{"https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-egypt/": {"t": "Cinema of Egypt", "s": "Egyptian cinema is a pioneer in African and Arab film industries."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/tunis/": {"t": "Tunis", "s": "Capital of Tunisia, historic city on the Gulf of Tunis."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/tunisia/": {"t": "Tunisia", "s": "A North African crossroads of ancient civilizations and modern aspirations."}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/e/auteur-directors/youssef-chahine/": {"t": "Youssef Chahine", "s": "Egyptian director of autobiographical films and international acclaim."}, "/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-nigeria/": {"t": "Cinema of Nigeria", "s": "From colonial peepholes to a global powerhouse: the story of Nollywood."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/gross-domestic-product/": {"t": "Gross domestic product", "s": "Monetary measure of total market value of final goods and services."}, "https://codexery.com/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/e/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/andr-gide/": {"t": "André Gide", "s": "French author and 1947 Nobel laureate in literature, known for exploring the conflict between personal identity and societal values.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/img/nobel-and-booker-prize-laureates/andr-gide.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: André Gide · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/bantu-educational-kinema-experiment/": {"t": "Bantu Educational Kinema Experiment", "s": "Colonial-era educational film project for African audiences."}, "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/e/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/alain-resnais/": {"t": "Alain Resnais", "s": "French director of memory, time, and narrative innovation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/img/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/alain-resnais.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alain Resnais · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/ousmane-semb-ne/": {"t": "Ousmane Sembène", "s": "Father of African film and one of Africa's greatest authors."}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/e/auteur-directors/george-miller-filmmaker/": {"t": "George Miller (filmmaker)", "s": "Australian filmmaker who created the Mad Max franchise."}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/e/auteur-directors/baz-luhrmann/": {"t": "Baz Luhrmann", "s": "Australian auteur known for stylized, music-driven films."}, "https://codexery.com/xenofiction-films/e/xenofiction-films/babe-film/": {"t": "Babe (film)", "s": "A pig who wants to be a sheepdog."}, "https://codexery.com/film-theater/e/film-and-theater/lumi-re-brothers/": {"t": "Lumière brothers", "s": "French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their motion picture system."}, "https://codexery.com/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/e/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/francis-james-gillen/": {"t": "Francis James Gillen", "s": "Early Australian anthropologist and ethnologist, co-author with Spencer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/img/archaeologists-and-anthropologists/francis-james-gillen.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Francis James Gillen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/sound-recording-and-reproduction/": {"t": "Sound recording and reproduction", "s": "Technology for inscribing and recreating sound waves."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/golden-age-hollywood/e/golden-age-hollywood/errol-flynn/": {"t": "Errol Flynn", "s": "The swashbuckling star of Hollywood's Golden Age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/golden-age-hollywood/img/golden-age-hollywood/errol-flynn.webp", "c": "A Cena Muda Magazine · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/cannes-film-festival/": {"t": "Cannes Film Festival", "s": "The most prestigious film festival in the world, held annually in Cannes, France."}, "https://codexery.com/golden-age-hollywood/e/golden-age-hollywood/ernest-borgnine/": {"t": "Ernest Borgnine", "s": "From Fatso Judson to Marty: the gruff-voiced Oscar winner who spanned six decades.", "i": "https://codexery.com/golden-age-hollywood/img/golden-age-hollywood/ernest-borgnine.webp", "c": "Donald Emmerich · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/golden-age-hollywood/e/golden-age-hollywood/john-mills/": {"t": "John Mills", "s": "English actor knighted in 1976, won Oscar for Ryan's Daughter."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/angela-lansbury/": {"t": "Angela Lansbury", "s": "Dame Angela Lansbury: A legendary actress and singer whose career spanned 80 years, from MGM films to Broadway stardom and global fame as Jessica Fletcher."}, "https://codexery.com/screen-legends/e/screen-legends/deborah-kerr/": {"t": "Deborah Kerr", "s": "The epitome of grace and discipline on screen."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-hollywood-icons/e/classic-hollywood-icons/robert-mitchum/": {"t": "Robert Mitchum", "s": "American actor and singer known for antihero roles and film noir appearances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classic-hollywood-icons/img/classic-hollywood-icons/robert-mitchum.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Mitchum · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/sean-connery/": {"t": "Sean Connery", "s": "The original James Bond and Oscar-winning Scottish actor."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/sydney/": {"t": "Sydney", "s": "The Harbour City, capital of New South Wales and Australia's largest city."}, "https://codexery.com/mad-max-fury-road/e/characters/mad-max-film/": {"t": "Mad Max (film)", "s": "A dystopian action film that launched a franchise.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mad-max-fury-road/img/characters/mad-max-film.webp", "c": "May be found at the following website: MoviePosterDB.com · via Wikipedia: Mad Max (film) · Fair use"}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/cinema-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Cinema of the United States", "s": "Hollywood shaped global cinema from the early 20th century."}, "/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Cinema of the United Kingdom", "s": "British cinema shaped global film from the 19th century onward."