[{"n": "Avionics", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/avionics/", "s": "Electronic systems used on aircraft, from communications to navigation."}, {"n": "AC 25.1309-1", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/ac-25-1309-1/", "s": "FAA guidance linking failure severity to acceptable probability in aviation systems."}, {"n": "Air data inertial reference unit", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/air-data-inertial-reference-unit/", "s": "Fault-tolerant source of air data and inertial reference for aircraft."}, {"n": "Air traffic control radar beacon system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/air-traffic-control-radar-beacon-system/", "s": "A cooperative radar beacon system for air traffic surveillance."}, {"n": "Airborne Internet", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/airborne-internet/", "s": "A network overlaying ground and airborne entities for seamless data connectivity."}, {"n": "ACARS", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/acars/", "s": "Digital datalink for aircraft-to-ground messaging and automated reporting."}, {"n": "ARINC 818", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/arinc-818/", "s": "A high-speed, low-latency standard for uncompressed digital video in avionics."}, {"n": "Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/automatic-dependent-surveillance-broadcast/", "s": "ADS-B broadcasts aircraft position via satellite navigation for surveillance."}, {"n": "Autopilot", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/autopilot/", "s": "A system that controls aircraft path without constant human intervention."}, {"n": "Controller–pilot data link communications", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/controller-pilot-data-link-communications/", "s": "Data link communication between controller and pilot for ATC."}, {"n": "DO-178B", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/do-178b/", "s": "De facto standard for safety-critical avionics software development and certification."}, {"n": "Electronic flight bag", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/electronic-flight-bag/", "s": "Electronic device replacing paper flight bags for cockpit efficiency."}, {"n": "Electronic flight instrument system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/electronic-flight-instrument-system/", "s": "Electronic flight instrument system replaces electromechanical cockpit displays."}, {"n": "Enhanced flight vision system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/enhanced-flight-vision-system/", "s": "An airborne system providing pilots with enhanced vision beyond natural sight."}, {"n": "Flight envelope protection", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/flight-envelope-protection/", "s": "Prevents pilots from exceeding an aircraft's structural and aerodynamic limits."}, {"n": "Flight management system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/flight-management-system/", "s": "Automates flight planning, navigation, and performance optimization for modern aircraft."}, {"n": "Garmin G1000", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/garmin-g1000/", "s": "Integrated glass cockpit system replacing conventional flight instruments and avionics."}, {"n": "Ground proximity warning system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/ground-proximity-warning-system/", "s": "System that alerts pilots to imminent ground or obstacle collision."}, {"n": "Head-up display", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/head-up-display/", "s": "Transparent display that presents data without requiring users to look away."}, {"n": "Identification friend or foe", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/identification-friend-or-foe/", "s": "A transponder-based system to identify friendly forces in combat."}, {"n": "Inertial navigation system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/inertial-navigation-system/", "s": "A self-contained navigation system using accelerometers and gyroscopes."}, {"n": "Instrument landing system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/instrument-landing-system/", "s": "Precision radio guidance for landing in low visibility."}, {"n": "L-3 SmartDeck", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/l-3-smartdeck/", "s": "Integrated glass cockpit with three-clicks-or-less menu design."}, {"n": "Lightning detector", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/lightning-detector/", "s": "Detects lightning from thunderstorms using radio and optical methods."}, {"n": "LN-3 inertial navigation system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/ln-3-inertial-navigation-system/", "s": "First INS small and accurate enough for a high-performance fighter."}, {"n": "Lorenz beam", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/lorenz-beam/", "s": "A pre-war blind-landing radio beacon using overlapping dot-dash beams."}, {"n": "Missile approach warning system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/missile-approach-warning-system/", "s": "Detects incoming missiles and cues countermeasures for aircraft defense."}, {"n": "Radar", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/radar/", "s": "Radio waves detect and track objects by reflection."}, {"n": "Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/receiver-autonomous-integrity-monitoring/", "s": "RAIM autonomously checks GPS signal integrity using redundant satellite measurements."