedia: Lipid bilayer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/lipopolysaccharide/": {"t": "Lipopolysaccharide", "s": "Major component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/lipopolysaccharide.webp", "c": "Ninjatacoshell · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/respiratory-failure/": {"t": "Respiratory failure", "s": "Respiratory failure impairs blood oxygen or carbon dioxide levels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/respiratory-failure.webp", "c": "National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH) · via Wikipedia: Respiratory failure · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/cephalosporin/": {"t": "Cephalosporin", "s": "Cephalosporins are a type of β-lactam antibiotic that come from the fungus Acremonium (once called Cephalosporium)."}, "https://codexery.com/antibiotic-drugs/e/antibiotic-drugs/aztreonam/": {"t": "Aztreonam", "s": "Monobactam antibiotic effective against gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/optical-microscope/": {"t": "Optical microscope", "s": "Uses visible light and lenses to magnify small objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/optical-microscope.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/alcohol-chemistry/": {"t": "Alcohol (chemistry)", "s": "Organic compounds with a hydroxyl group on a saturated carbon atom.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/alcohol-chemistry.webp", "c": "Job I · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/polysaccharide/": {"t": "Polysaccharide", "s": "Polysaccharides are abundant carbohydrates serving storage and structural roles."}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/chlamydiota/": {"t": "Chlamydiota", "s": "A bacterial phylum of obligate intracellular pathogens and symbionts, including human disease agents and newly discovered ocean-floor forms."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/streptococcus/": {"t": "Streptococcus", "s": "Genus of gram-positive bacteria causing human infections and used in food.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/streptococcus.webp", "c": "Arnold Kaufman · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/staphylococcus/": {"t": "Staphylococcus", "s": "Gram-positive cocci forming grape-like clusters; includes MRSA.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/staphylococcus.webp", "c": "Varun Punnam · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/staphylococcus-aureus/": {"t": "Staphylococcus aureus", "s": "A common bacterium that can turn deadly.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/staphylococcus-aureus.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/filasterea/": {"t": "Filasterea", "s": "Single-celled amoeboids key to animal origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/img/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/filasterea.webp", "c": "Multicellgenome Lab · CC BY 2.0"}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/ichthyosporea/": {"t": "Ichthyosporea", "s": "Parasitic opisthokonts bridging the gap between animals and fungi."}, "https://codexery.com/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/e/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/neurospora-crassa/": {"t": "Neurospora crassa", "s": "Red bread mold that founded biochemical genetics."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/human-genome/": {"t": "Human genome", "s": "Complete set of human DNA sequences, including nuclear and mitochondrial genomes."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/fossil/": {"t": "Fossil", "s": "Fossils are preserved remains of ancient life, key to evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cellular-differentiation/": {"t": "Cellular differentiation", "s": "Process where stem cells become specialized cell types."}, "https://codexery.com/reproduction-and-development/e/reproduction-and-development/cleavage-embryo/": {"t": "Cleavage (embryo)", "s": "Early embryonic cell divisions that form blastomeres and the morula."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cell-division/": {"t": "Cell division", "s": "Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells."}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/convolvulaceae/": {"t": "Convolvulaceae", "s": "A plant family of vines, food crops, and medicinal species.", "i": "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/img/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/convolvulaceae.webp", "c": "Pangalau · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/botany-plant-biology/e/botany-and-plant-biology/vine/": {"t": "Vine", "s": "A plant with trailing or climbing stems, often using supports."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-linnaeus/": {"t": "Carl Linnaeus", "s": "Father of modern taxonomy"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/kerala/": {"t": "Kerala", "s": "God's Own Country", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/kerala.webp", "c": "rajaraman sundaram · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malayalam/": {"t": "Malayalam", "s": "A Dravidian classical language of Kerala and the Malayali people."}, "https://codexery.com/agriculture-food/e/agriculture-and-food/cultivar/": {"t": "Cultivar", "s": "A cultivated plant selected for desired, stable traits."}, 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{"t": "Lead", "s": "Heavy metal with stable isotopes and historical industrial use."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mercury-element/": {"t": "Mercury (element)", "s": "A heavy, silvery liquid metal with unique physical properties and high toxicity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/singapore/": {"t": "Singapore", "s": "The Lion City, a global hub of trade and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/cooking/e/cooking-techniques/stir-frying/": {"t": "Stir frying", "s": "A quick, high-heat cooking technique from China that brings out vibrant flavors and textures."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/chili-pepper/": {"t": "Chili pepper", "s": "Spicy fruits from the Capsicum genus, originating in Peru and Bolivia."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/garlic/": {"t": "Garlic", "s": "A bulbous plant used for millennia as food and remedy."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/ginger/": {"t": "Ginger", "s": "A spice and folk medicine from Maritime Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/invertebrates/crustacean/": {"t": "Crustacean", "s": "Mandibulate arthropods with biramous limbs and a nauplius larval stage."