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/ottawa/": {"t": "Ottawa", "s": "Canada's capital at the confluence of the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/niagara-falls/": {"t": "Niagara Falls", "s": "Thundering waters at the border of Canada and the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/img/other-geographic-features/niagara-falls.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Niagara Falls · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-boer-war/": {"t": "Second Boer War", "s": "A colonial war over gold and British dominance in Southern Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-boer-war.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/american-fantasy-film-directors/e/american-fantasy-film-directors/j-searle-dawley/": {"t": "J. Searle Dawley", "s": "Prolific early film director of Frankenstein adaptation."}, "https://codexery.com/newsreels/e/newsreels/newsreel/": {"t": "Newsreel", "s": "Short documentary films that brought news to cinema audiences."}, "https://codexery.com/newsreels/e/newsreels/fox-news-1919-1930/": {"t": "Fox News (1919–1930)", "s": "Silent newsreel that set the pattern for moving-image journalism."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/first-red-scare/": {"t": "First Red Scare", "s": "A period of intense anti-radical fear in early 20th-century America."}, "https://codexery.com/publishers-and-media-moguls/e/publishers-and-media-moguls/max-aitken-1st-baron-beaverbrook/": {"t": "Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook", "s": "The Canadian-British press baron who built the Daily Express into the world's largest-circulation newspaper and wielded influence in wartime Britain."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/d-w-griffith/": {"t": "D. W. Griffith", "s": "Pioneer of film editing and narrative cinema, director of The Birth of a Nation and co-founder of United Artists."}, "https://codexery.com/newsreels/e/newsreels/associated-screen-news-of-canada/": {"t": "Associated Screen News of Canada", "s": "Canada's largest private film producer from the 1920s to the 1950s."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world/": {"t": "Arab world", "s": "A region of diverse peoples united by Arabic language and culture, spanning West Asia and North Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world.webp", "c": "Qbox673 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-africa/": {"t": "Cinema of Africa", "s": "African cinema spans diverse industries from Egypt to Nigeria."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/egyptian-arabic/": {"t": "Egyptian Arabic", "s": "The most widely spoken and studied variety of Arabic, rooted in the Nile Delta."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history/e/film-history/silent-film/": {"t": "Silent film", "s": "Silent films conveyed narrative and emotion visually, with live musical accompaniment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/film-history/img/film-history/silent-film.webp", "c": "Illuminating Company (Cleveland, Ohio) Publicity Department · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/umm-kulthum/": {"t": "Umm Kulthum", "s": "Egyptian singer and actress known as The Voice of Egypt, the Arab world's most celebrated 20th-century voice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/umm-kulthum.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Umm Kulthum · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mythography/e/mythography/golden-age/": {"t": "Golden Age", "s": "Mythical era of primordial peace, harmony, and effortless abundance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/giza/": {"t": "Giza", "s": "Third-largest city in Egypt, home to the Giza Plateau and the Great Pyramids."}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/gamal-abdel-nasser/": {"t": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "s": "Egyptian president who nationalized the Suez Canal and championed Arab unity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/img/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/gamal-abdel-nasser.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gamal Abdel Nasser · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/soad-hosny/": {"t": "Soad Hosny", "s": "The Cinderella of the Screen: Egypt's iconic actress whose 83 films defined an era."}, "https://codexery.com/international-cinema/e/international-cinema/faten-hamama/": {"t": "Faten Hamama", "s": "Egyptian screen icon and pioneering actress and producer."}, "https://codexery.com/international-film-icons/e/international-film-icons/omar-sharif/": {"t": "Omar Sharif", "s": "Egypt's greatest male film star who conquered Hollywood.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-film-icons/img/international-film-icons/omar-sharif.webp", "c": "nicolas genin from Paris, France · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/six-day-war/": {"t": "Six-Day War", "s": "In June 1967, a brief but intense conflict broke out between Israel and a coalition of Arab states—chiefly Egypt, Syria, and Jordan—lasting from the 5th to the "}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/schizophrenia/": {"t": "Schizophrenia", "s": "A chronic mental disorder with psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/schizophrenia.webp", "c": "cometstarmoon · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/music-hall/": {"t": "Music hall", "s": "From saloon bars to grand halls: the story of British music hall."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edgar-allan-poe/": {"t": "Edgar Allan Poe", "s": "Master of the macabre and pioneer of detective fiction"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/dada/": {"t": "Dada", "s": "International art movement rejecting prevailing ideas of art and society."}, "/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-italy/": {"t": "Cinema of Italy", "s": "Italian cinema has influenced film movements worldwide since its beginning."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/cinema-of-france/": {"t": "Cinema of France", "s": "French cinema refers to films produced by the French industry, whether shot in France or abroad by French companies."}, "https://codexery.com/actors-from-the-golden-age-of-hollywood/e/actors-from-the-golden-age-of-hollywood/louise-brooks/": {"t": "Louise Brooks", "s": "American actress and flapper icon of the silent and early sound era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/actors-from-the-golden-age-of-hollywood/img/actors-from-the-golden-age-of-hollywood/louise-brooks.