{"/e/german-states/rhineland-palatinate/": {"t": "Rhineland-Palatinate", "s": "A post-war German state formed from historic regions."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/metropolitan-area/": {"t": "Metropolitan area", "s": "A region of dense urban core and integrated surrounding territories."}, "/e/german-states/bavaria/": {"t": "Bavaria", "s": "Largest German state, with a history from Celts to kingdom."}, "/e/german-states/saxony/": {"t": "Saxony", "s": "A German state with a long history as duchy, electorate, and kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-the-teutoburg-forest/": {"t": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest", "s": "A Germanic ambush destroyed three Roman legions, halting Roman expansion into Germania."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/saxons/": {"t": "Saxons", "s": "Germanic people of early medieval Old Saxony, conquered by Charlemagne."}, "/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/polygamy/": {"t": "Polygamy", "s": "Practice of marrying multiple spouses, most commonly polygyny."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-thirty-years-war/": {"t": "The Thirty Years' War", "s": "A devastating Central European conflict driven by religion and dynastic rivalry."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/irish-rebellion-of-1798/": {"t": "Irish Rebellion of 1798", "s": "A popular insurrection against British Crown in Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/german-states/hesse/": {"t": "Hesse", "s": "Landlocked German state, financial centre Frankfurt, named after the Chatti tribe."}, "/e/german-states/mecklenburg-vorpommern/": {"t": "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern", "s": "Coastal German state formed from Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania."}, "/e/german-states/brandenburg/": {"t": "Brandenburg", "s": "Landlocked German state surrounding Berlin, core of historic Prussia."}, "/e/german-states/bremen/": {"t": "Bremen", "s": "A historic Hanseatic port city and cultural hub of Northern Germany."}, "/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "/e/german-states/north-rhine-westphalia/": {"t": "North Rhine-Westphalia", "s": "Most populous German state, formed from Prussian provinces and Lippe."}, "/e/german-states/saxony-anhalt/": {"t": "Saxony-Anhalt", "s": "A German state formed in 1945, re-established after reunification."}, "/e/german-states/schleswig-holstein/": {"t": "Schleswig-Holstein", "s": "Northernmost German state with a contested Danish-German history."}, "/e/german-states/bremen-state/": {"t": "Bremen (state)", "s": "Smallest German state, a historic Hanseatic city and port."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-regions/e/specific-regions/harz/": {"t": "Harz", "s": "A highland area in northern Germany with the region's highest elevations."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/elbe/": {"t": "Elbe", "s": "One of the major rivers of Central Europe, flowing from the Giant Mountains to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/elbe.webp", "c": "Roy Zuo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/e/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/goslar/": {"t": "Goslar", "s": "Historic town in Lower Saxony, UNESCO site, former Imperial residence."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-saxony/": {"t": "Electorate of Saxony", "s": "A key electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, centered on Saxe-Wittenberg."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/migration-period/": {"t": "Migration Period", "s": "Era of large-scale migrations reshaping post-Roman Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/migration-period.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Migration Period · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-cologne/": {"t": "Electorate of Cologne", "s": "Ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/volkswagen/": {"t": "Volkswagen", "s": "German automobile brand revived after WWII.", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/volkswagen.webp", "c": "Niranjan Arminius · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/referendum/": {"t": "Referendum", "s": "A direct vote by the electorate on a proposal or law."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "/e/german-states/lower-saxony/": {"t": "Lower Saxony", "s": "Fourth-largest German state by area, with diverse landscapes from coast to mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/national-park/": {"t": "National park", "s": "Preserving wild nature for posterity and national pride."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/angela-merkel/": {"t": "Angela Merkel", "s": "First female German chancellor and the first chancellor raised in the former East Germany.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/angela-merkel.webp", "c": "Ralf Roletschek · CC BY-SA 3.0 at"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/boles-aw-iii-wrymouth/": {"t": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "s": "Duke who conquered Pomerania and divided Poland among his sons."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/kaiser/": {"t": "Kaiser", "s": "Title of German and Austrian emperors, derived from Caesar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/kaiser.webp", "c": "Emilio de Gogorza · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/georgy-zhukov/": {"t": "Georgy Zhukov", "s": "Soviet marshal who led decisive World War II victories."