{"/e/government-and-law/precedent/": {"t": "Precedent", "s": "A judicial decision serving as authority for future similar cases."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/donoghue-v-stevenson/": {"t": "Donoghue v Stevenson", "s": "Landmark case that created modern negligence law."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/judicial-committee-of-the-privy-council/": {"t": "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council", "s": "Highest court of appeal for Crown Dependencies and many Commonwealth nations."}, "https://codexery.com/american-drinks/e/american-drinks/ice-cream-float/": {"t": "Ice cream float", "s": "A chilled beverage of ice cream and carbonated soft drink."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/sydney/": {"t": "Sydney", "s": "The Harbour City, capital of New South Wales and Australia's largest city."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/defamation/": {"t": "Defamation", "s": "Legal remedy for injury to reputation, honour, or dignity."}, "https://codexery.com/suffering/e/suffering/negligent-infliction-of-emotional-distress/": {"t": "Negligent infliction of emotional distress", "s": "A tort for negligent causation of emotional distress, heavily limited in most states."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/e/legal-professions/legal-liability/": {"t": "Legal liability", "s": "Legal responsibility or answerability in law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-professions/img/legal-professions/legal-liability.webp", "c": "Q4398124 , Goznak (Q2133605) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/mens-rea/": {"t": "Mens rea", "s": "The guilty mind required for criminal liability."}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/plaintiff/": {"t": "Plaintiff", "s": "Party who initiates a lawsuit seeking legal remedy."}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/summary-judgment/": {"t": "Summary judgment", "s": "Pretrial judgment without full trial when facts are undisputed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-law/img/public-law/summary-judgment.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/government/": {"t": "Government", "s": "System or group leading a state with socially acceptable force."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility/": {"t": "Nobility", "s": "Hereditary social class ranked below royalty, with varied privileges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/plutocracy/": {"t": "Plutocracy", "s": "Rule by the wealthy: a society controlled by people of great wealth or income."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/aristocracy/": {"t": "Aristocracy", "s": "Rule by a small, privileged class of aristocrats.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/aristocracy.webp", "c": "DzHaruna · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/hegemony/": {"t": "Hegemony", "s": "Predominance of one state over others, regionally or globally."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/peloponnese/": {"t": "Peloponnese", "s": "Southernmost peninsula of mainland Greece, cradle of Mycenaean civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/aegina/": {"t": "Aegina", "s": "Swift guardian of Venetian seas, named for ancient Aeginetan silver."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/themistocles/": {"t": "Themistocles", "s": "The Athenian general who saved Greece from Persia through naval strategy."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/greco-persian-wars/": {"t": "Greco-Persian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/boris-yeltsin/": {"t": "Boris Yeltsin", "s": "Soviet politician and reform leader who visited the US in 1989.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/boris-yeltsin.webp", "c": "Presidential Press and Information Office · via Wikipedia: Boris Yeltsin · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/family-relationships/e/family-and-relationships/only-child/": {"t": "Only child", "s": "A person with no siblings, studied for stereotypes and developmental outcomes."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/sterilization-medicine/": {"t": "Sterilization (medicine)", "s": "Medical methods of permanent birth control for males and females."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/chen-yun/": {"t": "Chen Yun", "s": "CCP statesman and architect of economic reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/deng-xiaoping/": {"t": "Deng Xiaoping", "s": "Architect of modern China and paramount leader from 1978 to 1989"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/li-xiannian/": {"t": "Li Xiannian", "s": "Chinese Communist leader and conservative Party elder."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bucharest/": {"t": "Bucharest", "s": "Capital and largest city of Romania, historically called 'Paris of the East'."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economic-growth/": {"t": "Economic growth", "s": "Economic growth is the increase in the quantity and quality of goods and services a society produces, measured by real GDP or GDP per capita.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economic-growth.webp", "c": "DavidMCEddy · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/disability/e/disability/disability/": {"t": "Disability", "s": "Disability is a complex social identity shaped by history, theory, and activism."}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/family-planning/": {"t": "Family planning", "s": "Regulating the number and spacing of births through various methods."}, "/e/government-and-law/republic/": {"t": "Republic", "s": "A state where political power rests with the people."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/legislature/": {"t": "Legislature", "s": "A deliberative assembly with authority to make law."