}, {"n": "Satellite navigation", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/satellite-navigation/", "s": "Satellite navigation uses satellite signals for precise positioning worldwide."}, {"n": "Tactical air navigation system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/tactical-air-navigation-system/", "s": "Military navigation system providing bearing and distance to ground or ship stations."}, {"n": "Traffic collision avoidance system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/traffic-collision-avoidance-system/", "s": "An airborne system that warns pilots of potential mid-air collisions."}, {"n": "Non-directional beacon", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/non-directional-beacon/", "s": "A ground-based radio beacon providing bearing information for navigation."}, {"n": "Distance measuring equipment", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/distance-measuring-equipment/", "s": "Radio navigation technology measuring slant range via signal timing."}, {"n": "Flight control modes", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/flight-control-modes/", "s": "Software algorithms that translate pilot inputs into control surface movements."}, {"n": "Instrument approach", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/instrument-approach/", "s": "Predetermined maneuvers for orderly transition from IFR flight to landing."}, {"n": "Local-area augmentation system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/local-area-augmentation-system/", "s": "A differential GPS landing system for precision approaches."}, {"n": "Pitot–static system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/pitot-static-system/", "s": "Pressure-sensitive instruments determining airspeed, altitude, and Mach number."}, {"n": "TERCOM", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/tercom/", "s": "Navigation system using terrain contour maps for cruise missile guidance."}, {"n": "Ferranti Argus", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/ferranti-argus/", "s": "A pioneering industrial control computer line from Ferranti."}, {"n": "Garmin", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/garmin/", "s": "American multinational developer of GPS and navigation technology."}, {"n": "Selex ES", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/selex-es/", "s": "Italian-British electronics and information technology subsidiary of Finmeccanica."}, {"n": "Area navigation", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/area-navigation/", "s": "RNAV enables flexible, direct flight paths beyond ground-based beacon routes."}, {"n": "Smart onboard data interface module", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/smart-onboard-data-interface-module/", "s": "Integrated device for live simulated weapons training on military platforms."}, {"n": "Automatic direction finder", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/automatic-direction-finder/", "s": "A radio-navigation instrument that continuously displays bearing to a tuned beacon."}, {"n": "Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/avionics-full-duplex-switched-ethernet/", "s": "Deterministic Ethernet network for safety-critical aircraft systems."}, {"n": "Attitude indicator", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/attitude-indicator/", "s": "Primary flight instrument showing aircraft orientation relative to Earth's horizon."}, {"n": "Voice warning system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/voice-warning-system/", "s": "Aural alerts for imminent hazards, often called Bitching Betty."}, {"n": "Primary flight display", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/primary-flight-display/", "s": "A compact electronic display combining key flight instruments."}, {"n": "Transponder (aeronautics)", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/transponder-aeronautics/", "s": "An aircraft transponder replies to radar interrogation for identification and altitude."}, {"n": "Annunciator panel", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/annunciator-panel/", "s": "Central indicator of system status with colored lights and alarms."}, {"n": "FLARM", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/flarm/", "s": "Proprietary collision warning system for light aircraft and gliders."}, {"n": "Hensoldt", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/hensoldt/", "s": "German sensor technology company for defence, security, and aerospace."}, {"n": "Air-ground radiotelephone service", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/air-ground-radiotelephone-service/", "s": "In-flight voice and data service via dedicated radio frequencies."}, {"n": "Stand guidance system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/stand-guidance-system/", "s": "Visual systems guide aircraft to park safely at airport stands."}, {"n": "Gyroscopic autopilot", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/gyroscopic-autopilot/", "s": "Gyroscopic autopilot stabilized aircraft without pilot input."}, {"n": "Marker beacon", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/marker-beacon/", "s": "VHF radio beacon providing position information along ILS approaches."}, {"n": "Litton Industries", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/litton-industries/", "s": "American defense conglomerate that diversified widely before returning to its core."}, {"n": "L3Harris", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/l3harris/", "s": "Sixth-largest U.S. defense contractor formed by a 2019 merger."