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/states-of-germany/": {"t": "States of Germany", "s": "The sixteen Länder of Germany: history, structure, and quirks."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/reformation/": {"t": "Reformation", "s": "A 16th-century movement that challenged Catholic authority and birthed Protestantism."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/prince-elector/": {"t": "Prince-elector", "s": "Electors chose the emperor and held unique imperial privileges."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/francia/": {"t": "Francia", "s": "Largest post-Roman kingdom in Western Europe, founded by Clovis I."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "s": "A medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of the modern Czech Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/piast-dynasty/": {"t": "Piast dynasty", "s": "First historical ruling dynasty of Poland, from c."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/carolingian-empire/": {"t": "Carolingian Empire", "s": "Frankish empire that revived the Roman imperial title in the West."}, "/e/german-states/baden-w-rttemberg/": {"t": "Baden-Württemberg", "s": "A prosperous German state formed from Baden, Württemberg, and Hohenzollern."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/iron-age/": {"t": "Iron Age", "s": "Final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/iron-age.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Iron Age · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/public-holidays-and-observances/oktoberfest/": {"t": "Oktoberfest", "s": "Oktoberfest is the world’s largest Volksfest, a combination of a beer festival and a fun fair held annually in Munich on the Theresienwiese.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/img/public-holidays-and-observances/oktoberfest.webp", "c": "File:Hacker-Pschorr Oktoberfest Girl.jpg by Markburger83 Derivative work: Lauro  · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/merovingian-dynasty/": {"t": "Merovingian dynasty", "s": "The Merovingian family ruled the Franks from the mid-5th century until 751, when Pepin the Short took over.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/merovingian-dynasty.webp", "c": "Rudric · via Wikipedia: Merovingian dynasty · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charlemagne/": {"t": "Charlemagne", "s": "Father of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/pannonian-avars/": {"t": "Pannonian Avars", "s": "Eurasian nomads who ruled the Carpathian Basin for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/pannonian-avars.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pannonian Avars · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/german-folklore/e/german-folklore/saint-boniface/": {"t": "Saint Boniface", "s": "English Benedictine monk and missionary to the Germanic peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/german-folklore/img/german-folklore/saint-boniface.webp", "c": "Chefgervasio · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/war-of-the-spanish-succession/": {"t": "War of the Spanish Succession", "s": "The war was driven by concerns over the balance of power, as the Spanish Empire, though weakened by decades of conflict, remained a prominent global force whose"}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electoral-palatinate/": {"t": "Electoral Palatinate", "s": "A key electoral state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/neoclassicism/": {"t": "Neoclassicism", "s": "A Western revival of classical antiquity inspired by Enlightenment ideals."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/german-revolutions-of-1848-1849/": {"t": "German revolutions of 1848–1849", "s": "A series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the German Confederation, beginning with the March Revolution of 1848."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/biomedical-engineering/": {"t": "Biomedical engineering", "s": "Applies engineering principles to medicine and biology for healthcare."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/automotive-industry/": {"t": "Automotive industry", "s": "The global automotive industry: a $2.75 trillion market in 2025, with China leading production and a shift toward zero-emission vehicles by 2035 in Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/automotive-industry.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/free-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Free University of Berlin", "s": "A public research university founded in West Berlin in 1948, known for its excellence and commitment to academic freedom.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/free-university-of-berlin.webp", "c": "Gunnar Klack · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/west-slavs/": {"t": "West Slavs", "s": "West Slavs: Slavic peoples speaking West Slavic languages, with a history of early medieval states and cultural ties to Latin Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/bruges/": {"t": "Bruges", "s": "Capital of West Flanders, historic canal city and UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-hanseatic-league/": {"t": "The Hanseatic League", "s": "A medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and towns."