{"https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty/": {"t": "Liao dynasty", "s": "A Khitan-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 916 to 1125, controlling Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of Siberia and Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty.webp", "c": "SY · via Wikipedia: Liao dynasty · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/uyghurs/": {"t": "Uyghurs", "s": "Turkic ethnic group native to the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in Northwest China"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amur/": {"t": "Amur", "s": "Major Northeast Asian river forming the Russia–China border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amur.webp", "c": "I13Robin · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "Imperial dynasty ruling China from 618 to 907."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/tochigi-prefecture/": {"t": "Tochigi Prefecture", "s": "Inland prefecture with UNESCO shrines and industrial zones."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-japan/e/emperors-of-japan/emperor-go-daigo/": {"t": "Emperor Go-Daigo", "s": "96th emperor who briefly restored imperial rule before the Ashikaga shogunate."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/kyoto/": {"t": "Kyoto", "s": "The thousand-year capital of Japan, where imperial history and cultural heritage endure."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kenmu-restoration/": {"t": "Kenmu Restoration", "s": "The Kenmu Restoration was a three-year period of imperial rule in Japan from 1333 to 1336, situated between the Kamakura and Muromachi periods."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/heian-period/": {"t": "Heian period", "s": "A period of peace, cultural flowering, and Fujiwara dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-japan/e/emperors-of-japan/emperor-go-murakami/": {"t": "Emperor Go-Murakami", "s": "97th emperor of Japan, Southern Court ruler during Nanboku-chō period."}, "https://codexery.com/bible/e/gospels/david/": {"t": "David", "s": "Second king of the united Kingdom of Israel."}, "https://codexery.com/mythography/e/mythography/golden-age/": {"t": "Golden Age", "s": "Mythical era of primordial peace, harmony, and effortless abundance."}, "https://codexery.com/one-thousand-and-one-nights-characters/e/one-thousand-and-one-nights-characters/al-mutawakkil/": {"t": "Al-Mutawakkil", "s": "Tenth Abbasid caliph who ended the Mihna and expanded the Caliphate."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/kingdom-of-georgia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Georgia", "s": "Medieval Christian empire spanning the Caucasus and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/basil-i/": {"t": "Basil I", "s": "Byzantine emperor who founded the Macedonian dynasty and reformed law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/basil-i.webp", "c": "Unknown, 13th-century author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii/": {"t": "Constantine VII", "s": "Byzantine emperor and scholar who compiled key historical and agronomic works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-vii.webp", "c": "Classical Numismatic Group · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/armenian-apostolic-church/": {"t": "Armenian Apostolic Church", "s": "Ancient autocephalous church of Armenia, first state Christian church."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/chandragupta-maurya/": {"t": "Chandragupta Maurya", "s": "Founder of the Maurya Empire, unifier of ancient India."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ashoka/": {"t": "Ashoka", "s": "Mauryan emperor who promoted Buddhism and righteous conduct."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/maurya-empire/": {"t": "Maurya Empire", "s": "Iron Age empire unifying much of South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tibetan-buddhism/": {"t": "Tibetan Buddhism", "s": "Tibetan Buddhism: A Mahayana tradition preserving Indian tantric practices and native developments, with four major schools and a non-sectarian Rimé movement."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-folklore/e/indian-folklore/divyavadana/": {"t": "Divyavadana", "s": "Sanskrit anthology of Buddhist avadana tales, first attested in the 17th century."}, "https://codexery.com/puranas/e/puranas/puranas/": {"t": "Puranas", "s": "Ancient Hindu texts weaving lore, cosmology, and devotion."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/pataliputra/": {"t": "Pataliputra", "s": "Ancient Indian capital city at the confluence of the Son and Ganges."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/arabian-sea/": {"t": "Arabian Sea", "s": "A historically vital sea linking Old World trade networks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/arabian-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arabian Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bay-of-bengal/": {"t": "Bay of Bengal", "s": "Northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, rich in history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bay-of-bengal.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. NormanEinstein assumed (based on copyright claims). · via Wikipedia: Bay of Bengal · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/deccan-plateau/": {"t": "Deccan Plateau", "s": "Ancient plateau forming the bulk of the Indian peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/deccan-plateau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Deccan Plateau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/antiochus-i-soter/": {"t": "Antiochus I Soter", "s": "Last King of the Universe and Greco-Sogdian ruler of the Seleucid Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-cuisine/e/ancient-greek-cuisine/deipnosophistae/": {"t": "Deipnosophistae", "s": "A Greek work preserving lost literature through banquet conversations."