{"/e/geology-and-landforms/canyon/": {"t": "Canyon", "s": "Deep cleft formed by river erosion over geologic time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/canyon.webp", "c": "Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/seabed/": {"t": "Seabed", "s": "The ocean floor, shaped by tectonics and sediment."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/continental-rise/": {"t": "Continental rise", "s": "Sediment zone between continental slope and abyssal plain."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mid-ocean-ridge/": {"t": "Mid-ocean ridge", "s": "The global mid-oceanic ridge system is the longest mountain range on Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/oceanic-basin/": {"t": "Oceanic basin", "s": "Ocean basins are vast, interconnected depressions holding most of Earth's seawater."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/oceanic-crust/": {"t": "Oceanic crust", "s": "Thinner, denser layer of tectonic plates beneath the oceans."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/asthenosphere/": {"t": "Asthenosphere", "s": "Ductile upper mantle layer enabling plate tectonics."}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/basalt/": {"t": "Basalt", "s": "Fine-grained volcanic rock covering most of Earth's surface.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/basalt.webp", "c": "Tony Hisgett from Birmingham, UK · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sediment/": {"t": "Sediment", "s": "Loose particles transported and deposited by natural processes."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/continental-margin/": {"t": "Continental margin", "s": "Outer edge of continental crust under coastal waters."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/manganese/": {"t": "Manganese", "s": "Hard, brittle metal essential in alloys and human nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nickel/": {"t": "Nickel", "s": "Silvery-white metal, ferromagnetic, key to stainless steel and batteries."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geologic-time-scale/": {"t": "Geologic time scale", "s": "Standardised intervals of Earth's 4.54 ± 0.05 billion-year history, defined by rock layers and radiometric dating."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/primary-production/": {"t": "Primary production", "s": "Primary production fuels nearly all life on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/img/ecology-and-behavior/primary-production.webp", "c": "M.E.M.Walton, I.Al-Maslamani, M.Chatting, D.Smyth, A.Castillo, M.W.Skov and L.Le · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/deep-water-coral/": {"t": "Deep-water coral", "s": "Deep-water corals build reefs in cold, dark depths without sunlight."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/subduction/": {"t": "Subduction", "s": "Subduction recycles lithosphere into the mantle, driving plate tectonics."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/organic-matter/": {"t": "Organic matter", "s": "Carbon-based compounds from organisms, vital for nutrient cycling and soil health."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/weather/": {"t": "Weather", "s": "Weather is the state of the Earth's atmosphere at a specific place and time, driven by air pressure, temperature, and moisture differences."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sandstone/": {"t": "Sandstone", "s": "Clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized silicate grains.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/sandstone.webp", "c": "Douglas W. Jones · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/missouri-river/": {"t": "Missouri River", "s": "Longest U.S. river, key to westward expansion and Native American history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/missouri-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Missouri River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/turbulence/": {"t": "Turbulence", "s": "Chaotic fluid motion with vortices, mixing, and unresolved physics."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/sahara-desert/": {"t": "Sahara Desert", "s": "Largest hot desert, spanning North Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/wyoming/": {"t": "Wyoming", "s": "Least populous U.S. state, first to grant women's suffrage."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/landform/": {"t": "Landform", "s": "Landforms are natural or human-influenced features of a planetary surface.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/img/geomorphology/landform.webp", "c": "Alex Liivet from Chester, United Kingdom · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/hysteresis/": {"t": "Hysteresis", "s": "History-dependent behavior observed across many natural and artificial systems."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/nebraska/": {"t": "Nebraska", "s": "Landlocked Midwestern state with a unicameral legislature and flat-water name."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/sudan/": {"t": "Sudan", "s": "Northeast African nation with ancient kingdoms and modern conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/escarpment/": {"t": "Escarpment", "s": "A steep slope or long cliff separating two level areas."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/landslide/": {"t": "Landslide", "s": "Mass wasting events driven by gravity and slope instability."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/devon/": {"t": "Devon", "s": "Ceremonial county in South West England with two coastlines."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/taklamakan-desert/": {"t": "Taklamakan Desert", "s": "", "i": "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/img/deserts-and-drylands/taklamakan-desert.webp", "c": "Pravit · via Wikipedia: Taklamakan Desert · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/moons-of-saturn/e/moons-of-saturn/titan-moon/": {"t": "Titan (moon)", "s": "Saturn's largest moon, with a thick atmosphere and liquid lakes."