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/huguenots/": {"t": "Huguenots", "s": "French Protestants of the Reformed tradition, persecuted and exiled under Louis XIV."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war/": {"t": "Seven Years' War", "s": "Global war that reshaped European and colonial power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war.webp", "c": "Blaue Max · via Wikipedia: Seven Years' War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/german-states/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "Capital and largest city of Germany, a global hub of culture and science."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages/": {"t": "Slavic languages", "s": "The Slavic languages are a major branch of the Indo-European family, spoken by over 315 million people across Eastern and Central Europe and beyond.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/img/languages-of-the-world/slavic-languages.webp", "c": "CrazyPhunk · via Wikipedia: Slavic languages · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/germanic-languages/": {"t": "Germanic languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-European including English, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian languages."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/hohenzollern-castle/": {"t": "Hohenzollern Castle", "s": "Ancestral seat of the House of Hohenzollern, perched atop Mount Hohenzollern."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/oder/": {"t": "Oder", "s": "Central European river forming part of the Oder–Neisse line.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/oder.webp", "c": "H Runge · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/diocese/": {"t": "Diocese", "s": "Ecclesiastical district under a bishop's jurisdiction."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/low-countries/": {"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/rhineland/": {"t": "Rhineland", "s": "Loosely defined German region along the Rhine, industrial heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/peace-of-westphalia/": {"t": "Peace of Westphalia", "s": "The Peace of Westphalia, known in German as the Westfälischer Friede, refers to two separate peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of "}, "https://codexery.com/companies-and-brands/e/companies-and-brands/ryanair/": {"t": "Ryanair", "s": "Europe's largest ultra-low-cost airline by passengers and fleet."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/mayor/": {"t": "Mayor", "s": "Highest-ranking official in a municipal government."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/river-mouth/": {"t": "River mouth", "s": "Where a river meets a larger body of water."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/northern-europe/": {"t": "Northern Europe", "s": "A diverse region of northern Europe defined by geography, climate, and multiple classification systems."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/maritime-transport/": {"t": "Maritime transport", "s": "Waterborne transport of passengers and cargo, vital to global trade."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/e/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/bremen-roland/": {"t": "Bremen Roland", "s": "Iconic Roland statue, symbol of civic liberties—though the oldest surviving is debated between Halberstadt and Quedlinburg."}, "https://codexery.com/children-s-and-young-adult-literature/e/childrens-and-young-adult-literature/brothers-grimm/": {"t": "Brothers Grimm", "s": "German academics who collected and popularized European folktales."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-i-of-great-britain/": {"t": "George I of Great Britain", "s": "First Hanoverian king of Great Britain and Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire/": {"t": "First French Empire", "s": "Empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, dominating early 19th-century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/jutland/": {"t": "Jutland", "s": "Peninsula forming continental Denmark and part of northern Germany.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/img/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/jutland.webp", "c": "John Buchan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/der-spiegel/": {"t": "Der Spiegel", "s": "Hamburg's weekly news magazine, famed for investigative exposés since 1947.", "i": "https://codexery.com/news-media/img/news-media/der-spiegel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Der Spiegel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/unilever/": {"t": "Unilever", "s": "British-Dutch merger that became the world's largest soap maker.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/unilever.webp", "c": "The logo may be obtained from Unilever. · via Wikipedia: Unilever · Fair use"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-black-death/": {"t": "The Black Death", "s": "The deadliest pandemic in recorded history, the Black Death reshaped Europe and the Middle East.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-black-death.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/continental-reformed-protestantism/": {"t": "Continental Reformed Protestantism", "s": "Reformed Christianity originating in continental Europe, shaped by the Swiss Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation/": {"t": "German Confederation", "s": "An association of 39 German states from 1815 to 1866, created by the Congress of Vienna.