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus/": {"t": "Diodorus Siculus", "s": "Greek historian who compiled the vast universal history Bibliotheca Historica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bibliotheca Historica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/three-kingdoms/": {"t": "Three Kingdoms", "s": "A partial revival of the old three kingdoms in early medieval Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/shu-han/": {"t": "Shu Han", "s": "A Han rump state in the Three Kingdoms period."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/civil-service/": {"t": "Civil service", "s": "The backbone of government: impartial, professional, and permanent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/civil-service.webp", "c": "Harry Mitchell · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/poets-of-the-ancient-world/e/poets-of-the-ancient-world/cao-zhi/": {"t": "Cao Zhi", "s": "Prince of Cao Wei and influential Jian'an poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/poets-of-the-ancient-world/img/poets-of-the-ancient-world/cao-zhi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cao Cao · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/luoyang/": {"t": "Luoyang", "s": "Ancient capital on the Luo River, cradle of Chinese civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/vassal/": {"t": "Vassal", "s": "A subordinate bound by mutual obligation to a lord."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/guan-yu/": {"t": "Guan Yu", "s": "A peerless-bearded general of the late Eastern Han, revered as a god of loyalty and martial courage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/guan-yu.webp", "c": "UnknownUnknown , uploaded by Tiangong83 on zh.wikipedia · via Wikipedia: Guan Yu · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/zhuge-liang/": {"t": "Zhuge Liang", "s": "Chinese statesman and strategist of the Three Kingdoms period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/zhuge-liang.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Zhuge Liang · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wuxia-video-games/e/wuxia-video-games/dynasty-warriors/": {"t": "Dynasty Warriors", "s": "Hack and slash series based on the Three Kingdoms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wuxia-video-games/img/wuxia-video-games/dynasty-warriors.webp", "c": "Josep Panadero · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/wuxia-video-games/e/wuxia-video-games/warriors-orochi/": {"t": "Warriors Orochi", "s": "Crossover hack and slash uniting Chinese and Japanese warriors."}, "https://codexery.com/koei-tecmo-franchises/e/koei-tecmo-franchises/romance-of-the-three-kingdoms-video-game-series/": {"t": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms (video game series)", "s": "Turn-based strategy wargames set in ancient China."}, "https://codexery.com/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/e/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/enthronement/": {"t": "Enthronement", "s": "Formal seating on a throne to mark a monarch's accession."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/hongzhi-emperor/": {"t": "Hongzhi Emperor", "s": "Tenth Ming emperor known for diligent Confucian rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/hongzhi-emperor.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hongzhi Emperor · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-yingzong-of-ming/": {"t": "Emperor Yingzong of Ming", "s": "Ming emperor captured at the Battle of Tumu Fortress, later restored to power."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/jingtai-emperor/": {"t": "Jingtai Emperor", "s": "Seventh Ming emperor who restored infrastructure and was overthrown."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-forbidden-city/": {"t": "The Forbidden City", "s": "Imperial palace complex in Beijing, China."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china/": {"t": "The Great Wall of China", "s": "An ancient defensive system spanning thousands of miles across China's northern borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/joseon/": {"t": "Joseon", "s": "A dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years, founded in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jingdezhen/": {"t": "Jingdezhen", "s": "Jingdezhen is the historic Porcelain Capital of China."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/jiangnan/": {"t": "Jiangnan", "s": "The prosperous lands south of the Yangtze River, cradle of Wu culture and historic capitals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/jiangnan.webp", "c": "Judgefloro · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/e/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-tai/": {"t": "Lake Tai", "s": "Third-largest freshwater lake in China, rich in culture and ecology."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/yongle-emperor/": {"t": "Yongle Emperor", "s": "Third emperor of the Ming dynasty, known for moving the capital to Beijing and sponsoring the Yongle Encyclopedia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jingzhou/": {"t": "Jingzhou", "s": "Ancient strategic city on the Yangtze River."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pali/": {"t": "Pali", "s": "Sacred language of Theravada Buddhism and the Tipiṭaka."