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Kornmesser (photo displayed on the magazine cover) · via Wikipedia: Nature (journal) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "/e/forms-of-government/head-of-state/": {"t": "Head of state", "s": "The public persona of a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/executive-government/": {"t": "Executive (government)", "s": "Branch of government that enforces law and policy."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/federated-state/": {"t": "Federated state", "s": "A territorial community forming part of a federation."}, 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"https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/otto-von-bismarck/": {"t": "Otto von Bismarck", "s": "Prussian statesman who unified Germany and became its first chancellor."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Constitution of the United Kingdom", "s": "Uncodified constitution based on statutes, conventions, and judicial principles."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/clement-attlee/": {"t": "Clement Attlee", "s": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951, leader of the Labour Party, and architect of the post-war welfare state."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/margaret-thatcher/": {"t": "Margaret Thatcher", "s": "First female UK Prime Minister, architect of Thatcherism."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/john-major/": {"t": "John Major", "s": "British prime minister who succeeded Margaret Thatcher.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/john-major.webp", "c": "Flickr user Steve Punter · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/governor-general/": {"t": "Governor-general", "s": "Title for a viceregal representative in the British Empire and Commonwealth."}, "/e/forms-of-government/head-of-government/": {"t": "Head of government", "s": "Chief executive official presiding over a government cabinet."}, "https://codexery.com/ceremonies/e/ceremonies/ceremony/": {"t": "Ceremony", "s": "A unified ritualistic event with artistic components for a special occasion."}, "https://codexery.com/comparative-politics/e/comparative-politics/politics-of-india/": {"t": "Politics of India", "s": "India's politics follow a parliamentary secular democratic republic system.", "i": 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"https://codexery.com/comparative-politics/img/comparative-politics/politics-of-japan.webp", "c": "Naha Mama Pavilionz · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/comparative-politics/e/comparative-politics/politics-of-france/": {"t": "Politics of France", "s": "Semi-presidential republic with strong executive and parliamentary oversight.", "i": "https://codexery.com/comparative-politics/img/comparative-politics/politics-of-france.webp", "c": "Jebulon · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/charles-de-gaulle/": {"t": "Charles de Gaulle", "s": "French general and statesman who led Free France and founded the Fifth Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/nation-state/": {"t": "Nation state", "s": "A political entity where state and nation are congruent."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution/": {"t": "Constitution", "s": "The fundamental 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"https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/pharaoh/": {"t": "Pharaoh", "s": "Monarch of ancient Egypt, intermediary between gods and people."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/sacrifice/": {"t": "Sacrifice", "s": "An act or offering made to a deity."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-nationalism/e/religious-nationalism/imperial-cult/": {"t": "Imperial cult", "s": "State religion worshipping emperors as demigods or deities."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/polybius/": {"t": "Polybius", "s": "Ancient Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period, author of The Histories"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/aristocracy/": {"t": "Aristocracy", "s": "Rule by a small, privileged class of aristocrats.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/aristocracy.webp", "c": 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"https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/clovis-i/": {"t": "Clovis I", "s": "King of the Franks who reunified Francia by outliving his brothers."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/republic/": {"t": "Republic", "s": "A state where political power rests with the people."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key 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"/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Constitution of the United States", "s": "Supreme law of the United States, oldest written national constitution in force."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-washington/": {"t": "George Washington", "s": "First president of the United States and commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/asia/": {"t": "Asia", "s": "Largest continent by area and population, cradle of many civilisations."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/federal-government-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Federal government of the United States", "s": "National government of the United States, established by the Constitution."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franklin-d-roosevelt/": {"t": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "s": "32nd US president who led the nation through the Great Depression and World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/articles-of-confederation/": {"t": "Articles of Confederation", "s": "The first constitution of the United States, in force from 1781 to 1789."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/royal-prerogative/": {"t": "Royal prerogative", "s": "Customary authority of the sovereign exercised on ministerial advice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/royal-prerogative.webp", "c": "Martin Falbisoner · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/virginia/": {"t": "Virginia", "s": "First permanent English colony in the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/alexander-hamilton/": {"t": "Alexander Hamilton", "s": "", "i": "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/img/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/alexander-hamilton.