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Louise Brooks · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-japan/": {"t": "Culture of Japan", "s": "Japanese culture blends ancient traditions with global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/img/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-japan.webp", "c": "U.S. Air Force photo by Airman 1st Class David S. Calcote · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/expressionism/": {"t": "Expressionism", "s": "A modernist movement emphasizing subjective emotional experience over physical reality."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/realism-arts/": {"t": "Realism (arts)", "s": "Truthful representation in art, from the mundane to the sublime."}, "https://codexery.com/mad-scientist-films/e/mad-scientist-films/the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari/": {"t": "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari", "s": "A silent horror film about a hypnotist and a somnambulist."}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/hypnosis/": {"t": "Hypnosis", "s": "A state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility."}, "https://codexery.com/a24-films/e/people/academy-awards/": {"t": "Academy Awards", "s": "Annual awards for cinematic excellence since 1929."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/e/military-conflicts-and-wars/greek-civil-war/": {"t": "Greek Civil War", "s": "First Cold War proxy conflict between Greek Communists and the royal government.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/img/military-conflicts-and-wars/greek-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Greek Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/e/auteur-directors/theo-angelopoulos/": {"t": "Theo Angelopoulos", "s": "Greek filmmaker known for long takes and political cinema."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/macedonia-greece/": {"t": "Macedonia (Greece)", "s": "Largest Greek region, ancient kingdom of Alexander the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/olympic-games/": {"t": "Olympic Games", "s": "International multi-sport events held every four years."}, "https://codexery.com/finnish-inventions/e/finnish-inventions/sound-film/": {"t": "Sound film", "s": "Motion picture with synchronized sound, commercially viable by the late 1920s."}, "https://codexery.com/hades/e/lore/prometheus-bound/": {"t": "Prometheus Bound", "s": "The Greek tragedy of the Titan chained to a Scythian mountain for giving fire to mortals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/hades/img/lore/prometheus-bound.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Prometheus Bound · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/a24-films/e/people/academy-award-for-best-original-song/": {"t": "Academy Award for Best Original Song", "s": "Annual award for original film songwriting."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/manos-hatzidakis/": {"t": "Manos Hatzidakis", "s": "Greek composer and theorist who won an Oscar but refused it, founder of the Orchestra of Colours."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/anthony-quinn/": {"t": "Anthony Quinn", "s": "Mexican-American actor, two-time Oscar winner, and civil rights activist."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-novels-and-plays/e/notable-novels-and-plays/zorba-the-greek/": {"t": "Zorba the Greek", "s": "Novel about a Greek intellectual and the vibrant Alexis Zorba."}, "https://codexery.com/agamemnon/e/agamemnon/electra-1962-film/": {"t": "Electra (1962 film)", "s": "Greek film adaptation of Euripides' Electra.", "i": "https://codexery.com/agamemnon/img/agamemnon/electra-1962-film.webp", "c": "Frederic Leighton · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/agamemnon/e/agamemnon/iphigenia-film/": {"t": "Iphigenia (film)", "s": "A Greek tragedy of sacrifice and fate."}, "https://codexery.com/a24-films/e/people/academy-award-for-best-international-feature-film/": {"t": "Academy Award for Best International Feature Film", "s": "Annual AMPAS award for non-English feature films."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/cinema-of-china/": {"t": "Cinema of China", "s": "China's film industry is a major global market and production hub."}, "/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-taiwan/": {"t": "Cinema of Taiwan", "s": "Taiwan cinema reflects the island's history through diverse film movements."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/overseas-chinese/": {"t": "Overseas Chinese", "s": "People of Chinese ancestry living and working outside Greater China."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/cinema-of-india/": {"t": "Cinema of India", "s": "India's cinema: a multilingual mosaic of film industries, from silent pioneers to global box-office leaders."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/cantopop/": {"t": "Cantopop", "s": "Cantopop is Cantonese pop music originating in 1970s Hong Kong."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/jackie-chan/": {"t": "Jackie Chan", "s": "The dragon who became a legend: Jackie Chan's eight-decade journey from stuntman to global icon."}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/e/auteur-directors/stephen-chow/": {"t": "Stephen Chow", "s": "The king of mo lei tau comedy who broke box office records and became a cultural icon."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/hokkien/": {"t": "Hokkien", "s": "A major Southern Min Chinese variety with global diaspora influence."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Largest Asian war of the 20th century, intertwined with World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Unknown photographer, Ministry of the Navy · via Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/documentary-film/": {"t": "Documentary film", "s": "Nonfiction film documenting reality for instruction or record."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies/": {"t": "Dutch East Indies", "s": "Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia after war and negotiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies.webp", "c": "Roger Veringmeier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-folklore/e/indonesian-folklore/lutung-kasarung/": {"t": "Lutung Kasarung", "s": "A Sundanese tale of a cursed god and a banished princess."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bandung/": {"t": "Bandung", "s": "Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia, located on the western highland of Java island."