}, "https://codexery.com/roguelikes-of-the-2010s/e/roguelikes-of-the-2010s/hyperparasite/": {"t": "HyperParasite", "s": "A top-down roguelike twin-stick shooter with perma-death and body-swapping."}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/invertebrates/flatworm/": {"t": "Flatworm", "s": "Simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates commonly called flatworms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/img/invertebrates/flatworm.webp", "c": "Mesostoma · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/dna-repair/": {"t": "DNA repair", "s": "Processes by which cells identify and correct DNA damage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/genetics/img/genetics/dna-repair.webp", "c": "Eunice Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/mutualism-biology/": {"t": "Mutualism (biology)", "s": "Ecological interaction where each species has a net benefit."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/phosphorus/": {"t": "Phosphorus", "s": "The element that glows, burns, and sustains life."}, "https://codexery.com/flowering-plant-families/e/flowering-plant-families/brassicaceae/": {"t": "Brassicaceae", "s": "A family of flowering plants including mustards, cabbages, and Arabidopsis."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/cretaceous/": {"t": "Cretaceous", "s": "The longest geological period, marked by warm climates, dinosaurs, and the rise of flowering plants, ending with a mass extinction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/cretaceous.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/conifers-and-gymnosperms/e/conifers-and-gymnosperms/pinaceae/": {"t": "Pinaceae", "s": "The largest conifer family, dominant in Northern Hemisphere forests."}, "https://codexery.com/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/e/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/glomeromycota/": {"t": "Glomeromycota", "s": "Fungal division forming arbuscular mycorrhizas with most land plants."}, "https://codexery.com/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/e/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/basidiomycota/": {"t": "Basidiomycota", "s": "One of two major fungal divisions, including mushrooms, rusts, and smuts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/img/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/basidiomycota.webp", "c": "Malena Lorente · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/fagaceae/": {"t": "Fagaceae", "s": "A woody plant family of beeches, chestnuts, and oaks."}, "https://codexery.com/nutrition-and-diet/e/nutrition-and-diet/nutrient/": {"t": "Nutrient", "s": "Substance used by organisms to survive, grow, and reproduce."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/pine/": {"t": "Pine", "s": "Pines are evergreen conifers with needles in bundles and woody cones."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/subtropics/": {"t": "Subtropics", "s": "Climate zones between tropics and temperate regions, with hot summers and mild winters."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/tropics/": {"t": "Tropics", "s": "The region between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/meiosis/": {"t": "Meiosis", "s": "Cell division producing haploid gametes for sexual reproduction."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/microbial-cyst/": {"t": "Microbial cyst", "s": "A dormant microbial stage enabling survival under harsh conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/phagocytosis/": {"t": "Phagocytosis", "s": "Cellular engulfment of particles for immunity or nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/patagonia/": {"t": "Patagonia", "s": "A vast region spanning southern South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/patagonia.webp", "c": "Argentixs · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/e/peninsulas-and-capes/tierra-del-fuego/": {"t": "Tierra del Fuego", "s": "Archipelago at the southern tip of South America", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/img/peninsulas-and-capes/tierra-del-fuego.webp", "c": "Godot13 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/flowering-plant-families/e/flowering-plant-families/solanaceae/": {"t": "Solanaceae", "s": "A diverse plant family including food crops and toxic species."}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/family-taxonomy/": {"t": "Family (taxonomy)", "s": "Taxonomic rank between order and genus in Linnaean classification."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-drugs/e/medications-and-drugs/nicotine/": {"t": "Nicotine", "s": "Stimulant alkaloid from tobacco; highly addictive."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/herbivore/": {"t": "Herbivore", "s": "Animals adapted to feed primarily on plants."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/invasive-species/": {"t": "Invasive species", "s": "Introduced species that cause ecological or economic harm."}, "https://codexery.com/arthropods/e/arthropods/noctuidae/": {"t": "Noctuidae", "s": "Noctuidae are owlet moths, including cutworms and armyworms."}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/holozoa/": {"t": "Holozoa", "s": "Clade including animals and their closest single-celled relatives."}, "https://codexery.com/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/e/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/chytridiomycota/": {"t": "Chytridiomycota", "s": "Early-diverging fungi with flagellated zoospores, including amphibian pathogens.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/img/fungi-and-fungus-like-organisms/chytridiomycota.webp", "c": "M. Piepenbring, correction: User:Selso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/bikont/": {"t": "Bikont", "s": "Eukaryotes defined by a fused TS-DHFR gene, including plants and many protists.", "i": "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/img/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/bikont.webp", "c": "Zygmunt Put · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/worms-and-worm-like-invertebrates/e/worms-and-worm-like-invertebrates/polychaete/": {"t": "Polychaete", "s": "Diverse marine annelids with bristle-bearing parapodia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/worms-and-worm-like-invertebrates/img/worms-and-worm-like-invertebrates/polychaete.webp", "c": "Cosmic73 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-immunology/e/microbiology-and-immunology/phylogenetics/": {"t": "Phylogenetics", "s": "Study of evolutionary history through heritable traits and phylogenetic trees."}}