{"/e/german-empire/german-reich/": {"t": "German Reich", "s": "The constitutional name for the German nation state from 1871 to 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "/e/german-empire/heil-dir-im-siegerkranz/": {"t": "Heil dir im Siegerkranz", "s": "Imperial anthem of the German Empire, 1871–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/imperatritsa/": {"t": "Imperatritsa", "s": "Russian feminine imperial title, equivalent to empress."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/": {"t": "German revolution of 1918–1919", "s": "Revolution that ended the German Empire and founded the Weimar Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/states-of-the-german-empire/": {"t": "States of the German Empire", "s": "Federal structure of 25 states plus Alsace–Lorraine."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility/": {"t": "Nobility", "s": "Hereditary social class ranked below royalty, with varied privileges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-hanseatic-league/": {"t": "The Hanseatic League", "s": "A medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and towns."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/alsace-lorraine/": {"t": "Alsace–Lorraine", "s": "Imperial territory annexed from France after the Franco-Prussian War."}, "/e/german-empire/proclamation-of-the-german-empire/": {"t": "Proclamation of the German Empire", "s": "Proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor at Versailles in 1871."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/liechtenstein/": {"t": "Liechtenstein", "s": "A doubly landlocked Alpine principality with no debt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/liechtenstein.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/otto-von-bismarck/": {"t": "Otto von Bismarck", "s": "Prussian statesman who unified Germany and became its first chancellor."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, 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"https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/oswald-spengler/": {"t": "Oswald Spengler", "s": "German polymath who predicted the decline of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau/": {"t": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "s": "Genevan philosopher whose ideas shaped modern political and educational thought.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau.webp", "c": "Allan Ramsay · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edmund-burke/": {"t": "Edmund Burke", "s": "Anglo-Irish writer, philosopher, and politician; widely credited as the founder of conservatism."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/the-decline-of-the-west/": {"t": "The Decline of the West", "s": "A cyclical history of cultures as organic entities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/img/part-1/the-decline-of-the-west.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: The Decline of the West · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-nationalism/e/religious-nationalism/v-lkisch-movement/": {"t": "Völkisch movement", "s": "Pan-German ethno-nationalist movement emphasizing blood and soil."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/vistula/": {"t": "Vistula", "s": "Poland's longest river and a national symbol of cultural identity."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/paul-von-hindenburg/": {"t": "Paul von Hindenburg", "s": "German military officer and statesman, President of Germany from 1925 to 1934."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-von-falkenhayn/": {"t": "Erich von Falkenhayn", "s": "German general and Ottoman Field Marshal, Chief of the German General Staff."}, "https://codexery.com/unesco-world-heritage-parks/e/unesco-world-heritage-parks/bia-owie-a-forest/": {"t": "Białowieża Forest", "s": "One of the last primeval forests of the European Plain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/unesco-world-heritage-parks/img/unesco-world-heritage-parks/bia-owie-a-forest.webp", "c": "Agnieszka Kwiecień ( Nova ) · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/neman/": {"t": "Neman", "s": "Major Eastern European river flowing through Belarus, Lithuania, and Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/neman.webp", "c": "Igor Tkachiov · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Nicholas II", "s": "Last Emperor of Russia, abdicated in 1917, executed in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-ludendorff/": {"t": "Erich Ludendorff", "s": "German general and politician who dominated World War I strategy and later promoted nationalist myths.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-ludendorff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Erich Ludendorff · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/franz-conrad-von-h-tzendorf/": {"t": "Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf", "s": "Austria-Hungary's Chief of the General Staff who pushed for war with Serbia and led the army into 1914.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/franz-conrad-von-h-tzendorf.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf · see source"}, "/e/german-empire/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German state from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/caroline-islands/": {"t": "Caroline Islands", "s": "Western Pacific archipelago divided between FSM and Palau.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/img/former-spanish-colonies/caroline-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Caroline Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/treaty-of-zaragoza/": {"t": "Treaty of Zaragoza", "s": "1529 treaty dividing Asian spheres between Portugal and Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/sphere-of-influence/": {"t": "Sphere of influence", "s": "A region where a powerful state exerts dominant influence."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/yap/": {"t": "Yap", "s": "Yap is a high island group known for stone money and a preserved caste system."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/german-spanish-treaty-1899/": {"t": "German–Spanish Treaty (1899)", "s": "Sale of Spanish Pacific islands to Germany in 1899."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/south-seas-mandate/": {"t": "South Seas Mandate", "s": "Japanese League of Nations mandate over north Pacific islands."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/charleroi/": {"t": "Charleroi", "s": "Largest city in Wallonia, industrial hub of the Pays Noir."