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/dutch-people/": {"t": "Dutch people", "s": "Ethnic group native to the Netherlands, with global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/propaganda/": {"t": "Propaganda", "s": "Communication used to influence audiences and further an agenda."}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/west-sumatra/": {"t": "West Sumatra", "s": "Land of the Minangkabau"}, "/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-hong-kong/": {"t": "Cinema of Hong Kong", "s": "A commercial cinema hub with global influence and distinctive identity."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/television/": {"t": "Television", "s": "A telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/soap-opera/": {"t": "Soap opera", "s": "The genre of long-running serials that began on radio and continues on television, known for melodrama, ensemble casts, and continuous storylines."}, "https://codexery.com/french-inventions/e/french-inventions/animation/": {"t": "Animation", "s": "Animation creates the illusion of life through sequenced images."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/sculptures-and-statues/relief/": {"t": "Relief", "s": "Sculptural method where forms remain attached to a solid background."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/persepolis/": {"t": "Persepolis", "s": "Persepolis served as the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, which lasted from around 550 to 330 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire/": {"t": "Sasanian Empire", "s": "Iranian empire lasting from 224 to 651 AD.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire.webp", "c": "Original file by Ro4444, edited by me · via Wikipedia: Sasanian Empire · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/performing-arts-and-crafts/marionette/": {"t": "Marionette", "s": "String puppets controlled from above by a marionettist."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ferdowsi/": {"t": "Ferdowsi", "s": "Author of the Shahnameh, the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/ethics/": {"t": "Ethics", "s": "Philosophical study of moral phenomena and normative questions."}, "https://codexery.com/ethics-morality/e/ethics-and-morality/compassion/": {"t": "Compassion", "s": "Social emotion motivating relief of suffering in others and self."}, "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/e/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/abbas-kiarostami/": {"t": "Abbas Kiarostami", "s": "The master of Iranian cinema who blurred fiction and reality.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/img/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/abbas-kiarostami.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Abbas Kiarostami · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/iranian-revolution/": {"t": "Iranian Revolution", "s": "Overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty and establishment of an Islamic republic."}, "https://codexery.com/jaws/e/jaws/jaws-film/": {"t": "Jaws (film)", "s": "A man-eating great white shark terrorizes a resort town."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-world-films/e/lost-world-films/sky-captain-and-the-world-of-tomorrow/": {"t": "Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow", "s": "A 2004 digital-backlot film blending actors with CG surroundings."}, "https://codexery.com/xenofiction-films/e/xenofiction-films/alpha-and-omega-film/": {"t": "Alpha and Omega (film)", "s": "A 2010 animated film about two wolves from opposing packs."}, "https://codexery.com/british-literary-classics/e/british-literary-classics/lady-chatterley-s-lover/": {"t": "Lady Chatterley's Lover", "s": "Final novel by D. H. Lawrence, subject of landmark obscenity trial."}, "https://codexery.com/international-cinema-stars/e/international-cinema-stars/jamshid-mashayekhi/": {"t": "Jamshid Mashayekhi", "s": "Iranian actor and pillar of Iranian cinema history."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/mimesis/": {"t": "Mimesis", "s": "Representation of reality in art and literature."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/italian-peninsula/": {"t": "Italian Peninsula", "s": "Boot-shaped peninsula comprising much of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fantasy-films/e/italian-fantasy-films/l-inferno/": {"t": "L'Inferno", "s": "First full-length Italian feature film, adapted from Dante's Inferno."}, "https://codexery.com/sword-and-sorcery-films/e/sword-and-sorcery-films/cabiria/": {"t": "Cabiria", "s": "The epic that freed cinema from the static gaze.", "i": "https://codexery.com/sword-and-sorcery-films/img/sword-and-sorcery-films/cabiria.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-film-directors/e/auteur-film-directors/roberto-rossellini/": {"t": "Roberto Rossellini", "s": "Pioneer of Italian neorealism and master of humanist cinema.", "i": "https://codexery.com/auteur-film-directors/img/auteur-film-directors/roberto-rossellini.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Roberto Rossellini · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/e/film-and-theater-icons/vittorio-de-sica/": {"t": "Vittorio De Sica", "s": "Italian neorealist director and actor, four-time Oscar winner.", "i": "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/img/film-and-theater-icons/vittorio-de-sica.webp", "c": "Stevan Kragujević · via Wikipedia: Vittorio De Sica · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/film-directors-masters-of-world-cinema/e/film-directors-masters-of-world-cinema/michelangelo-antonioni/": {"t": "Michelangelo Antonioni", "s": "Italian director of enigmatic, visually striking alienation films."}, "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/e/film-and-theater-icons/sophia-loren/": {"t": "Sophia Loren", "s": "Italian actress and Golden Age Hollywood icon."}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-film-directors/e/auteur-film-directors/sergio-leone/": {"t": "Sergio Leone", "s": "The Roman director who invented the spaghetti Western and remade the myth of the American West.", "i": "https://codexery.com/auteur-film-directors/img/auteur-film-directors/sergio-leone.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sergio Leone · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/giallo-films/e/giallo-films/giallo/": {"t": "Giallo", "s": "Italian thriller-horror genre blending mystery, violence, and eroticism."