{"https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war/": {"t": "Seven Years' War", "s": "Global war that reshaped European and colonial power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war.webp", "c": "Blaue Max · via Wikipedia: Seven Years' War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/jean-le-rond-d-alembert/": {"t": "Jean Le Rond d'Alembert", "s": "French mathematician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/french-and-indian-war/": {"t": "French and Indian War", "s": "North American conflict between Britain and France for colonial dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-canada/e/world-heritage-sites-in-canada/quebec-city/": {"t": "Quebec City", "s": "One of the oldest European settlements in North America, and the only fortified city north of Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/st-lawrence-river/": {"t": "St. Lawrence River", "s": "Major North American river connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/st-lawrence-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St. Lawrence River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/montreal/": {"t": "Montreal", "s": "Montreal (French: Montréal) sits as Quebec’s biggest city, Canada’s second-largest, and North America’s eighth-largest."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xv/": {"t": "Louis XV", "s": "King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774; second longest reign in French history."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nantes/": {"t": "Nantes", "s": "City of the Dukes of Brittany on the Loire"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/jeanne-baret/": {"t": "Jeanne Baret", "s": "First woman to circumnavigate the globe, disguised as a man."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/tahiti/": {"t": "Tahiti", "s": "Largest island of French Polynesia, settled by Polynesians by 1100 CE.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/tahiti.webp", "c": "Fred the Oyster · via Wikipedia: Tahiti · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/great-barrier-reef/": {"t": "Great Barrier Reef", "s": "World's largest coral reef system, visible from outer space.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/great-barrier-reef.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Great Barrier Reef · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/smallpox/": {"t": "Smallpox", "s": "Eradicated viral disease that killed hundreds of millions."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/patagonia/": {"t": "Patagonia", "s": "A vast region spanning southern South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/patagonia.webp", "c": "Argentixs · CC0"}, "/e/explorers-of-the-americas/p-nfilo-de-narv-ez/": {"t": "Pánfilo de Narváez", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led two failed expeditions in the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/european-colonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "European colonization of the Americas", "s": "European colonization of the Americas: from Norse voyages to the establishment of settler colonial states."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hispaniola/": {"t": "Hispaniola", "s": "Caribbean island divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/hern-n-cort-s/": {"t": "Hernán Cortés", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led the fall of the Aztec Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/hern-n-cort-s.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Hernán Cortés · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/e/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/diego-vel-zquez-de-cu-llar/": {"t": "Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar", "s": "First governor of Cuba who chartered expeditions to Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/south-carolina/": {"t": "South Carolina", "s": "A southeastern U.S. state with a pivotal role in American history."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/encomienda/": {"t": "Encomienda", "s": "A Spanish labor system that entrusts conquered peoples to conquerors."}, "https://codexery.com/individual-angels/e/individual-angels/michael-archangel/": {"t": "Michael (archangel)", "s": "Archangel, warrior of God, and guardian prince of Israel."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ponce-de-leon/": {"t": "Ponce de Leon", "s": "Spanish explorer who led first European expeditions to Puerto Rico and Florida.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ponce-de-leon.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Juan Ponce de León · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/st-augustine-florida/": {"t": "St. Augustine, Florida", "s": "Oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the contiguous U.S.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/st-augustine-florida.webp", "c": "Uncredited · Public domain"}, "/e/explorers-of-the-americas/pedro-fernandes-de-queir-s/": {"t": "Pedro Fernandes de Queirós", "s": "Portuguese navigator who sought Terra Australis for Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea/": {"t": "New Guinea", "s": "The world's second-largest island, rich in biodiversity and cultural history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German New Guinea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/torres-strait/": {"t": "Torres Strait", "s": "Strait between Australia and New Guinea, named after Spanish navigator Torres."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/galicia-spain/": {"t": "Galicia (Spain)", "s": "Northwest Spanish region with Celtic roots and self-government."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/neologism/": {"t": "Neologism", "s": "A newly formed word gaining mainstream acceptance."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/acapulco/": {"t": "Acapulco", "s": "Historic Pacific port and resort city in Guerrero, Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-york-peninsula/": {"t": "Cape York Peninsula", "s": "Largest wilderness in northern Australia with global environmental significance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-york-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cape York Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/willem-janszoon/": {"t": "Willem Janszoon", "s": "Dutch navigator who made first recorded European landfall in Australia."