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/state-polity/": {"t": "State (polity)", "s": "A political entity with sovereignty over a definite territory."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/law/": {"t": "Law", "s": "Rules enforced by institutions to regulate behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/executive-government/": {"t": "Executive (government)", "s": "Branch of government that enforces law and policy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/senate/": {"t": "Senate", "s": "A deliberative assembly, often the upper house of a bicameral legislature."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/parliamentary-system/": {"t": "Parliamentary system", "s": "Government based on parliamentary confidence and fusion of powers."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/legislator/": {"t": "Legislator", "s": "A person who writes and passes laws, often as a legislator."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "/e/government-and-law/rule-of-law/": {"t": "Rule of law", "s": "No one is above the law; all are equal before it."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/suffrage/": {"t": "Suffrage", "s": "The right to vote in public, political elections and referendums."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom", "s": "Elected lower house of the UK Parliament, holding government to account.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom.webp", "c": "©UK Parliament/Jessica Taylor · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/private-law/": {"t": "Private law", "s": "Private law governs interactions between individual persons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/img/civil-law-and-remedies/private-law.webp", "c": "Manderiko · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/patent-infringement/": {"t": "Patent infringement", "s": "Unauthorized use of a patented invention without the holder's permission."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/letters-patent/": {"t": "Letters patent", "s": "Open royal decrees granting offices, rights, or titles."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/sybaris/": {"t": "Sybaris", "s": "Wealthy, hedonistic, and lost: the ancient Greek city of Sybaris.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/sybaris.webp", "c": "Judy Gallagher · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/filippo-brunelleschi/": {"t": "Filippo Brunelleschi", "s": "Founding father of Renaissance architecture and designer of the Florence Cathedral dome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/filippo-brunelleschi.webp", "c": "scan uploaded by Sailko, cropped by MenkinAlRire · via Wikipedia: Filippo Brunelleschi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/decree/": {"t": "Decree", "s": "A legal proclamation issued by a head of state or other authority."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/james-watt/": {"t": "James Watt", "s": "Scottish inventor who improved the steam engine with a separate condenser, powering the Industrial Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/james-watt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Watt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/patent-office/": {"t": "Patent office", "s": "Government bodies that grant or reject patent applications."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/safety/": {"t": "Safety", "s": "Safety is the state of being protected from harm or danger."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/military/": {"t": "Military", "s": "A heavily armed, highly organized force for warfare.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/military.webp", "c": "Solomon203 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/private-property/": {"t": "Private property", "s": "Legal concept of non-governmental ownership foundational to capitalism."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/police-brutality/": {"t": "Police brutality", "s": "Excessive force by law enforcement, a civil rights violation."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/crime-prevention/": {"t": "Crime prevention", "s": "Intervening before crime occurs to reduce risk and opportunity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/polis/": {"t": "Polis", "s": "Ancient Greek city-state that was the native land of its citizens."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/michel-foucault/": {"t": "Michel Foucault", "s": "French philosopher who analyzed power, knowledge, and social control.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/michel-foucault.webp", "c": "Michel Curi · CC BY 2.0"}, "/e/government-and-law/public-administration/": {"t": "Public administration", "s": "The implementation of public policies and government programs."}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/public-health/": {"t": "Public health", "s": "Science and art of preventing disease through organized societal efforts."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/e/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/edwin-chadwick/": {"t": "Edwin Chadwick", "s": "English social reformer who led reforms in the Poor Laws and urban sanitation."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/max-weber/": {"t": "Max Weber", "s": "German sociologist and key theorist of rationalisation and authority."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/criminal-law/": {"t": "Criminal law", "s": "Body of law relating to crime, punishment, and rehabilitation."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/robert-peel/": {"t": "Robert Peel", "s": "British Conservative statesman, father of modern policing, and key architect of free trade."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/democracy/": {"t": "Democracy", "s": "Government where power is vested in the people."