}, "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/e/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/bernardo-bertolucci/": {"t": "Bernardo Bertolucci", "s": "Italian director known for visually rich, politically charged films.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/img/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/bernardo-bertolucci.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bernardo Bertolucci · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/comedy-legends/e/comedy-legends/roberto-benigni/": {"t": "Roberto Benigni", "s": "The Italian comedy legend who danced on the Oscars stage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/comedy-legends/img/comedy-legends/roberto-benigni.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Giorgio Cantarini · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/sculpture/david-donatello-bronze/": {"t": "David (Donatello, bronze)", "s": "First freestanding nude male bronze since antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/margherita-of-savoy/": {"t": "Margherita of Savoy", "s": "Queen of Italy, mother of Victor Emmanuel III."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/a24-films/e/people/academy-award-for-best-picture/": {"t": "Academy Award for Best Picture", "s": "The Academy's highest honor for film production."}, "https://codexery.com/a24-films/e/people/academy-award-for-best-original-screenplay/": {"t": "Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay", "s": "Oscar for screenplays not based on previously published material."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-jong-il/": {"t": "Kim Jong-il", "s": "Second supreme leader of North Korea"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/kaiju/": {"t": "Kaiju", "s": "Japanese giant monster film subgenre using suitmation and social commentary."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-science-fiction-films/e/japanese-science-fiction-films/godzilla-franchise/": {"t": "Godzilla (franchise)", "s": "A prehistoric monster powered by nuclear radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/e/american-and-caribbean-leaders/porfirio-d-az/": {"t": "Porfirio Díaz", "s": "Mexican general and president who ruled for over thirty years during the Porfiriato.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-and-caribbean-leaders/img/american-and-caribbean-leaders/porfirio-d-az.webp", "c": "Aurelio Escobar Castellanos, Archive · via Wikipedia: Porfirio Díaz · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/mexican-revolution/": {"t": "Mexican Revolution", "s": "A decade-long civil war that reshaped Mexican government and society."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/thomas-edison/": {"t": "Thomas Edison", "s": "The Wizard of Menlo Park who lit up the world", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/thomas-edison.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Thomas Edison · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/e/film-and-theater-icons/sergei-eisenstein/": {"t": "Sergei Eisenstein", "s": "Pioneer of montage and master of Soviet cinema."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/lagos/": {"t": "Lagos", "s": "Africa's most populous city and a major financial and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/camouflage-patterns/e/camouflage-patterns/geoffrey-barkas/": {"t": "Geoffrey Barkas", "s": "Filmmaker who turned camouflage into battlefield deception."}, "/e/film-history-and-movements/color-motion-picture-film/": {"t": "Color motion picture film", "s": "Color motion picture film records color using multiple light-sensitive layers."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/e/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/herbert-macaulay/": {"t": "Herbert Macaulay", "s": "Founder of Nigerian nationalism and opponent of colonial policies."}, "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/e/nigerian-states/bauchi-state/": {"t": "Bauchi State", "s": "Northeastern Nigerian state formed in 1976.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/img/nigerian-states/bauchi-state.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bauchi State · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/e/nigerian-states/plateau-state/": {"t": "Plateau State", "s": "Nigerian state known for its plateau, tourism, and mineral resources.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/img/nigerian-states/plateau-state.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Plateau State · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/english-inventions/e/english-inventions/celluloid/": {"t": "Celluloid", "s": "A nitrocellulose and camphor plastic, first made in 1855."}, "https://codexery.com/french-horror-films/e/french-horror-films/french-horror/": {"t": "Horror films in France", "s": "French horror films vary in content and style regionally."}, "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/e/nigerian-states/lagos-state/": {"t": "Lagos State", "s": "Nigeria's smallest state by area, largest by population."}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/goodluck-jonathan/": {"t": "Goodluck Jonathan", "s": "First Nigerian president to concede election defeat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/img/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/goodluck-jonathan.webp", "c": "World Economic Forum · via Wikipedia: Goodluck Jonathan · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-anthology-television/e/science-fiction-anthology-television-series/kizazi-moto-generation-fire/": {"t": "Kizazi Moto: Generation Fire", "s": "An African animated anthology of original sci-fi films."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/e/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/yoruba-language/": {"t": "Yoruba language", "s": "A major West African language with a rich dialect continuum and diaspora liturgical use."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hausa-language/": {"t": "Hausa language", "s": "The most widely spoken Chadic language, serving as a lingua franca across West Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/international-cinema-stars/e/international-cinema-stars/jackie-appiah/": {"t": "Jackie Appiah", "s": "Canadian-Ghanaian actress celebrated in West African cinema."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/los-angeles/": {"t": "Los Angeles", "s": "The City of Angels, a global hub of culture and commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-inventors/e/spanish-inventors/fructu-s-gelabert/": {"t": "Fructuós Gelabert", "s": "Catalan inventor, screenwriter, and pioneer of Spanish cinema."