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/james-madison/": {"t": "James Madison", "s": "Founding Father, fourth president of the United States and \"Father of the 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"https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/oceania/": {"t": "Oceania", "s": "The smallest continent, spanning the Pacific's vast ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-i-of-great-britain/": {"t": "George I of Great Britain", "s": "First Hanoverian king of Great Britain and Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/political-party/": {"t": "Political party", "s": "Organizations that coordinate candidates to compete in elections."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mobutu-sese-seko/": {"t": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "s": "First and only president of Zaire, known for totalitarian rule."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/freedom-of-the-press/": {"t": "Freedom of the press", "s": "Principle of minimal government censorship over published expression."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/livy/": {"t": "Livy", "s": "Roman historian who wrote Ab Urbe Condita, a monumental history of Rome from its founding through the reign of Augustus."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/horace/": {"t": "Horace", "s": "Leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/ovid/": {"t": "Ovid", "s": "Roman poet exiled for a poem and a mistake."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/francis-fukuyama/": {"t": "Francis Fukuyama", "s": "American political scientist known for 'The End of History and the Last Man'"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/globalization/": {"t": "Globalization", "s": "Process of increasing global interdependence and integration."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/hosni-mubarak/": {"t": "Hosni Mubarak", "s": "Egyptian president who resigned after the 2011 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/img/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/hosni-mubarak.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Hosni Mubarak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "/e/forms-of-government/popular-sovereignty/": {"t": "Popular sovereignty", "s": "Government legitimacy rests on the consent of the people."}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/private-property/": {"t": "Private property", "s": "Legal concept of non-governmental ownership foundational to capitalism."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/state-polity/": {"t": "State (polity)", "s": "A political entity with sovereignty over a definite territory."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/common-law/": {"t": "Common law", "s": "Judge-made legal system originating in medieval England."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/customary-law/": {"t": "Customary law", "s": "Customary law is behavior accepted as binding by a community."}, "/e/forms-of-government/illiberal-democracy/": {"t": "Illiberal democracy", "s": "A regime hiding authoritarian practices behind democratic institutions."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/federalism/": {"t": "Federalism", "s": "A system dividing power between central and regional governments.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/federalism.webp", "c": "ADGiulia · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/life-expectancy/": {"t": "Life expectancy", "s": "A statistical measure of average remaining years of life at a given age, most commonly at birth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/life-expectancy.webp", "c": "Lady3mlnm · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-locke/": {"t": "John Locke", "s": "Father of liberalism and influential Enlightenment thinker"}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/montesquieu/": {"t": "Montesquieu", "s": "French jurist, historian, and political philosopher who pioneered the separation of powers."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau/": {"t": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "s": "Genevan philosopher whose ideas shaped modern political and educational thought.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau.webp", "c": "Allan Ramsay · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/voltaire/": {"t": "Voltaire", "s": "French Enlightenment writer and advocate of civil liberties"}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/mediation/": {"t": "Mediation", "s": "Neutral third party facilitates voluntary dispute resolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/img/civil-law-and-remedies/mediation.webp", "c": "Francesco Bartolozzi · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qin-dynasty/": {"t": "Qin dynasty", "s": "First imperial dynasty of China, unifying the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty/": {"t": "Liao dynasty", "s": "A Khitan-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 916 to 1125, controlling Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of Siberia and Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty.webp", "c": "SY · via Wikipedia: Liao dynasty · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/swedish-language/": {"t": "Swedish language", "s": "North Germanic language spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/danish-language/": {"t": "Danish language", "s": "North Germanic language spoken by about 5.5 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/icelandic-language/": {"t": "Icelandic language", "s": "A conservative North Germanic language with a rich literary heritage, spoken by about 390,000 people, primarily in Iceland."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/faroese-language/": {"t": "Faroese language", "s": "A North Germanic language spoken by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, descended from Old West Norse."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-xii-of-sweden/": {"t": "Charles XII of Sweden", "s": "King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718, the sixth King Charles, who inherited absolute monarchy and led Sweden through the Great Northern War."