}, {"n": "Synthetic vision system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/synthetic-vision-system/", "s": "A 3D computer-mediated reality system for aerial vehicle piloting."}, {"n": "Localizer type directional aid", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/localizer-type-directional-aid/", "s": "An offset localizer approach for runways not aligned with the antenna."}, {"n": "Static pressure", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/static-pressure/", "s": "Static pressure is the fluid's actual pressure, distinct from dynamic and total pressure."}, {"n": "Airspeed indicator", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/airspeed-indicator/", "s": "Measures airspeed via pitot-static pressure differential."}, {"n": "Orfordness Beacon", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/orfordness-beacon/", "s": "Early UK rotating-loop radio beacon for aircraft and ship navigation."}, {"n": "Gillham code", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/gillham-code/", "s": "A modified Gray code for transmitting barometric altitude to transponders."}, {"n": "Portable collision avoidance system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/portable-collision-avoidance-system/", "s": "Passive collision avoidance for general aviation aircraft."}, {"n": "HAL/S", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/hal-s/", "s": "Real-time aerospace language used for Space Shuttle software."}, {"n": "Brake to Vacate", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/brake-to-vacate/", "s": "Airbus software that helps aircraft exit runways at a designated turnoff point."}, {"n": "Avidyne Entegra", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/avidyne-entegra/", "s": "First integrated glass cockpit for light general aviation."}, {"n": "Peripheral vision horizon display", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/peripheral-vision-horizon-display/", "s": "A subliminal peripheral vision aid for aircraft attitude awareness."}, {"n": "Yaw string", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/yaw-string/", "s": "A simple yarn tuft indicating sideslip for precise flight control."}, {"n": "CP-823/U", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/cp-823-u/", "s": "First airborne 30-bit digital computer for the P-3 Orion."}, {"n": "Collins Aerospace", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/collins-aerospace/", "s": "American aerospace and defense supplier, subsidiary of RTX Corporation."}, {"n": "Air data computer", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/air-data-computer/", "s": "Central computer for real-time airspeed, altitude, and Mach data."}, {"n": "Autonetics", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/autonetics/", "s": "Autonetics pioneered inertial navigation for missiles, submarines, and aircraft."}, {"n": "Heading indicator", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/heading-indicator/", "s": "Gyroscopic instrument providing stable heading reference for aircraft."}, {"n": "Integrated standby instrument system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/integrated-standby-instrument-system/", "s": "Electronic backup instrument combining altimeter, airspeed, and attitude indication."}, {"n": "Flight director (aeronautics)", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/flight-director-aeronautics/", "s": "Displays pitch and bank angles needed to follow a selected flight path."}, {"n": "Earth inductor compass", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/earth-inductor-compass/", "s": "An electromagnetic compass using Earth's field as a generator."}, {"n": "F-14 CADC", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/f-14-cadc/", "s": "Early MOS-based flight control computer for the F-14 Tomcat."}, {"n": "Course deviation indicator", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/course-deviation-indicator/", "s": "An instrument showing lateral deviation from a selected course."}, {"n": "ELoran", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/eloran/", "s": "Terrestrial radio navigation system offering GPS-like accuracy and backup."}, {"n": "DO-160", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/do-160/", "s": "Standard for environmental testing of avionics hardware."}, {"n": "Y-Control for fighters", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/y-control-for-fighters/", "s": "German WWII radio guidance system for fighter interception."}, {"n": "Localizer performance with vertical guidance", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/localizer-performance-with-vertical-guidance/", "s": "SBAS-based approach with vertical guidance to 200-foot decision altitude."}, {"n": "Doppler velocity sensor", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/doppler-velocity-sensor/", "s": "Doppler radar measuring three-axis velocity for autonomous navigation."}, {"n": "Horizontal situation indicator", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/horizontal-situation-indicator/", "s": "Combines heading indicator with VOR-ILS display to reduce pilot workload."}, {"n": "Reeves Instrument Corporation", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/reeves-instrument-corporation/", "s": "Cold War developer of radar bomb scoring and guided missile simulators."}, {"n": "Hobbs meter", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/hobbs-meter/", "s": "Measures aircraft usage time; named after John Weston Hobbs."