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/concrete/": {"t": "Concrete", "s": "Second-most-used substance after water; most-manufactured material worldwide."}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/conglomerate-geology/": {"t": "Conglomerate (geology)", "s": "Sedimentary rock of rounded gravel clasts in finer matrix."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geomorphology/": {"t": "Geomorphology", "s": "Study of Earth's surface form and change."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/ganges/": {"t": "Ganges", "s": "The Ganges: sacred lifeline of India and Bangladesh, second-largest river system by discharge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/ganges.webp", "c": "Picture Prefect ! · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/curiosity-rover/": {"t": "Curiosity (rover)", "s": "Mars rover exploring Gale crater and Mount Sharp since 2012."}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/artificial-island/": {"t": "Artificial island", "s": "Human-made landforms built for settlement, defense, or economic purposes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/artificial-island.webp", "c": "Luka Peternel · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/coast/": {"t": "Coast", "s": "Coasts are dynamic boundaries between land and sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/coast.webp", "c": "Syced · CC0"}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/continental-shelf/": {"t": "Continental shelf", "s": "Submerged edge of a continent, rich in life and resources."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/arctic-archipelago/": {"t": "Arctic Archipelago", "s": "The Canadian Arctic Archipelago: a vast, mostly uninhabited high-Arctic land of over 36,000 islands."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/gal-pagos-islands/": {"t": "Galápagos Islands", "s": "Volcanic archipelago in the Eastern Pacific, part of Ecuador, famed for endemic species and Darwin's studies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/gal-pagos-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Galápagos Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/misconceptions/e/misconceptions/false-etymology/": {"t": "False etymology", "s": "False etymologies are incorrect theories about word origins."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/continental-fragment/": {"t": "Continental fragment", "s": "Pieces of continents broken off into distant islands."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/volcanic-island/": {"t": "Volcanic island", "s": "Volcanic islands are high islands of volcanic origin."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/inside-passage/": {"t": "Inside Passage", "s": "A sheltered coastal route through Pacific Northwest islands and fjords.", "i": "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/img/canals-and-waterways/inside-passage.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Inside Passage · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/land-reclamation/": {"t": "Land reclamation", "s": "Creating new land from water bodies for human use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/img/geomorphology/land-reclamation.webp", "c": "Fabian Horst · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/federated-states-of-micronesia/": {"t": "Federated States of Micronesia", "s": "An island country in the western Pacific, encompassing most of the Caroline Islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/federated-states-of-micronesia.webp", "c": "U.S. Navy photo by Petty Officer 1st Class William Spears · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-titicaca/": {"t": "Lake Titicaca", "s": "Highest navigable lake in the world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-titicaca.webp", "c": "bobistraveling · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/real-estate/": {"t": "Real estate", "s": "Land and buildings as immovable property under ownership.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/real-estate.webp", "c": "Yates & Jones, draftsmen, George Street, Brisbane · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/edo-period/": {"t": "Edo period", "s": "Period of Tokugawa rule marked by peace, isolation, and cultural flourishing."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/montreal/": {"t": "Montreal", "s": "Montreal (French: Montréal) sits as Quebec’s biggest city, Canada’s second-largest, and North America’s eighth-largest."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/polder/": {"t": "Polder", "s": "Low-lying land enclosed by dikes, reclaimed from water.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/polder.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/coral-reef/": {"t": "Coral reef", "s": "Underwater ecosystems built by coral polyps, often called the rainforests of the sea."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/coral-island/": {"t": "Coral island", "s": "Low island formed from coral detritus and organic material."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/tropics/": {"t": "Tropics", "s": "The region between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/subtropics/": {"t": "Subtropics", "s": "Climate zones between tropics and temperate regions, with hot summers and mild winters."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/indo-aryan-languages/": {"t": "Indo-Aryan languages", "s": "The Indo-Aryan languages, also called Indic languages, form a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European family."}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/fringing-reef/": {"t": "Fringing reef", "s": "Fringing reefs are the most common type of coral reef."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/aragonite/": {"t": "Aragonite", "s": "A metastable calcium carbonate mineral forming in diverse environments."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/dolomite-rock/": {"t": "Dolomite (rock)", "s": "A sedimentary carbonate rock rich in the mineral dolomite."