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economic-growth/": {"t": "Economic growth", "s": "Economic growth is the increase in the quantity and quality of goods and services a society produces, measured by real GDP or GDP per capita.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economic-growth.webp", "c": "DavidMCEddy · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/energy-development/": {"t": "Energy development", "s": "Field focused on obtaining energy from natural resources.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/energy-development.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/thuin/": {"t": "Thuin", "s": "City and municipality in Hainaut, Belgium; FCI headquarters."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/mayor/": {"t": "Mayor", "s": "Highest-ranking official in a municipal government."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/mons-belgium/": {"t": "Mons, Belgium", "s": "Capital of Hainaut, site of the 1914 Battle of Mons."}, "https://codexery.com/double-headed-eagle/e/double-headed-eagle/flags-of-the-holy-roman-empire/": {"t": "Flags of the Holy Roman Empire", "s": "Imperial banners of the Holy Roman Empire, black-gold and red-white.", "i": "https://codexery.com/double-headed-eagle/img/double-headed-eagle/flags-of-the-holy-roman-empire.webp", "c": "Proof02 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/nation-state/": {"t": "Nation state", "s": "A political entity where state and nation are congruent."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bremen/": {"t": "Bremen", "s": "A historic Hanseatic port city and cultural hub of Northern Germany."}, "https://codexery.com/heraldic-beasts/e/heraldic-beasts/sachsenross/": {"t": "Sachsenross", "s": "Heraldic horse motif of Saxon regions in Germany and the Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/lower-saxony/": {"t": "Lower Saxony", "s": "Fourth-largest German state by area, with diverse landscapes from coast to mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hesse/": {"t": "Hesse", "s": "Landlocked German state, financial centre Frankfurt, named after the Chatti tribe."}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/hermann-von-salza/": {"t": "Hermann von Salza", "s": "Fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights and imperial mediator."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation/": {"t": "German Confederation", "s": "An association of 39 German states from 1815 to 1866, created by the Congress of Vienna.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Confederation · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-equestrian-venues/e/olympic-equestrian-venues/palace-of-versailles/": {"t": "Palace of Versailles", "s": "Former royal residence and UNESCO World Heritage site near Paris."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss/": {"t": "Anschluss", "s": "Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/karl-d-nitz/": {"t": "Karl Dönitz", "s": "German naval commander who briefly led Nazi Germany after Hitler's suicide."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-prussia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Prussia", "s": "German state that unified Germany and dominated the German Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/popular-sovereignty/": {"t": "Popular sovereignty", "s": "Government legitimacy rests on the consent of the people."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/kaiser/": {"t": "Kaiser", "s": "Title of German and Austrian emperors, derived from Caesar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/kaiser.webp", "c": "Emilio de Gogorza · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-bavaria/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bavaria", "s": "A German kingdom ruled by the Wittelsbachs from 1806 to 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-saxony/": {"t": "Kingdom of Saxony", "s": "A German kingdom from 1806 to 1918, centered on Dresden."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/prussia-region/": {"t": "Prussia (region)", "s": "Historical Baltic region, origin of the Prussian state."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/kingdom-of-w-rttemberg/": {"t": "Kingdom of Württemberg", "s": "A constitutional monarchy in southern Germany from 1806 to 1918."}, "/e/german-empire/year-of-the-three-emperors/": {"t": "Year of the Three Emperors", "s": "The year 1888 saw three German emperors in rapid succession."}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/south-african-republic/": {"t": "South African Republic", "s": "Independent Boer republic annexed after the Second Boer War."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/jameson-raid/": {"t": "Jameson Raid", "s": "Botched 1895 raid that worsened Anglo-Boer tensions and preceded the Second Boer War."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/low-countries/": {"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-boer-war/": {"t": "Second Boer War", "s": "A colonial war over gold and British dominance in Southern Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-boer-war.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-depictions-of-wilhelm-ii/e/cultural-depictions-of-wilhelm-ii/the-riddle-of-the-sands/": {"t": "The Riddle of the Sands", "s": "A 1903 spy novel that influenced the genre of espionage fiction."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/amphibious-warfare/": {"t": "Amphibious warfare", "s": "Complex military maneuver requiring coordinated naval, ground, and air forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/amphibious-warfare.webp", "c": "Cpl. Nicholas Nohalty · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/daily-mail/": {"t": "Daily Mail", "s": "A British conservative tabloid founded in 1896."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/federal-prince/": {"t": "Federal prince", "s": "Generic term for the monarchical heads of the German Empire's states."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/ludwig-ii-of-bavaria/": {"t": "Ludwig II of Bavaria", "s": "Bavarian king known for fairy-tale castles and disputed death."