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/finnish-language/": {"t": "Finnish language", "s": "A Finnic language of the Uralic family, spoken by millions in Finland and diaspora communities."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/benjamin-franklin/": {"t": "Benjamin Franklin", "s": "Founding Father, scientist, inventor, and diplomat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/benjamin-franklin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Benjamin Franklin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/thomas-hobbes/": {"t": "Thomas Hobbes", "s": "English philosopher and political theorist, author of Leviathan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/thomas-hobbes.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Thomas Hobbes · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/the-social-contract/": {"t": "The Social Contract", "s": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract asks whether a political community can hold legitimate authority—one that respects individual freedom—while dealing ", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/img/philosophy-and-theory/the-social-contract.webp", "c": "Ambre Troizat · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/political-legitimacy/": {"t": "Political legitimacy", "s": "Concept of the right of authority to rule a society."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/violence/": {"t": "Violence", "s": "Violence is the intentional use of force causing harm."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/cooperation/": {"t": "Cooperation", "s": "Organisms work together for collective benefit, not just individual gain."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/kindness/": {"t": "Kindness", "s": "Behavior of generosity and concern for others without expectation of reward."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "/e/forms-of-government/mayor/": {"t": "Mayor", "s": "Highest-ranking official in a municipal government."}, "https://codexery.com/spatial-analysis-gis/e/spatial-analysis-and-gis/region/": {"t": "Region", "s": "Spatial divisions of Earth's surface with definable characteristics."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/public-law/": {"t": "Public law", "s": "Law governing relations between persons and the state."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/geography-of-ancient-egypt/e/geography-of-ancient-egypt/upper-and-lower-egypt/": {"t": "Upper and Lower Egypt", "s": "The dual kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/early-dynastic-period-of-egypt/": {"t": "Early Dynastic Period of Egypt", "s": "Era of unification, first dynasties, and foundational Egyptian culture."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/old-kingdom-of-egypt/": {"t": "Old Kingdom of Egypt", "s": "The Age of the Pyramids: Egypt's first golden age of pyramid-building and centralized rule."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/e/dynasties-of-ancient-egypt/first-intermediate-period-of-egypt/": {"t": "First Intermediate Period of Egypt", "s": "A period of divided rule between Heracleopolis and Thebes."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-roman-government/e/ancient-roman-government/promagistrate/": {"t": "Promagistrate", "s": "A Roman empowered by prorogation to act in place of a magistrate."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/gospel/": {"t": "Gospel", "s": "Episodic narratives of Jesus's words, deeds, death, and resurrection."}, "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/e/tetrarchy/tetrarchy/": {"t": "Tetrarchy", "s": "The Roman system of four rulers instituted by Diocletian, lasting from AD 293 to 324.", "i": "https://codexery.com/tetrarchy/img/tetrarchy/tetrarchy.webp", "c": "DEGA MD · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/crown-colony/": {"t": "Crown colony", "s": "A British territory governed directly by the Crown."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/legislative-council/": {"t": "Legislative council", "s": "A legislative body in British colonies and a U.S. joint committee."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/executive-council-commonwealth-countries/": {"t": "Executive council (Commonwealth countries)", "s": "Constitutional organ exercising executive power in Commonwealth countries."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/administrator-of-the-government/": {"t": "Administrator of the government", "s": "A temporary or permanent officer acting as head of state representative."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/high-commissioner/": {"t": "High commissioner", "s": "Executive title for colonial, diplomatic, and multilateral governance roles."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/bill-law/": {"t": "Bill (law)", "s": "A proposal for a new law or alteration of an existing law."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/variance/": {"t": "Variance", "s": "Variance measures how far numbers spread from their average."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/norman-conquest/": {"t": "Norman Conquest", "s": "11th-century invasion that made William the Conqueror king of England."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-king-of-england/": {"t": "John, King of England", "s": "King of England who sealed Magna Carta and lost the Angevin Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/welsh-language/": {"t": "Welsh language", "s": "A Brittonic Celtic language native to Wales with official status."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/brisbane/": {"t": "Brisbane", "s": "Brisbane, known in the local Turrbal and Yagara languages as Meanjin, serves as Queensland’s capital and largest city, and is Australia’s third most populous ur"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/dublin/": {"t": "Dublin", "s": "Capital of Ireland, city of the black pool and the hurdled ford."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/gustav-vasa/": {"t": "Gustav Vasa", "s": "King of Sweden who led the liberation from the Kalmar Union."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/instrument-of-government/": {"t": "Instrument of Government", "s": "First codified constitution of England, adopted in 1653.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/instrument-of-government.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/reconquista/": {"t": "Reconquista", "s": "Series of Christian campaigns ending Muslim rule in Iberia."}}