Finance And Investment Codexery — Data & Quality

We publish our audit record because accuracy claims should be checkable. Every entry on this site runs through an automated fact-audit pipeline (accuracy audit → source-grounded repair → visual QA); this page is generated from that pipeline's own report, not written by hand.

Last full accuracy audit: 2026-09-08 · 35 entries checked · 17 flagged · 40 issues confirmed · 0 corrected · 40 still open

Recent findings (audit lane, verbatim)

Credit — The entry states that American Express' American Express Card was issued in 1958 as a credit card, but it was a charge card requiring full payment each month, not a revolving credit card.

Credit — The entry says '97% of the money in the UK economy was created as credit' as of December 2013, but the Bank of England source states that 97% exists as bank deposits created by commercial bank lending, not strictly as 'credit' in the broad sense.

Credit card — The entry states 'In June 2018, there were 7.75 billion credit cards in the world' but the Nilson Report figure for general-purpose credit cards in 2018 is ~6.5 billion, and the 7.75 billion figure is unsupported or conflates card types without clarification.

Credit card — The entry states 'In 2020, there were 1.09 billion credit cards in circulation in the United States' but US credit card accounts in 2020 were ~500-600 million per Federal Reserve and other sources.

Credit rating — The claim that Singapore is the only country in Asia to achieve a AAA sovereign credit ranking from all major credit agencies is incorrect; Hong Kong also held AAA ratings from all major agencies until recent downgrades.

Credit rating — The claim that Singapore has been the least risky country in Euromoney's bi-annual country risk index since 2017 is not consistently accurate; the top spot has varied, with countries like Norway or Switzerland sometimes ranked as least risky.

Cryptocurrency — The entry states the NSA paper described a cryptocurrency system, but it actually described a centralized anonymous electronic cash system, not a cryptocurrency in the modern sense.

Derivatives market — The claim 'In Europe, the notional value of the derivatives market is €660 trillion' is unsupported by widely-known canon; no single authoritative source confirms this figure for the entire European derivatives market as a static fact, and it may be outdated o

Derivatives market — The claim 'total_notional_exchange_traded_2008=$81 trillion' is incorrect; BIS data shows the notional amount of exchange-traded derivatives at end-2008 was approximately $80.8 trillion, not $81 trillion.

Digital currency — Bitcoin was introduced in 2009, not 2008 (the first block was mined in January 2009, though the whitepaper was published in 2008).

Digital currency — The figure '79%' for electronic money in the UK economy is incorrect; the correct figure is roughly 97% (notes and coins are about 3%).

Dividend — The claim that the Dutch East India Company paid 'annual dividends worth around 18 percent of the value of its shares for almost 200 years' is inaccurate because the dividend rate varied significantly over time and was not consistently 18% annually for the ent

Dividend — The entry states that Sumiseki Materials Co Ltd v Wambo Coal Pty Ltd (2013) broke with precedent, but the case actually recognized a specific contractual right to a dividend under a shareholders' agreement, which is consistent with existing law, not a break fr

Euro — The entry states the euro is the official currency of 21 of the 27 EU member states, but the eurozone has 20 member states (Croatia joined in 2023, making 20, not 21).

Euro — The entry claims 'over €1.3 trillion in circulation as of December 2019' but the European Central Bank reported approximately €1.28 trillion in banknotes and coins at that time; the figure is slightly inflated.

Open data

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Corrections

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