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/mahavira/": {"t": "Mahavira", "s": "Indian religious reformer and 24th Tirthankara of Jainism."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-the-ramayana/e/places-in-the-ramayana/kosala/": {"t": "Kosala", "s": "Ancient Indian kingdom, setting of the Ramayana epic."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/jainism/": {"t": "Jainism", "s": "Indian religion centered on nonviolence and spiritual liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/tirthankaras/e/tirthankaras/munisuvrata/": {"t": "Munisuvrata", "s": "Twentieth Tirthankara of the present avasarpini time cycle."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/ganges/": {"t": "Ganges", "s": "The Ganges: sacred lifeline of India and Bangladesh, second-largest river system by discharge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/ganges.webp", "c": "Picture Prefect ! · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/e/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/mahayana/": {"t": "Mahayana", "s": "Largest Buddhist branch emphasizing the bodhisattva path to buddhahood.", "i": "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/img/buddhist-traditions-and-concepts/mahayana.webp", "c": "VargaA · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/soteriology/": {"t": "Soteriology", "s": "Study of religious doctrines of salvation across traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/nanyue/": {"t": "Nanyue", "s": "An ancient kingdom bridging China and Vietnam, founded by a Qin general after the dynasty's collapse."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qin-state/": {"t": "Qin (state)", "s": "Ancient Chinese state that unified the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-gods/e/animal-gods/kim-quy/": {"t": "Kim Quy", "s": "Golden turtle god appearing in Vietnamese legends of kings and swords.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-gods/img/animal-gods/kim-quy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kim Quy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/imperial-examination/": {"t": "Imperial examination", "s": "The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China, selecting bureaucrats by merit from the Sui dynasty until its abolition in 19", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/imperial-examination.webp", "c": "Francisco Anzola · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-south-korea/e/world-heritage-sites-in-south-korea/haeinsa/": {"t": "Haeinsa", "s": "Buddhist temple housing the Tripitaka Koreana woodblocks since 1398."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/mandate-of-heaven/": {"t": "Mandate of Heaven", "s": "Chinese doctrine legitimizing rule through Heaven's favor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/mandate-of-heaven.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/zoonotic-parasitic-diseases/e/zoonotic-parasitic-diseases/echinococcosis/": {"t": "Echinococcosis", "s": "A parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus tapeworms, affecting humans and animals."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal/": {"t": "Lake Baikal", "s": "World's deepest and oldest freshwater lake by volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Baikal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/altai-mountains/": {"t": "Altai Mountains", "s": "Central Asian mountain range where four nations converge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/altai-mountains.webp", "c": "Rudyologist · via Wikipedia: Altai Mountains · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/altan-khan/": {"t": "Altan Khan", "s": "Leader of the Tümed Mongols, unifier of a tribal league, and patron of Tibetan Buddhism."}, "/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/dayan-khan/": {"t": "Dayan Khan", "s": "Reunifier of the Mongols under Chinggisid rule"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/gelug/": {"t": "Gelug", "s": "Youngest major school of Tibetan Buddhism, founded by Je Tsongkhapa."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/karakorum/": {"t": "Karakorum", "s": "Ancient capital of the Mongol Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/karakorum.webp", "c": "The British Library · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/dalai-lama/": {"t": "Dalai Lama", "s": "Spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and historical symbol of Tibetan unity."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kazakh-khanate/": {"t": "Kazakh Khanate", "s": "Nomadic state that emerged from the fragmentation of the Golden Horde.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kazakh-khanate.webp", "c": "Акылбек Агыс · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/dzungar-khanate/": {"t": "Dzungar Khanate", "s": "Last nomadic empire of the Oirat Mongols, spanning Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/shymkent/": {"t": "Shymkent", "s": "Southern Kazakh city with Silk Road roots and republican significance."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/jihad/": {"t": "Jihad", "s": "Islamic concept of striving in God's path, with spiritual and martial dimensions."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/islamic-calendar/": {"t": "Islamic calendar", "s": "Lunar calendar used for Islamic religious observances and dating."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/seljuk-sultanate/": {"t": "Seljuk Sultanate", "s": "The Turco-Persian empire of the Oghuz Turks that stretched from Anatolia to the Hindu Kush."