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Confederation · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/deportation/": {"t": "Deportation", "s": "State-ordered expulsion of individuals or groups from sovereign territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/deportation.webp", "c": "Dgho · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/the-holocaust/": {"t": "The Holocaust", "s": "The Holocaust, called the Shoah in Hebrew, refers to the systematic murder of European Jews carried out during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-germany/e/national-parks-of-germany/hamburg-wadden-sea-national-park/": {"t": "Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park", "s": "Smallest German Wadden Sea National Park, protecting a World Heritage intertidal ecosystem."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/portuguese-people/": {"t": "Portuguese people", "s": "Romance ethnic group indigenous to Portugal, key in global exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama/": {"t": "Vasco da Gama", "s": "The Portuguese explorer who opened the sea route to India", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/afghan-conflict/": {"t": "Afghan conflict", "s": "Near-continuous armed conflict in Afghanistan since the 1970s."}, "https://codexery.com/cuisine-and-condiments/e/cuisine-and-condiments/hamburger/": {"t": "Hamburger", "s": "A classic patty on a bun, with a history as rich as its toppings."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/rotterdam/": {"t": "Rotterdam", "s": "Europe's largest seaport, gateway to a continent of over 500 million consumers."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/german-empire/e/german-empire/german-reich/": {"t": "German Reich", "s": "The constitutional name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/lotharingia/": {"t": "Lotharingia", "s": "Early medieval kingdom and duchy named after King Lothair II."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/moselle/": {"t": "Moselle", "s": "A left-bank tributary of the Rhine, rising in the Vosges and flowing through France, Luxembourg, and Germany.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/moselle.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/ottonian-dynasty/": {"t": "Ottonian dynasty", "s": "The Ottonian dynasty, a Saxon line of German monarchs, ruled from 919 to 1024."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-trier/": {"t": "Electorate of Trier", "s": "Ecclesiastical principality and electorate of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/heraldic-beasts/e/heraldic-beasts/sachsenross/": {"t": "Sachsenross", "s": "Heraldic horse motif of Saxon regions in Germany and the Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "/e/german-states/saarland/": {"t": "Saarland", "s": "Small German state with a contested Franco-German history."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/wallonia/": {"t": "Wallonia", "s": "A region of Belgium with a rich industrial history and a diversified modern economy."}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-and-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/fig/": {"t": "Fig", "s": "An ancient fruit cultivated for millennia, now grown worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/almond/": {"t": "Almond", "s": "A drupe with a hard shell, not a true nut, prized in desserts and cultivated since the Early Bronze Age."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/gemstone/": {"t": "Gemstone", "s": "Mineral crystals and organic materials used for jewelry and adornment."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/ceramic/": {"t": "Ceramic", "s": "Hard, brittle, heat-resistant materials made from fired inorganic substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/img/construction-and-materials/ceramic.webp", "c": "Goterrestrial · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/white-wine-grape-varieties/e/white-wine-grape-varieties/riesling/": {"t": "Riesling", "s": "An aromatic, high-acid white grape expressive of its terroir."}, "https://codexery.com/white-wine-grape-varieties/e/white-wine-grape-varieties/m-ller-thurgau/": {"t": "Müller-Thurgau", "s": "A widely planted crossing of Riesling and Madeleine Royale."}, "https://codexery.com/white-wine-grape-varieties/e/white-wine-grape-varieties/silvaner/": {"t": "Silvaner", "s": "A neutral grape that reveals terroir when yields are controlled."}, "https://codexery.com/red-wine-grape-varieties/e/red-wine-grape-varieties/dornfelder/": {"t": "Dornfelder", "s": "A German red grape bred for color and international style."}, "https://codexery.com/agriculture-food/e/agriculture-and-food/cultivar/": {"t": "Cultivar", "s": "A cultivated plant selected for desired, stable traits."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland/": {"t": "Invasion of Poland", "s": "Joint invasion that started World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland.webp", "c": "The National Archives UK · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/gross-domestic-product/": {"t": "Gross domestic product", "s": "Monetary measure of total market value of final goods and services."}, "https://codexery.com/breweries-of-germany/e/breweries-of-germany/karlsberg-brewery/": {"t": "Karlsberg (brewery)", "s": "One of Germany's largest breweries, known as Karlsbräu abroad."