}, "/e/government-and-law/referendum/": {"t": "Referendum", "s": "A direct vote by the electorate on a proposal or law."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/head-of-state/": {"t": "Head of state", "s": "The public persona of a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/head-of-government/": {"t": "Head of government", "s": "Chief executive official presiding over a government cabinet."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-government-title/": {"t": "President (government title)", "s": "Title for head of state in most republics."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/prime-minister/": {"t": "Prime minister", "s": "Head of government leading the cabinet in parliamentary systems."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/political-communication/": {"t": "Political communication", "s": "Study of messaging in politics across media and history."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/propaganda/": {"t": "Propaganda", "s": "Communication used to influence audiences and further an agenda."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/aaron-burr/": {"t": "Aaron Burr", "s": "Third vice president of the United States, remembered for the duel with Alexander Hamilton and the Burr conspiracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/img/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/aaron-burr.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aaron Burr · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/social-media/": {"t": "Social media", "s": "Interactive platforms for creating, sharing, and networking content."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/lobbying/": {"t": "Lobbying", "s": "Advocacy to influence policy decisions through direct contact with lawmakers."}, "/e/government-and-law/political-party/": {"t": "Political party", "s": "Organizations that coordinate candidates to compete in elections."}, "https://codexery.com/investigative-journalists-and-editors/e/investigative-journalists-and-editors/horace-greeley/": {"t": "Horace Greeley", "s": "Founder of the New-York Tribune and 1872 presidential candidate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/investigative-journalists-and-editors/img/investigative-journalists-and-editors/horace-greeley.webp", "c": "Statue by Alexander Doyle photo by Ingfbruno · Public domain"}, "/e/government-and-law/political-science/": {"t": "Political science", "s": "Empirical study of politics, governance, and power."}, "/e/government-and-law/politics/": {"t": "Politics", "s": "Activity of settling affairs in an organized society via government."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/policy/": {"t": "Policy", "s": "A system of guidelines for decisions and rational outcomes."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/one-party-state/": {"t": "One-party state", "s": "A system where only one party controls the ruling structure."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/volunteering/": {"t": "Volunteering", "s": "Volunteering is freely giving time and labor for community service."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/republic-plato/": {"t": "Republic (Plato)", "s": "Plato's Socratic dialogue on justice and the ideal city-state."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/politics-aristotle/": {"t": "Politics (Aristotle)", "s": "Aristotle's treatise on the polis and political community."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/hippodrome-of-constantinople/": {"t": "Hippodrome of Constantinople", "s": "Ancient chariot-racing arena turned public square in Istanbul."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "Absolute monarchy", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy.webp", "c": "Nicolai Abildgaard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war/": {"t": "English Civil War", "s": "King versus Parliament: a revolution that beheaded a monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/democratic-party-united-states/": {"t": "Democratic Party (United States)", "s": "World's oldest active political party, center to center-left."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/governance/": {"t": "Governance", "s": "Governance is the framework of rules and processes for organized groups."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental principles that govern a polity."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/empiricism/": {"t": "Empiricism", "s": "Knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical evidence."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/nation-state/": {"t": "Nation state", "s": "A political entity where state and nation are congruent."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/social-scientists-and-sociologists/e/social-scientists-and-sociologists/paul-lazarsfeld/": {"t": "Paul Lazarsfeld", "s": "Founder of modern empirical sociology"}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/evolutionary-psychology/": {"t": "Evolutionary psychology", "s": "A theoretical approach applying evolutionary principles to human psychology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychology/img/psychology/evolutionary-psychology.webp", "c": "William James · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/cognitive-bias/": {"t": "Cognitive bias", "s": "Systematic deviations from rational judgment in human decision-making.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/cognitive-bias.webp", "c": "BiblioMorphosis · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/justice/": {"t": "Justice", "s": "Justice is the constant will to render each his due."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy 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