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/theobald-von-bethmann-hollweg/": {"t": "Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg", "s": "Imperial chancellor of Germany from 1909 to 1917, who oversaw German entry into World War I and sought a 'policy of the diagonal' between conservative and liber"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/livonia/": {"t": "Livonia", "s": "Historical region shaped by crusades, German rule, and Baltic conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/courland/": {"t": "Courland", "s": "Historical Latvian land named for the Curonian tribe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/courland.webp", "c": "Daderot · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy/": {"t": "Foreign policy", "s": "A state's strategies for interacting with other states and entities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/foreign-policy.webp", "c": "U.S. Department of State · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/german-south-west-africa/e/german-south-west-africa/german-south-west-africa/": {"t": "German South West Africa", "s": "German colony in Africa, site of the Herero and Nama genocide."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/heligoland-zanzibar-treaty/": {"t": "Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty", "s": "An 1890 Anglo-German pact trading Heligoland for Zanzibar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/img/british-colonisation-in-africa/heligoland-zanzibar-treaty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/zambezi/": {"t": "Zambezi", "s": "Fourth-longest African river, largest east-flowing into the Indian Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/malawi/": {"t": "Malawi", "s": "Malawi, whose official name is the Republic of Malawi, sits landlocked in Southeast Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/malawi.webp", "c": "Sputink · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/cape-colony/": {"t": "Cape Colony", "s": "British colony at the Cape of Good Hope, later part of South Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/cecil-rhodes/": {"t": "Cecil Rhodes", "s": "British mining magnate, Cape prime minister, founder of Rhodesia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/img/british-colonisation-in-africa/cecil-rhodes.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cecil Rhodes · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Government of the United Kingdom", "s": "Central executive authority of the United Kingdom.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-the-united-kingdom.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright c · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/e/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-angola/": {"t": "Portuguese Angola", "s": "Portuguese colony in Africa from 1575 to 1975.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/img/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-angola.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Portuguese Angola · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/e/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-mozambique/": {"t": "Portuguese Mozambique", "s": "Portuguese East Africa, a colony that became the Republic of Mozambique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/img/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-mozambique.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Portuguese Mozambique · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/english-channel/": {"t": "English Channel", "s": "The busiest shipping area in the world, separating Southern England from northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/song-forms/e/song-forms/anthem/": {"t": "Anthem", "s": "A celebratory or sacred choral composition for a group."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/criminalization-of-homosexuality/": {"t": "Criminalization of homosexuality", "s": "Laws criminalizing same-sex acts have varied across regions and eras."}, "https://codexery.com/paraphilias/e/paraphilias/bestiality-with-a-horse/": {"t": "Bestiality with a horse", "s": "Sexual activity between humans and horses, a form of bestiality."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/prostitution/": {"t": "Prostitution", "s": "Sex work involving payment for sexual activity, with varied legal statuses worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/communist-party-of-germany/": {"t": "Communist Party of Germany", "s": "Major far-left party in Weimar Germany, banned in 1956."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/masturbation/": {"t": "Masturbation", "s": "Autoerotic sexual stimulation for pleasure, often to orgasm."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/late-antiquity/": {"t": "Late antiquity", "s": "Period of transformation from classical antiquity to medieval worlds."}, "https://codexery.com/history-books-about-ancient-rome/e/history-books-about-ancient-rome/germania-book/": {"t": "Germania (book)", "s": "Tacitus's ethnographic study of ancient Germanic peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/rhineland/": {"t": "Rhineland", "s": "Loosely defined German region along the Rhine, industrial heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/rudolf-virchow/": {"t": "Rudolf Virchow", "s": "German physician who founded modern pathology and social medicine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/rudolf-virchow.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rudolf Virchow · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/sexual-orientation/": {"t": "Sexual orientation", "s": "Enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction."}, "https://codexery.com/sexual-practices-identities/e/sexual-practices-and-identities/non-penetrative-sex/": {"t": "Non-penetrative sex", "s": "Sexual activity usually without penetration, often for safer sex."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/concentration-camp/": {"t": "Concentration camp", "s": "From colonial reconcentración to industrial genocide—a tool of oppression.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/concentration-camp.webp", "c": "Ozzy Chatgris · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/german-empire/paragraph-175/": {"t": "Paragraph 175", "s": "A German law that criminalized male homosexual acts from 1871 to 1994, with severe Nazi-era expansions and a complex post-war history."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/self-determination/": {"t": "Self-determination", "s": "A people's right to form its own political entity."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/homosexuality/": {"t": "Homosexuality", "s": "A natural variation in human sexuality, documented across history and species."