}, "https://codexery.com/silent-science-fiction-films/e/silent-science-fiction-films/h-tel-lectrique/": {"t": "Hôtel électrique", "s": "1908 French trick film using early stop motion."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/film-theater/e/film-and-theater/luis-bu-uel/": {"t": "Luis Buñuel", "s": "Spanish-Mexican filmmaker known for surrealist and satirical cinema."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/salvador-dal/": {"t": "Salvador Dalí", "s": "Spanish surrealist master of striking and bizarre imagery", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/salvador-dal.webp", "c": "Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964. · via Wikipedia: Salvador Dalí · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/spanish-civil-war/": {"t": "Spanish Civil War", "s": "The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain between 1936 and 1939, pitting the Republican faction against the Nationalist rebels."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-franco/": {"t": "Francisco Franco", "s": "Spanish military general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/protectionism/": {"t": "Protectionism", "s": "Economic policy restricting imports to protect domestic industries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/protectionism.webp", "c": "John Atkinson Hobson · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dance/e/dance/flamenco/": {"t": "Flamenco", "s": "An Andalusian art form rooted in gitano and folk traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/taiwan-under-japanese-rule/": {"t": "Taiwan under Japanese rule", "s": "The period of Japanese rule over Taiwan began in 1895 after the Qing dynasty ceded Fujian-Taiwan Province to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, following Japan"}, "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/e/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/ang-lee/": {"t": "Ang Lee", "s": "Taiwanese filmmaker acclaimed for emotionally charged, award-winning films.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/img/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/ang-lee.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ang Lee · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/e/auteur-directors/tsai-ming-liang/": {"t": "Tsai Ming-liang", "s": "Tsai Ming-liang (born 27 October 1957) is a Malaysian-born filmmaker based in Taiwan, recognized as a leading figure in Slow Cinema and the \"Second New Wave\" of", "i": "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/img/auteur-directors/tsai-ming-liang.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edward Yang · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/chinese-civil-war/": {"t": "Chinese Civil War", "s": "Civil war between KMT and CCP, ending in Communist victory."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/mandarin-chinese/": {"t": "Mandarin Chinese", "s": "Largest Sinitic language branch, basis of Standard Chinese.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/mandarin-chinese.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mandarin Chinese · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/film-classics/e/film-classics/a-brighter-summer-day/": {"t": "A Brighter Summer Day", "s": "A Taiwanese epic crime drama set in the late 1950s–early '60s."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-films/e/notable-films/crouching-tiger-hidden-dragon/": {"t": "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon", "s": "A wuxia film that became a surprise international success."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/taboo/": {"t": "Taboo", "s": "Social prohibitions rooted in sacredness or repulsion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/img/crime-and-deviance/taboo.webp", "c": "Walterlan Papetti · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/short-story/": {"t": "Short story", "s": "A brief prose narrative evoking a single effect or mood."}, "https://codexery.com/taiwanese-horror-films/e/taiwanese-horror-films/detention-2019-film/": {"t": "Detention (2019 film)", "s": "A politically charged horror film set during Taiwan's White Terror."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/bangkok/": {"t": "Bangkok", "s": "City of Angels"}, "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/e/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/apichatpong-weerasethakul/": {"t": "Apichatpong Weerasethakul", "s": "Thai filmmaker known for dreamlike, unconventional narratives.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/img/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/apichatpong-weerasethakul.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Apichatpong Weerasethakul · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/international-film-stars/e/international-film-stars/tony-jaa/": {"t": "Tony Jaa", "s": "The Thai action icon who redefined martial arts cinema."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/thai-language/": {"t": "Thai language", "s": "Thai is the sole official language of Thailand."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/action-film/": {"t": "Action film", "s": "Explosions, fights, and spectacle: the evolution of action cinema from the 1910s to the post-9/11 era."}, "https://codexery.com/thai-folklore/e/thai-folklore/thai-folklore/": {"t": "Thai folklore", "s": "Thai folklore blends ancient Tai beliefs with popular culture."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/civil-service/": {"t": "Civil service", "s": "The backbone of government: impartial, professional, and permanent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/civil-service.webp", "c": "Harry Mitchell · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/taboo/e/taboo/euphemism/": {"t": "Euphemism", "s": "A linguistic substitution to soften offensive or taboo expressions."}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/mistress-lover/": {"t": "Mistress (lover)", "s": "A long-term female lover of a married man, often kept."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/thai-people/": {"t": "Thai people", "s": "The Thai people, historically known as Siamese, are a Tai ethnic group native to Thailand, speaking Kra–Dai languages and predominantly following Theravada Budd"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/turkish-language/": {"t": "Turkish language", "s": "Most widely spoken Turkic language, official in Turkey and Cyprus."