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/igneous-rock/": {"t": "Igneous rock", "s": "One of the three main rock types, formed from cooling magma or lava."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/viscosity/": {"t": "Viscosity", "s": "Viscosity quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/gabbro/": {"t": "Gabbro", "s": "Coarse-grained, mafic intrusive rock forming much of Earth's oceanic crust."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/magma/": {"t": "Magma", "s": "Molten rock beneath Earth's surface, source of all igneous rocks."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/quartz/": {"t": "Quartz", "s": "A hard, abundant mineral used in jewelry and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/plagioclase/": {"t": "Plagioclase", "s": "A continuous solid solution series of feldspar minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/granite/": {"t": "Granite", "s": "A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, mica, and plagioclase.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/granite.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cuisine-and-condiments/e/cuisine-and-condiments/ketchup/": {"t": "Ketchup", "s": "A sweet and sour table condiment, now typically made from tomatoes."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/rift/": {"t": "Rift", "s": "A linear zone where the lithosphere is pulled apart."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-and-gems/e/minerals-and-gems/olivine/": {"t": "Olivine", "s": "A common mantle mineral that drives plate tectonics and weathers rapidly."}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/redox/": {"t": "Redox", "s": "Chemical reactions where oxidation states change via electron or atom transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/wetland/": {"t": "Wetland", "s": "Semi-aquatic ecosystems flooded or saturated with water."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families/e/plant-families/ericaceae/": {"t": "Ericaceae", "s": "The heath or heather family: a diverse group of plants thriving in acidic, infertile conditions."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/temperate-climate/": {"t": "Temperate climate", "s": "Middle-latitude climates with distinct seasons and moderate temperatures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/temperate-climate.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/northern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Northern Hemisphere", "s": "Northern Hemisphere: most populous, land-rich half of Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/northern-hemisphere.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Northern Hemisphere · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/southern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Southern Hemisphere", "s": "The Southern Hemisphere is Earth's southern half, mostly ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/republic-of-the-congo/": {"t": "Republic of the Congo", "s": "Central African nation shaped by Bantu kingdoms and French colonization."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/sodium/": {"t": "Sodium", "s": "Soft, reactive alkali metal essential for life."}, "https://codexery.com/ornamental-garden-plants/e/ornamental-and-garden-plants/drosera/": {"t": "Drosera", "s": "A genus of carnivorous plants that trap insects with sticky dew."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/orchid/": {"t": "Orchid", "s": "A diverse family of flowering plants with specialized pollination."}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/beaver/": {"t": "Beaver", "s": "Large semiaquatic rodents that build dams and lodges."}, "https://codexery.com/birds/e/birds/crane-bird/": {"t": "Crane (bird)", "s": "Large, long-legged birds found on most continents except Antarctica and South America."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-union-for-conservation-of-nature/": {"t": "International Union for Conservation of Nature", "s": "Global authority on nature conservation and sustainable resource use."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/republic-of-ireland/": {"t": "Republic of Ireland", "s": "The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Northwestern Europe, occupying 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland."}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/cliff/": {"t": "Cliff", "s": "A steep rock face formed by erosion and weathering.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/cliff.webp", "c": "Syced · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sedimentary-rock/": {"t": "Sedimentary rock", "s": "Sedimentary rocks record Earth's history and provide vital resources."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/impact-event/": {"t": "Impact event", "s": "Collisions between astronomical objects that shape planets and life."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/fault-geology/": {"t": "Fault (geology)", "s": "A fracture in rock where displacement occurs, causing earthquakes."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mineral/": {"t": "Mineral", "s": "Naturally occurring solid with defined composition and crystal structure."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/dacite/": {"t": "Dacite", "s": "Intermediate volcanic rock between andesite and rhyolite."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/asteroid/": {"t": "Asteroid", "s": "Rocky, metallic, or icy minor planets orbiting the Sun, mostly in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/comet/": {"t": "Comet", "s": "Icy wanderers that bloom when near the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/impact-crater/": {"t": "Impact crater", "s": "A depression formed by hypervelocity impact of a smaller object."}, "https://codexery.com/impact-craters/e/impact-craters/shatter-cone/": {"t": "Shatter cone", "s": "Rare conical fractures formed by high-pressure shock."