}, "https://codexery.com/sexual-practices-identities/e/sexual-practices-and-identities/transgender/": {"t": "Transgender", "s": "A person whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth; an umbrella term that gained its modern meaning in the 1990s.", "i": "https://codexery.com/sexual-practices-identities/img/sexual-practices-and-identities/transgender.webp", "c": "SVG file Dlloyd based on Monica Helms design · via Wikipedia: Transgender · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/grand-duchy-of-baden/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Baden", "s": "A German grand duchy on the Rhine, known for its liberal constitution."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/grand-duchy-of-hesse/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Hesse", "s": "A German grand duchy from 1806 to 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/hegemony/": {"t": "Hegemony", "s": "Predominance of one state over others, regionally or globally."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/isabella-ii/": {"t": "Isabella II", "s": "First queen regnant of unified Spain, deposed in 1868."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "/e/german-empire/bug-narew-offensive/": {"t": "Bug–Narew offensive", "s": "A major German victory on the Eastern Front in 1915, breaking through four Russian defensive lines and pushing the Russian Army 300 km east."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-lithuania/e/castles-in-lithuania/kaunas-fortress/": {"t": "Kaunas Fortress", "s": "Russian imperial fortress, site of Holocaust mass executions."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/minsk/": {"t": "Minsk", "s": "Minsk is the capital and largest city of Belarus, situated along the Svislach River and the now-underground Nyamiha River."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partitions-of-poland/": {"t": "Partitions of Poland", "s": "Three partitions ended the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's existence."}, "https://codexery.com/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/e/treaties-of-the-spanish-empire/congress-of-vienna/": {"t": "Congress of Vienna", "s": "Congress reshaped Europe after Napoleon's defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/january-uprising/e/january-uprising/january-uprising/": {"t": "January Uprising", "s": "A Polish-Lithuanian insurrection against Russian rule that began in 1863."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/prince-elector/": {"t": "Prince-elector", "s": "Electors chose the emperor and held unique imperial privileges."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leopold-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who continued the War of the Spanish Succession and established Austrian hegemony over Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/casimir-iii-the-great/": {"t": "Casimir III the Great", "s": "The last Piast king who built a stronger Poland through law, diplomacy, and learning."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-iv-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles IV was born Wenceslaus in Prague on 14 May 1316, the eldest son of John of Bohemia and Queen Elizabeth."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/klemens-von-metternich/": {"t": "Klemens von Metternich", "s": "Austrian foreign minister and chancellor who shaped post-Napoleonic Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/saxony/": {"t": "Saxony", "s": "A German state with a long history as duchy, electorate, and kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/brandenburg/": {"t": "Brandenburg", "s": "Landlocked German state surrounding Berlin, core of historic Prussia."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/junker-prussia/": {"t": "Junker (Prussia)", "s": "Prussian landed nobility who shaped German military and politics."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/parliamentary-system/": {"t": "Parliamentary system", "s": "Government based on parliamentary confidence and fusion of powers."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/separation-of-powers/": {"t": "Separation of powers", "s": "Principle dividing government into distinct branches to prevent tyranny."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/catholic-school/": {"t": "Catholic school", "s": "World's largest religious non-governmental school system."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/kyoto/": {"t": "Kyoto", "s": "The thousand-year capital of Japan, where imperial history and cultural heritage endure."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/political-party/": {"t": "Political party", "s": "Organizations that coordinate candidates to compete in elections."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/labour-party-uk/": {"t": "Labour Party (UK)", "s": "Centre-left UK party governing since 2024.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/labour-party-uk.webp", "c": "TL · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/sign-language/": {"t": "Sign language", "s": "Visual-manual languages with full linguistic complexity."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/forgery/": {"t": "Forgery", "s": "Forgery is the false making of an instrument to defraud."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/false-imprisonment/": {"t": "False imprisonment", "s": "Intentional restriction of movement without legal authority."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/raymond-poincar/": {"t": "Raymond Poincaré", "s": "French statesman, President and three-time Prime Minister, known for his wartime leadership and the Occupation of the Ruhr."}, "https://codexery.com/violence/e/violence/ethnic-cleansing/": {"t": "Ethnic cleansing", "s": "Forcible removal of an ethnic group from a territory."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/kiel-mutiny/": {"t": "Kiel mutiny", "s": "Sailors' revolt that sparked the German Revolution of 1918–1919."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/german-workers-and-soldiers-councils-1918-1919/": {"t": "German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919", "s": "Revolutionary bodies that toppled the German monarchy in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/proclamation-of-the-republic-in-germany/": {"t": "Proclamation of the republic in Germany", "s": "Two rival proclamations ended the German Empire on 9 November 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/freikorps/": {"t": "Freikorps", "s": "German paramilitary militias of the post-World War I era."}, "https://codexery.com/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/e/german-revolution-of-1918-1919/abdication-of-wilhelm-ii/": {"t": "Abdication of Wilhelm II", "s": "Wilhelm II's abdication ended the Hohenzollern dynasty and the German Empire."}}