}, {"n": "Acron Aviation", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/acron-aviation/", "s": "Avionics and training provider formed from L3Harris commercial division."}, {"n": "BAE Systems Electronic Systems", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/bae-systems-electronic-systems/", "s": "BAE Systems ES supplies electronic warfare and avionics for military aircraft."}, {"n": "Automatic Independent Surveillance – Privacy", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/automatic-independent-surveillance-privacy/", "s": "A privacy-focused alternative to ADS-B for aircraft surveillance."}, {"n": "Benefield Anechoic Facility", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/benefield-anechoic-facility/", "s": "World's largest anechoic chamber for avionics and EW testing."}, {"n": "Honeywell Primus", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/honeywell-primus/", "s": "Honeywell Primus is a family of EFIS glass cockpits for diverse aircraft."}, {"n": "Quick access recorder", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/quick-access-recorder/", "s": "A secondary recorder providing quick access to flight data."}, {"n": "Machmeter", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/machmeter/", "s": "A pitot-static instrument displaying the ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound."}, {"n": "Avidyne Corporation", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/avidyne-corporation/", "s": "Avionics developer for light general aviation aircraft."}, {"n": "BAE Systems Avionics", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/bae-systems-avionics/", "s": "Avionics unit of BAE Systems until 2005, with roots in 1909."}, {"n": "GE Aviation Systems", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/ge-aviation-systems/", "s": "American aerospace supplier acquired by GE Aviation in 2007."}, {"n": "Multi-function display", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/multi-function-display/", "s": "A configurable screen displaying multiple data pages via soft keys."}, {"n": "Delco Carousel", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/delco-carousel/", "s": "Rotating inertial platform reduced drift for precise long-range navigation."}, {"n": "King Radio (company)", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/king-radio-company/", "s": "Manufacturer of general aviation avionics and gauges."}, {"n": "Attitude and heading reference system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/attitude-and-heading-reference-system/", "s": "Provides drift-free attitude and heading using sensor fusion."}, {"n": "Cockpit display system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/cockpit-display-system/", "s": "Avionics software providing the visible and audible HMI of glass cockpits."}, {"n": "Runway Awareness and Advisory System", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/runway-awareness-and-advisory-system/", "s": "Audible alerts confirm runway position and warn of taxiway takeoff attempts."}, {"n": "Satellite data unit", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/satellite-data-unit/", "s": "Avionics device enabling aircraft satellite communication for voice and data."}, {"n": "Enhanced avionics system", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/enhanced-avionics-system/", "s": "Integrated modular avionics suite for Dassault Falcon business jets."}, {"n": "Dynon Avionics", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/dynon-avionics/", "s": "American manufacturer of non-certified avionics for experimental and light sport aircraft."}, {"n": "Airplane Information Management System", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/airplane-information-management-system/", "s": "Integrated avionics system for the Boeing 777 aircraft."}, {"n": "Teldix", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/teldix/", "s": "German avionics firm that invented the anti-lock braking system."}, {"n": "Tach timer", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/tach-timer/", "s": "Measures engine revolutions as tach hours for maintenance scheduling."}, {"n": "Garmin G3000", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/garmin-g3000/", "s": "Integrated touchscreen avionics system for light turbine aircraft."}, {"n": "DO-297", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/do-297/", "s": "Guidance for certifying integrated modular avionics systems."}, {"n": "Blind Approach Beacon System", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/blind-approach-beacon-system/", "s": "Early radar landing system using a transponder van and aircraft interrogator."}, {"n": "Yaw-rate sensor", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/yaw-rate-sensor/", "s": "Gyroscopic device measuring angular velocity around a vehicle's vertical axis."}, {"n": "Inertial reference unit", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/inertial-reference-unit/", "s": "An inertial sensor for navigation without external references."}, {"n": "Uninterruptible autopilot", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/uninterruptible-autopilot/", "s": "Proposed system to automatically land hijacked aircraft."}, {"n": "Mode control panel", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/mode-control-panel/", "s": "Panel for selecting autopilot modes and flight automation."}, {"n": "Air data module", "u": "/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/air-data-module/", "s": "Converts pneumatic pressure to digital data for flight systems."}]