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-minoans/": {"t": "The Minoans", "s": "Bronze Age civilization on Crete, first in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/knossos/": {"t": "Knossos", "s": "Largest centre of Minoan civilisation and oldest city in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/river-source/": {"t": "River source", "s": "Geographic point where a river's flow begins."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/andes/": {"t": "Andes", "s": "Longest continental mountain range, forming western backbone of South America."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/sierra-nevada-u-s/": {"t": "Sierra Nevada (U.S.)", "s": "The Sierra Nevada: a majestic range of granite peaks, giant sequoias, and alpine lakes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/img/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/sierra-nevada-u-s.webp", "c": "Jeffrey Pang from Pittsburgh, PA, USA · via Wikipedia: Sierra Nevada · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/north-america/": {"t": "North America", "s": "Third-largest continent by area; fourth-largest by population.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/north-america.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: North America · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/ravine/": {"t": "Ravine", "s": "A narrow, steep-sided valley formed by water erosion."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/oceania/": {"t": "Oceania", "s": "The smallest continent, spanning the Pacific's vast ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/plateau/": {"t": "Plateau", "s": "High, flat landform raised sharply above surrounding terrain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/plateau.webp", "c": "Alasdair MacDonald · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romance-languages/": {"t": "Romance languages", "s": "The Romance languages, often called the Latin languages, are those that evolved directly from Vulgar Latin."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/karakoram/": {"t": "Karakoram", "s": "Second-highest mountain range on Earth, most glaciated outside polar regions."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/baffin-island/": {"t": "Baffin Island", "s": "Largest Canadian island, inhabited for at least 3,000 years."}, "https://codexery.com/moons-of-uranus-and-neptune/e/moons-of-uranus/miranda-moon/": {"t": "Miranda (moon)", "s": "Uranus's innermost round moon with extreme topography."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/sea/": {"t": "Sea", "s": "The sea is Earth's interconnected body of salt water."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/topography/": {"t": "Topography", "s": "Study of land surface forms and features.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/topography.webp", "c": "NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/rock-geology/": {"t": "Rock (geology)", "s": "Naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/rock-geology.webp", "c": "Adrian Diack · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/soil/": {"t": "Soil", "s": "Soil is a complex ecosystem supporting life and regulating Earth's cycles."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/estuary/": {"t": "Estuary", "s": "Transitional coastal ecosystems where freshwater meets saltwater."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-landforms/e/landforms/salt-marsh/": {"t": "Salt marsh", "s": "Tidal wetland dominated by salt-tolerant plants in the intertidal zone."}, "https://codexery.com/seafood/e/seafood/mussel/": {"t": "Mussel", "s": "Bivalve molluscs with elongated shells, found in salt and fresh water.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seafood/img/seafood/mussel.webp", "c": "Wilson44691 at English Wikipedia · via Wikipedia: Mussel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/starfish/e/starfish/asteroidea/": {"t": "Asteroidea", "s": "Echinoderm class with star-shaped body and hydraulic tube feet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/starfish/img/starfish/asteroidea.webp", "c": "stephen davis · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/e/microbial-groups-and-extremophiles/seaweed/": {"t": "Seaweed", "s": "Macroalgae vital to ocean ecology and human industry."}, "https://codexery.com/aquatic-wetland-plants/e/aquatic-and-wetland-plants/seagrass/": {"t": "Seagrass", "s": "Marine flowering plants forming productive underwater meadows."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/barrier-island/": {"t": "Barrier island", "s": "Barrier islands are dynamic sand islands parallel to coastlines."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/headland/": {"t": "Headland", "s": "A high, steep point of land extending into water."}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/breccia/": {"t": "Breccia", "s": "Clastic rock of angular fragments bound by matrix or cement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/breccia.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. Siim assumed (based on copyright claims). · via Wikipedia: Breccia · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/cross-bedding/": {"t": "Cross-bedding", "s": "Inclined layers in rock reveal ancient flow directions."}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/alluvial-fan/": {"t": "Alluvial fan", "s": "Fan-shaped sediment deposits formed where confined channels widen.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/alluvial-fan.webp", "c": "Page Quinton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/calcite/": {"t": "Calcite", "s": "A common carbonate mineral and stable polymorph of calcium carbonate."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/hematite/": {"t": "Hematite", "s": "Iron oxide mineral used as ore, pigment, and in jewelry."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-superior/": {"t": "Lake Superior", "s": "Largest freshwater lake by surface area in the world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-superior.webp", "c": "Phizzy ( talk ) · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/continent/": {"t": "Continent", "s": "Large terrestrial region identified by convention, not strict criteria."