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kara-khanid-khanate/": {"t": "Kara-Khanid Khanate", "s": "Karluk Turkic khanate ruling Central Asia from the 9th to early 13th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kara-khanid-khanate.webp", "c": "Artist circa 1200 CE Photography: Yury Karev · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sultanate-of-rum/": {"t": "Sultanate of Rum", "s": "Turco-Persian Sunni sultanate in Anatolia, founded after Manzikert.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sultanate-of-rum.webp", "c": "Swordrist · via Wikipedia: Sultanate of Rum · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/jami-al-tawarikh/": {"t": "Jami' al-tawarikh", "s": "First world history, produced in the Mongol Ilkhanate."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/fatimid-caliphate/": {"t": "Fatimid Caliphate", "s": "Isma'ili Shi'a caliphate spanning North Africa and West Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/khorasan/": {"t": "Khorasan", "s": "Historical eastern region of the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amu-darya/": {"t": "Amu Darya", "s": "Central Asia's historic Oxus, a river of borders and deserts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amu-darya.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amu Darya · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/bukhara/": {"t": "Bukhara", "s": "Ancient Silk Road city and center of Islamic scholarship.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/img/asian-cities/bukhara.webp", "c": "Olim Guli · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/isfahan/": {"t": "Isfahan", "s": "The third-most populous city in Iran, a historic crossroads of culture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/merv/": {"t": "Merv", "s": "Ancient Silk Road city and capital of empires."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/fars-province/": {"t": "Fars province", "s": "Ancient Persian homeland, cradle of Achaemenid and Sasanian empires.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/fars-province.webp", "c": "Bryn Pinzgauer · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lashkargah/": {"t": "Lashkargah", "s": "Ancient Afghan city, capital of Helmand Province, site of historic fort."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/shiraz/": {"t": "Shiraz", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, trade center, and home to poets Hafez and Saadi."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mashhad/": {"t": "Mashhad", "s": "Second-largest Iranian city and major Shia pilgrimage center."}, "https://codexery.com/castrated-people/e/castrated-people/eunuch/": {"t": "Eunuch", "s": "Castrated men serving in royal courts and religious roles across history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ahmad-shah-durrani/": {"t": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "s": "Founder of the Durrani Empire and often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/steppe/": {"t": "Steppe", "s": "Grassland ecoregion with semi-arid climate and extreme temperatures."}, "https://codexery.com/shahnameh-characters/e/shahnameh-characters/afrasiab/": {"t": "Afrasiab", "s": "King of Turan and archenemy of Iran in Iranian legend."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/shahnameh/": {"t": "Shahnameh", "s": "National epic of Greater Iran by Ferdowsi."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/mazandaran-province/": {"t": "Mazandaran province", "s": "Iranian province on the Caspian Sea with rich history and natural resources."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/babol/": {"t": "Babol", "s": "City in northern Iran, capital of Babol County."}, "https://codexery.com/zoroastrianism/e/zoroastrianism/zoroastrianism/": {"t": "Zoroastrianism", "s": "An ancient Iranian faith centered on Ahura Mazda and ethical dualism."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/iranian-languages/": {"t": "Iranian languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-Iranian languages spoken by Iranian peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/archers-of-asia/e/archers-of-asia/arash/": {"t": "Arash", "s": "Heroic archer whose arrow marked Iran's border in myth."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aral-sea/": {"t": "Aral Sea", "s": "The southern remnant of the former Aral Sea, split into eastern and western basins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aral-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aral Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/syr-darya/": {"t": "Syr Darya", "s": "Central Asian river, historically the Jaxartes, vital for irrigation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/syr-darya.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Syr Darya · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sacred-languages/e/sacred-languages/avestan/": {"t": "Avestan", "s": "Sacred language of Zoroastrianism, preserved in the Avesta."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/antiochus-iii-the-great/": {"t": "Antiochus III the Great", "s": "The Great King who restored the Seleucid Empire and clashed with Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/apollo/": {"t": "Apollo", "s": "God of light, healing, prophecy, music, poetry, and archery; twin brother of Artemis."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-clothing/e/iranian-clothing/bashlyk/": {"t": "Bashlyk", "s": "Cone-shaped hooded headdress of Turkic and Cossack tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldova/": {"t": "Moldova", "s": "Landlocked Eastern European parliamentary republic with a rich history and EU candidate status."