}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-cities/e/indonesian-cities/ternate/": {"t": "Ternate", "s": "Historic spice-trade center and former sultanate capital."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands/": {"t": "Maluku Islands", "s": "The Spice Islands at the crossroads of Asia and Oceania.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maluku Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/james-cook/": {"t": "James Cook", "s": "British Royal Navy officer who mapped much of the Pacific and Southern Oceans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/james-cook.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Cook · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/baffin-island/": {"t": "Baffin Island", "s": "Largest Canadian island, inhabited for at least 3,000 years."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/hornblende/": {"t": "Hornblende", "s": "A dark amphibole mineral series common in igneous and metamorphic rocks."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/yorkshire/": {"t": "Yorkshire", "s": "God's own country"}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/grains-of-paradise/": {"t": "Grains of paradise", "s": "A pungent West African spice once traded as 'grains of paradise.'"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/elmina-castle/": {"t": "Elmina Castle", "s": "The oldest European building in Sub-Saharan Africa, built by the Portuguese in 1482.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/img/notable-buildings-and-monuments/elmina-castle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fort William, Ghana · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/henry-viii/": {"t": "Henry VIII", "s": "King of England (1509–1547) and Ireland (1542–1547), known for his six marriages and the English Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/humphrey-gilbert/": {"t": "Humphrey Gilbert", "s": "English adventurer and pioneer of North American colonization."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elizabeth-i/": {"t": "Elizabeth I", "s": "The Virgin Queen who presided over the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/davis-strait/": {"t": "Davis Strait", "s": "A southern arm of the Arctic Ocean between Greenland and Baffin Island, known for fierce tides and geological complexity."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/inuit/": {"t": "Inuit", "s": "Inuit are Indigenous Arctic peoples descended from the Thule culture."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/the-tower-of-london/": {"t": "The Tower of London", "s": "A historic citadel and castle on the north bank of the River Thames, founded in 1066."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/windsor-castle/": {"t": "Windsor Castle", "s": "A royal residence embodying almost a millennium of architectural history."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/sir-francis-drake/": {"t": "Sir Francis Drake", "s": "English explorer and privateer who led the second circumnavigation of the globe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/sir-francis-drake.webp", "c": "Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger · via Wikipedia: Francis Drake · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/christopher-columbus/": {"t": "Christopher Columbus", "s": "Italian explorer who opened the Americas to European colonization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/christopher-columbus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/vicente-y-ez-pinz-n/": {"t": "Vicente Yáñez Pinzón", "s": "Spanish navigator, captain of the Niña, and Amazon River discoverer."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/canary-islands/": {"t": "Canary Islands", "s": "The Fortunate Isles: a subtropical archipelago linking Africa, Europe, and the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/bartolom-de-las-casas/": {"t": "Bartolomé de las Casas", "s": "Spanish cleric and activist who fought colonial abuse of Indigenous peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/guanahani/": {"t": "Guanahani", "s": "The first landfall of Columbus in the New World, its exact identity remains a mystery."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-and-genomics/e/genetics-and-genomics/genetics/": {"t": "Genetics", "s": "Study of genes and heredity"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/andr-s-de-urdaneta/": {"t": "Andrés de Urdaneta", "s": "Explorer who charted the Manila galleon route and became an Augustinian friar."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/cebu-city/": {"t": "Cebu City", "s": "Highly urbanized city, capital of Cebu, and core of Metro Cebu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/cebu-city.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cebu City · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/gonzalo-fern-ndez-de-c-rdoba/": {"t": "Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba", "s": "Spanish general who transformed warfare with firearms and pikes."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/italian-wars/": {"t": "Italian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts driven by French–Habsburg rivalry in Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ferdinand-magellan/": {"t": "Ferdinand Magellan", "s": "Portuguese explorer who planned and led the first circumnavigation of Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ferdinand-magellan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ferdinand Magellan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/e/portuguese-inventions/carrack/": {"t": "Carrack", "s": "A three- or four-masted ocean-going ship developed in 14th–15th century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/img/portuguese-inventions/carrack.webp", "c": "Gordon Grant (1875–1962); plates signed “G.G.” · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/spaniards/": {"t": "Spaniards", "s": "Spaniards are an ethnic group indigenous to Spain with a global legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/typhoid/": {"t": "Typhoid", "s": "A bacterial disease spread through contaminated food or water."