}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/abyssal-plain/": {"t": "Abyssal plain", "s": "Vast, flat, and mysterious: the abyssal plains of the deep ocean floor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/abyssal-plain.webp", "c": "---=XEON=--- · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/continental-crust/": {"t": "Continental crust", "s": "Continental crust forms the landmasses and shallow seabeds of Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sumatra/": {"t": "Sumatra", "s": "Large Indonesian island with rich history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/sumatra.webp", "c": "Sadalmelik · via Wikipedia: Sumatra · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/south-china-sea/": {"t": "South China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, vital to global trade and fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/borneo/": {"t": "Borneo", "s": "Third-largest island, divided among three sovereign states."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/terrain/": {"t": "Terrain", "s": "The dimension and shape of a given land surface."}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/atoll/": {"t": "Atoll", "s": "Ring-shaped coral island encircling a lagoon, found in warm tropical seas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/atoll.webp", "c": "WEY · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cnidarians/e/cnidarians/anthozoa/": {"t": "Anthozoa", "s": "Flower-like marine animals that build and enhance reef systems."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology-and-immunology/e/microbiology-and-immunology/phylum/": {"t": "Phylum", "s": "A taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class."}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/invertebrates/cnidaria/": {"t": "Cnidaria", "s": "Aquatic invertebrates with stinging cells and a decentralized nerve net."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-physiology-morphology/e/animal-physiology-and-morphology/exoskeleton/": {"t": "Exoskeleton", "s": "Exoskeletons are external skeletons providing support and protection."}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/invertebrates/echinoderm/": {"t": "Echinoderm", "s": "Marine animals with five-pointed radial symmetry and unique water vascular system."}, "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/e/marine-invertebrates/tunicate/": {"t": "Tunicate", "s": "Marine chordates with a tunic and tadpole-like larvae.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/img/marine-invertebrates/tunicate.webp", "c": "Nhobgood Nick Hobgood · via Wikipedia: Tunicate · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/coastal-management/": {"t": "Coastal management", "s": "Defense against flooding and erosion in coastal zones."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/volcano/": {"t": "Volcano", "s": "A vent in a planet's crust that erupts magma."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/plate-tectonics/": {"t": "Plate tectonics", "s": "Scientific theory of Earth's moving lithospheric plates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/plate-tectonics.webp", "c": "Surachit · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/great-barrier-reef/": {"t": "Great Barrier Reef", "s": "World's largest coral reef system, visible from outer space.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/great-barrier-reef.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Great Barrier Reef · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/coral/": {"t": "Coral", "s": "Colonial marine animals that build tropical and deep-sea reefs."}, "https://codexery.com/giant-clams-and-marine-bivalves/e/giant-clams-and-marine-bivalves/giant-clam/": {"t": "Giant clam", "s": "Largest living bivalve, known for symbiotic algae farming.", "i": "https://codexery.com/giant-clams-and-marine-bivalves/img/giant-clams-and-marine-bivalves/giant-clam.webp", "c": "Fernando Losada Rodríguez · via Wikipedia: Giant clam · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/body-of-water/": {"t": "Body of water", "s": "Accumulated water on Earth's surface, natural or artificial."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/hudson-bay/": {"t": "Hudson Bay", "s": "A vast inland marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean in northeastern Canada."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bay-of-bengal/": {"t": "Bay of Bengal", "s": "Northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, rich in history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bay-of-bengal.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. NormanEinstein assumed (based on copyright claims). · via Wikipedia: Bay of Bengal · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-mexico/": {"t": "Gulf of Mexico", "s": "Marginal sea of the Atlantic, bordered by the U.S., Mexico, and Cuba.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-mexico.webp", "c": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. · via Wikipedia: Gulf of Mexico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-aden/": {"t": "Gulf of Aden", "s": "A deepwater gulf of the Indian Ocean, vital for global shipping and rich in biodiversity."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-guinea/": {"t": "Gulf of Guinea", "s": "Northeastern tropical Atlantic gulf with Null Island and major rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/reservoir/": {"t": "Reservoir", "s": "Artificial lake created by a dam to store fresh water."}, "/e/geology-and-landforms/bay/": {"t": "Bay", "s": "A recessed coastal body connecting to a larger water body."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geyser/": {"t": "Geyser", "s": "A rare spring that erupts intermittently with steam and water."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/rapids/": {"t": "Rapids", "s": "River sections with steep gradient, increased velocity, and turbulence."}}