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/trophies/1954-fifa-world-cup/": {"t": "1954 FIFA World Cup", "s": "The Miracle of Bern: West Germany's first World Cup triumph"}, "https://codexery.com/ball-games/e/ball-games/germany-national-football-team/": {"t": "Germany national football team", "s": "Four-time World Cup winners and European champions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ball-games/img/ball-games/germany-national-football-team.webp", "c": "https://team.dfb.de · via Wikipedia: Germany national football team · Fair use"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/e/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/dessau-w-rlitz-garden-realm/": {"t": "Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm", "s": "Cultural landscape and World Heritage Site in central Germany."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-germany/e/national-parks-of-germany/harz-national-park/": {"t": "Harz National Park", "s": "Protected area merging two parks in the Harz mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/german-folklore/e/german-folklore/brocken/": {"t": "Brocken", "s": "Highest peak in Northern Germany, shrouded in mist and legend.", "i": "https://codexery.com/german-folklore/img/german-folklore/brocken.webp", "c": "W. Bulach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/e/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/eisleben/": {"t": "Eisleben", "s": "Town in Saxony-Anhalt, birthplace and death place of Martin Luther."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/governor/": {"t": "Governor", "s": "Administrative leader and head of a political region."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-breeds/e/animal-breeds/holstein-friesian/": {"t": "Holstein Friesian", "s": "International dairy breed dominant in industrial farming worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/kiel-canal/": {"t": "Kiel Canal", "s": "A 98 km freshwater shortcut linking the North Sea to the Baltic Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/img/canals-and-waterways/kiel-canal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kiel Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/forza/e/story/british-isles/": {"t": "British Isles", "s": "The North Atlantic archipelago of Great Britain, Ireland and thousands of smaller islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/forza/img/story/british-isles.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: British Isles · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/zealand/": {"t": "Zealand", "s": "Five southernmost groups of New Zealand outlying islands, collectively a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/e/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/danevirke/": {"t": "Danevirke", "s": "Danish defensive earthwork system spanning 30 km across the Cimbrian peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/frisia/": {"t": "Frisia", "s": "Cross-border cultural region of the Frisian people in Northwestern Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/frisia.webp", "c": "Gouwenaar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/norse-myths/e/norse-myths/yggdrasil/": {"t": "Yggdrasil", "s": "Immense sacred ash tree central to Norse cosmology."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/danish-language/": {"t": "Danish language", "s": "North Germanic language spoken by about 5.5 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/drainage-basin/": {"t": "Drainage basin", "s": "A land area where surface water converges to a single outlet."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/winter-olympic-games/": {"t": "Winter Olympic Games", "s": "Quadrennial multi-sport event for snow and ice sports."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/bauhaus/": {"t": "Bauhaus", "s": "German art school that merged crafts with fine arts."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/bosch-company/": {"t": "Bosch (company)", "s": "German engineering and technology company, world's largest automotive supplier."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/sap/": {"t": "SAP", "s": "World's largest vendor of enterprise software.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/sap.webp", "c": "Taz · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/clovis-i/": {"t": "Clovis I", "s": "King of the Franks who reunified Francia by outliving his brothers."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/": {"t": "German revolution of 1918–1919", "s": "Revolution that ended the German Empire and founded the Weimar Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university/": {"t": "Heidelberg University", "s": "Germany's oldest university, founded in 1386.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university.webp", "c": "Max Adamo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southern-europe/": {"t": "Southern Europe", "s": "Mediterranean Europe shaped by peninsulas, mountains, and ancient civilizations."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/automation/": {"t": "Automation", "s": "Technologies that reduce human intervention in processes via feedback control."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/economy-of-germany/": {"t": "Economy of Germany", "s": "Europe's largest economy and a global leader in exports, manufacturing, and renewable energy."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/federal-government-of-germany/": {"t": "Federal Government of Germany", "s": "Chief executive body of the Federal Republic of Germany."}}