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/moro-people/": {"t": "Moro people", "s": "The 13 Muslim-majority ethnolinguistic Austronesian groups native to the Bangsamoro region of the Philippines."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/luzon/": {"t": "Luzon", "s": "The largest and most populous island of the Philippines, economic and political center of the nation."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/mindanao/": {"t": "Mindanao", "s": "Second-largest Philippine island, major agricultural hub, religiously diverse.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/mindanao.webp", "c": "Obsidian Soul . · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/general-archive-of-the-indies/": {"t": "General Archive of the Indies", "s": "Central archive for Spanish Empire documents in the Americas and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/niger-river/": {"t": "Niger River", "s": "Main river of West Africa, third-longest in Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/niger-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Niger River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/congo-river/": {"t": "Congo River", "s": "Second-longest African river, deepest in the world, crossing the equator twice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/congo-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Congo River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/european-exploration-of-africa/": {"t": "European exploration of Africa", "s": "European explorers mapped much of Africa's interior by the 1870s, but key expeditions continued into the 1880s."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/bengkulu/": {"t": "Bengkulu", "s": "Land of Carcasses Upstream, Fort Marlborough, and the Sunda Fault", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/bengkulu.webp", "c": "Bennylin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sumatra/": {"t": "Sumatra", "s": "Large Indonesian island with rich history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/sumatra.webp", "c": "Sadalmelik · via Wikipedia: Sumatra · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/sahara-desert/": {"t": "Sahara Desert", "s": "Largest hot desert, spanning North Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/bamako/": {"t": "Bamako", "s": "Capital of Mali, historic trade centre on the Niger River."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/the-gambia/": {"t": "The Gambia", "s": "Smallest continental African country, named for the Gambia River."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/dysentery/": {"t": "Dysentery", "s": "A diarrheal disease causing bloody stools, often from poor sanitation."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/guinea/": {"t": "Guinea", "s": "West African nation, former French colony, bauxite producer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/herman-melville/": {"t": "Herman Melville", "s": "American writer of the American Renaissance period, best known for Moby-Dick."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/moby-dick/": {"t": "Moby-Dick", "s": "Herman Melville’s 1851 novel Moby-Dick; or, The Whale follows the sailor Ishmael as he recounts Captain Ahab’s obsessive hunt for the white sperm whale that tor", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/moby-dick.webp", "c": "Herman Melville · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernest-hemingway/": {"t": "Ernest Hemingway", "s": "American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist known for his economical style and adventurous life."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/chinua-achebe/": {"t": "Chinua Achebe", "s": "Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic, central figure of modern African literature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/chinua-achebe.webp", "c": "Carlo Bavagnoli · via Wikipedia: Chinua Achebe · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/geographer/": {"t": "Geographer", "s": "Geographers study Earth's environment and human society and their interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lhasa/": {"t": "Lhasa", "s": "High-altitude capital of Tibet, center of Buddhist culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/stephen-b-thory/": {"t": "Stephen Báthory", "s": "King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Prince of Transylvania."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/irkutsk/": {"t": "Irkutsk", "s": "The Paris of Siberia"}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/bactrian-camel/": {"t": "Bactrian camel", "s": "Two-humped camel of Central Asia, key to Silk Road caravans."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/smolensk-oblast/": {"t": "Smolensk Oblast", "s": "The land of the Dnieper and the first cosmonaut."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/flowering-plant/": {"t": "Flowering plant", "s": "Flowering plants dominate land habitats and sustain human agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/flowering-plant-families/e/flowering-plant-families/solanaceae/": {"t": "Solanaceae", "s": "A diverse plant family including food crops and toxic species."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/orientalism/": {"t": "Orientalism", "s": "Western depictions of the Eastern world in art, literature, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/taboo/": {"t": "Taboo", "s": "Social prohibitions rooted in sacredness or repulsion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/img/crime-and-deviance/taboo.webp", "c": "Walterlan Papetti · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/vladimir-voinovich/": {"t": "Vladimir Voinovich", "s": "Soviet dissident and satirist of totalitarianism."