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/carpathian-mountains/": {"t": "Carpathian Mountains", "s": "Europe's third-longest mountain range, forming an arc across Central and Southeast Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-triumphators/e/ancient-roman-triumphators/tiberius/": {"t": "Tiberius", "s": "Second Roman emperor and successful general who expanded the northern frontier."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/domitian/": {"t": "Domitian", "s": "Last of the Flavians: Ruthless autocrat who expanded Rome's borders and rebuilt the city, but was assassinated and condemned by the Senate."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/decebalus/": {"t": "Decebalus", "s": "Last king of Dacia, who fought three wars against Rome and died by his own hand."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/iranian-plateau/": {"t": "Iranian plateau", "s": "Geological and historical region spanning Central and South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/persepolis/": {"t": "Persepolis", "s": "Persepolis served as the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, which lasted from around 550 to 330 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/kurdish-language/": {"t": "Kurdish language", "s": "Northwestern Iranian language continuum of the Kurdish people."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/urartu/": {"t": "Urartu", "s": "Iron Age kingdom centered on the Armenian highlands, rival of Assyria.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/urartu.webp", "c": "Esayi-Muse · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-urmia/": {"t": "Lake Urmia", "s": "Endorheic salt lake in Iran, once the largest in West Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-urmia.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/hamadan/": {"t": "Hamadan", "s": "Ancient Iranian city, once capital of the Medes and Seljuks."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/classical-planet/": {"t": "Classical planet", "s": "Seven naked-eye wanderers known since antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/babylon/": {"t": "Babylon", "s": "Ancient city on the Euphrates, heart of Babylonia and home of wonders."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/polybius/": {"t": "Polybius", "s": "Ancient Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period, author of The Histories"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/legislator/": {"t": "Legislator", "s": "A person who writes and passes laws, often as a legislator."}, "/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/cuitl-huac/": {"t": "Cuitláhuac", "s": "10th Huey Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan who led resistance against Spanish conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/moctezuma-ii/": {"t": "Moctezuma II", "s": "Ninth emperor of the Aztec Empire, whose reign saw the empire's greatest expansion and the first European contact."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/hern-n-cort-s/": {"t": "Hernán Cortés", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led the fall of the Aztec Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/hern-n-cort-s.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Hernán Cortés · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/torture/": {"t": "Torture", "s": "Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/img/crime-and-deviance/torture.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/conquistador/": {"t": "Conquistador", "s": "Spanish and Portuguese explorers who conquered and colonized the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/guilt-emotion/": {"t": "Guilt (emotion)", "s": "A moral emotion prompting reparatory behavior and relationship restoration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emotions/img/emotions/guilt-emotion.webp", "c": "1 by Oscar Gustave Rejlander , rest unsure · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/oral-tradition/": {"t": "Oral tradition", "s": "A vital medium of human communication across generations."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/chihuahua-state/": {"t": "Chihuahua (state)", "s": "Largest Mexican state, known for Copper Canyon and Paquimé."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/american-rap-metal-musical-groups/e/american-rap-metal-musical-groups/rage-against-the-machine/": {"t": "Rage Against the Machine", "s": "American rap metal band known for leftist political activism."}, "/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/cuauht-moc/": {"t": "Cuauhtémoc", "s": "Last Aztec emperor, captured and executed by Spanish."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/explorers-of-the-americas/p-nfilo-de-narv-ez/": {"t": "Pánfilo de Narváez", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led two failed expeditions in the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro", "s": "Brazilian city that was capital of a European colonial power."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/s-o-paulo/": {"t": "São Paulo", "s": "One of Brazil's most successful clubs, never relegated, with three world titles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/s-o-paulo.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: São Paulo FC · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tupi-people/": {"t": "Tupi people", "s": "One of the largest Indigenous groups in pre-colonial Brazil, known for their agricultural skills, complex social structure, and significant role in the formatio"}}