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-turkey/": {"t": "Culture of Turkey", "s": "Eastern and Western traditions, side by side on one street, one table, one prayer."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-folklore/e/turkish-folklore/meddah/": {"t": "Meddah", "s": "Traditional Turkish storyteller who performed in coffeehouses from the 16th"}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-folklore/e/turkish-folklore/karag-z-and-hacivat/": {"t": "Karagöz and Hacivat", "s": "Traditional Ottoman shadow puppets of contrasting social classes."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/ankara/": {"t": "Ankara", "s": "Capital of Turkey, ancient Galatian and Roman center."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/adana/": {"t": "Adana", "s": "A historic city on the Seyhan River, gateway to the fertile Çukurova plain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/adana.webp", "c": "Basak · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/diyarbak-r/": {"t": "Diyarbakır", "s": "Ancient city on the Tigris, Kurdish cultural and political center."}, "https://codexery.com/newsreels/e/newsreels/path/": {"t": "Pathé", "s": "French film pioneer and inventor of the newsreel."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/louis-le-prince/": {"t": "Louis Le Prince", "s": "Early motion-picture pioneer whose disappearance shrouded his legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/screen-legends/e/screen-legends/alec-guinness/": {"t": "Alec Guinness", "s": "One of the great British theatre actors who made the transition to films after the war.", "i": "https://codexery.com/screen-legends/img/screen-legends/alec-guinness.webp", "c": "Allan warren · via Wikipedia: Alec Guinness · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/patrick-stewart/": {"t": "Patrick Stewart", "s": "From the Royal Shakespeare Company to the starship Enterprise, Sir Patrick Stewart has commanded the stage and screen for over six decades."}, "https://codexery.com/actors-filmmakers/e/actors-and-filmmakers/julie-andrews/": {"t": "Julie Andrews", "s": "The English star of Mary Poppins and The Sound of Music, with a career spanning stage, screen and books.", "i": "https://codexery.com/actors-filmmakers/img/actors-and-filmmakers/julie-andrews.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Julie Andrews · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/michael-caine/": {"t": "Michael Caine", "s": "British cultural icon and two-time Oscar winner, Sir Michael Caine retired in 2023 after eight decades on screen."}, "https://codexery.com/stage-and-screen-actresses/e/stage-and-screen-actresses/joan-collins/": {"t": "Joan Collins", "s": "From Dynasty to Dame: The enduring star of stage and screen."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/judi-dench/": {"t": "Judi Dench", "s": "One of Britain's greatest actresses, known for seven decades of stage and screen work, including her iconic role as M in the James Bond series."}, "https://codexery.com/stage-and-screen-actresses/e/stage-and-screen-actresses/helen-mirren/": {"t": "Helen Mirren", "s": "English actor; only person to achieve both US and UK Triple Crowns of Acting."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/olivia-de-havilland/": {"t": "Olivia de Havilland", "s": "Golden Age star, two-time Oscar winner, and last surviving major icon."}, "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/e/performers-and-entertainers/audrey-hepburn/": {"t": "Audrey Hepburn", "s": "British actress and humanitarian, ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend from the Classical Hollywood cinema.", "i": "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/img/performers-and-entertainers/audrey-hepburn.webp", "c": "FakirNL · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/anthony-hopkins/": {"t": "Anthony Hopkins", "s": "Welsh actor known for his iconic roles on screen and stage."}, "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/e/film-and-theater-icons/vivien-leigh/": {"t": "Vivien Leigh", "s": "British actress, winner of the Academy Award for Best Actress twice, and above all a stage performer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/img/film-and-theater-icons/vivien-leigh.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vivien Leigh · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/ian-mckellen/": {"t": "Ian McKellen", "s": "English actor, stage and screen icon, knighted in 1991."}, "https://codexery.com/film-theater/e/film-and-theater/peter-o-toole/": {"t": "Peter O'Toole", "s": "English and Irish actor; film stardom in 1962 as T. E. Lawrence; eight competitive Oscar nominations without a win; Honorary Oscar in 2002."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/laurence-olivier/": {"t": "Laurence Olivier", "s": "English actor and director who dominated mid-20th century British stage."}, "https://codexery.com/actors-filmmakers/e/actors-and-filmmakers/john-gielgud/": {"t": "John Gielgud", "s": "English actor and director, dominant figure of mid-20th-century British stage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/actors-filmmakers/img/actors-and-filmmakers/john-gielgud.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Phil Brown (actor) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/alan-rickman/": {"t": "Alan Rickman", "s": "The iconic actor known for his deep voice and memorable roles from Die Hard to Harry Potter."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-leading-men-women/e/modern-leading-men-and-women/rachel-weisz/": {"t": "Rachel Weisz", "s": "British actress who won an Academy Award for The Constant Gardener and moved easily between blockbusters and indie drama.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-leading-men-women/img/modern-leading-men-and-women/rachel-weisz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rachel Weisz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/british-film-series/e/british-film-series/harry-potter-film-series/": {"t": "Harry Potter (film series)", "s": "Eight fantasy films based on J. K. Rowling's novels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-film-series/img/british-film-series/harry-potter-film-series.webp", "c": "Mademoiselle Ortie / Elodie Tihange · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/thunderball/e/thunderball/production-of-the-james-bond-films/": {"t": "Production of the James Bond films", "s": "Eon Productions' long-running spy film series."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alfred-hitchcock/": {"t": "Alfred Hitchcock", "s": "Master of Suspense"}, "https://codexery.com/clowning-physical-comedy/e/clowning-and-physical-comedy/charlie-chaplin/": {"t": "Charlie Chaplin", "s": "English comic actor and filmmaker, iconic as the Tramp.", "i": "https://codexery.com/clowning-physical-comedy/img/clowning-and-physical-comedy/charlie-chaplin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charlie Chaplin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/cary-grant/": {"t": "Cary Grant", "s": "The debonair leading man of classic Hollywood."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/e/chemical-substances-and-materials/nitrocellulose/": {"t": "Nitrocellulose", "s": "Highly flammable compound used in explosives, photography, and lacquers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/img/chemical-substances-and-materials/nitrocellulose.webp", "c": "Aleksander Sobolewski · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-dickens/": {"t": "Charles Dickens", "s": "The most famous celebrity of his era, Dickens pioneered serial publication and remains a literary giant."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/yorkshire/": {"t": "Yorkshire", "s": "God's own country"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-about-ghosts/e/novels-about-ghosts/a-christmas-carol/": {"t": "A Christmas Carol", "s": "A miser is transformed by ghostly visits on Christmas Eve."}, "https://codexery.com/films-based-on-alice-in-wonderland/e/films-based-on-alice-in-wonderland/alice-in-wonderland-1903-film/": {"t": "Alice in Wonderland (1903 film)", "s": "First film adaptation of Lewis Carroll's classic tale."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lewis-carroll/": {"t": "Lewis Carroll", "s": "English author, poet, mathematician, photographer, and Anglican deacon known for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and literary nonsense."}, "https://codexery.com/high-fantasy-novels/e/high-fantasy-novels/alice-s-adventures-in-wonderland/": {"t": "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", "s": "A Victorian fantasy of logic, language, and a girl's journey."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/spanish-flu/": {"t": "Spanish flu", "s": "A deadly global pandemic misnamed after Spain due to wartime censorship."}, "https://codexery.com/children-s-and-young-adult-literature/e/childrens-and-young-adult-literature/a-a-milne/": {"t": "A. A. Milne", "s": "English writer of Winnie-the-Pooh and children's poetry."}, "https://codexery.com/mystery-crime-writers/e/mystery-and-crime-writers/edgar-wallace/": {"t": "Edgar Wallace", "s": "Prolific British thriller writer and screenwriter of King Kong.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mystery-crime-writers/img/mystery-and-crime-writers/edgar-wallace.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edgar Wallace · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/impressionism/": {"t": "Impressionism", "s": "A 19th-century French art movement emphasizing light and ordinary subjects."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/marcel-duchamp/": {"t": "Marcel Duchamp", "s": "French artist who created readymades as an antidote to retinal art."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/man-ray/": {"t": "Man Ray", "s": "American-born, French-naturalized artist known for Dada, Surrealism, and rayographs."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/erik-satie/": {"t": "Erik Satie", "s": "French composer and pianist"}, "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/e/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/abel-gance/": {"t": "Abel Gance", "s": "Pioneer of montage and silent film epic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/img/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/abel-gance.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Abel Gance · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneering-women-in-film/e/pioneering-women-in-film/maya-deren/": {"t": "Maya Deren", "s": "Pioneer of avant-garde cinema who merged dance, ethnography, and film into perceptual experiences."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/e/auteur-directors/stan-brakhage/": {"t": "Stan Brakhage", "s": "The visionary who painted with light and celluloid.", "i": "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/img/auteur-directors/stan-brakhage.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stanley Kubrick · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/luminous-intensity/": {"t": "Luminous intensity", "s": "Measure of perceived power per unit solid angle."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/visible-spectrum/": {"t": "Visible spectrum", "s": "The range of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye."}, "https://codexery.com/german-inventions/e/german-inventions/aniline/": {"t": "Aniline", "s": "Simplest aromatic amine, key industrial chemical and dye precursor."}, "https://codexery.com/film-classics/e/film-classics/a-trip-to-the-moon/": {"t": "A Trip to the Moon", "s": "A 1902 French science-fiction trick film by Georges Méliès."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cecil-b-demille/": {"t": "Cecil B. DeMille", "s": "The founding father of American cinema and master of epic showmanship."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-world-films/e/lost-world-films/lost-continent-1951-film/": {"t": "Lost Continent (1951 film)", "s": "Lost in a prehistoric world of atomic terror!"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/video/": {"t": "Video", "s": "Electronic medium for recording and displaying moving visual images."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mary-pickford/": {"t": "Mary Pickford", "s": "The original 'America's Sweetheart' and silent film pioneer."}, "https://codexery.com/screen-legends/e/screen-legends/douglas-fairbanks/": {"t": "Douglas Fairbanks", "s": "The King of Hollywood who defined the swashbuckling hero."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/prism-optics/": {"t": "Prism (optics)", "s": "Transparent element that refracts, reflects, or polarizes light.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/prism-optics.webp", "c": "Polarbear24 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/animated-television-series-about/e/animated-television-series-about-princesses/sailor-moon-tv-series/": {"t": "Sailor Moon (TV series)", "s": "A schoolgirl becomes a magical warrior to defend Earth."}}