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/e/history/liverpool/": {"t": "Liverpool", "s": "A port city with a rich maritime history, cultural diversity, and a legacy of music and football.", "i": "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/img/history/liverpool.webp", "c": "Ian S · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/polynesia/": {"t": "Polynesia", "s": "A vast subregion of Oceania, Polynesia encompasses over 1,000 islands across the central and southern Pacific, united by shared language, culture, and tradition", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/polynesia.webp", "c": "Hobe / Holger Behr · via Wikipedia: Polynesia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/tadeusz-ko-ciuszko/": {"t": "Tadeusz Kościuszko", "s": "Polish military engineer and leader of the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/tadeusz-ko-ciuszko.webp", "c": "Karl Gottlieb Schweikart · via Wikipedia: Tadeusz Kościuszko · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/english-folklore/e/english-folklore/john-franklin/": {"t": "John Franklin", "s": "British Arctic explorer who died on his final Northwest Passage expedition."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-irish-famine/": {"t": "The Irish Famine", "s": "A period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852, marked by profound demographic and political change."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-activists-dissidents/e/miscellaneous-activists-and-dissidents/caroline-chisholm/": {"t": "Caroline Chisholm", "s": "English humanitarian who aided immigrant women and families in Australia."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/lvaro-de-menda-a-de-neira/": {"t": "Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira", "s": "Spanish navigator who led two early Pacific expeditions."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-portugal/e/world-heritage-sites-in-portugal/vora/": {"t": "Évora", "s": "Historic capital of Alentejo, UNESCO site since 1986."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-clement-viii/": {"t": "Pope Clement VIII", "s": "Pope who reconciled Henry IV and approved coffee."}, "/e/explorers-of-the-americas/lu-s-vaz-de-torres/": {"t": "Luís Vaz de Torres", "s": "First European to navigate the strait separating Australia and New Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/lima/": {"t": "Lima", "s": "Capital and largest city of Peru, political and cultural center."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/e/playwrights-and-dramatists/robert-graves/": {"t": "Robert Graves", "s": "English poet, novelist, and critic known for I, Claudius and The White Goddess.", "i": "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/img/playwrights-and-dramatists/robert-graves.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Robert Graves · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/oratorio/": {"t": "Oratorio", "s": "Sacred musical drama with minimal staging, often performed in concert form."}, "https://codexery.com/simulation-games/e/simulation-games/elite-dangerous/": {"t": "Elite Dangerous", "s": "A 1:1 scale open-world space simulation in the Milky Way.", "i": "https://codexery.com/simulation-games/img/simulation-games/elite-dangerous.webp", "c": "Anyumi- · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama/": {"t": "Vasco da Gama", "s": "The Portuguese explorer who opened the sea route to India", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/treaty-of-tordesillas/": {"t": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "s": "The 1494 treaty that divided the non-European world between Portugal and Castile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/treaty-of-tordesillas.webp", "c": "Koppchen · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mozambique-channel/": {"t": "Mozambique Channel", "s": "Arm of the Indian Ocean between Madagascar and Mozambique."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/afonso-de-albuquerque/": {"t": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "s": "Portuguese general, admiral, statesman, and conquistador; viceroy of Portuguese India from 1509 to 1515."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/bartolomeu-dias/": {"t": "Bartolomeu Dias", "s": "Portuguese explorer who first rounded Africa's southern tip."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/black-pepper/": {"t": "Black pepper", "s": "A flowering vine whose dried fruit is a ubiquitous spice, native to South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/maritime-republics/": {"t": "Maritime republics", "s": "Italian thalassocratic states that dominated Mediterranean trade and navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/map-projections-cartography-foundations/e/map-projections-and-cartography-foundations/cartography/": {"t": "Cartography", "s": "The art and science of making and using maps."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/exploration/": {"t": "Exploration", "s": "Exploration is the process of discovering the unknown."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/devon/": {"t": "Devon", "s": "Ceremonial county in South West England with two coastlines."}, "https://codexery.com/mystery-crime-writers/e/mystery-and-crime-writers/arthur-conan-doyle/": {"t": "Arthur Conan Doyle", "s": "Scottish writer and physician, creator of Sherlock Holmes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mystery-crime-writers/img/mystery-and-crime-writers/arthur-conan-doyle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arthur Conan Doyle bibliography · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/surveying/": {"t": "Surveying", "s": "Surveying determines positions for maps, boundaries, and construction."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/la-paz/": {"t": "La Paz", "s": "Highest administrative capital city in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/mato-grosso/": {"t": "Mato Grosso", "s": "The heart of Brazil's agricultural powerhouse and home to the vast Pantanal wetland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/mato-grosso.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mato Grosso · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/bahia/": {"t": "Bahia", "s": "I rise through the hardship", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/bahia.webp", "c": "Diocleciano Ramos · via Wikipedia: Bahia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro", "s": "Brazilian city that was capital of a European colonial power."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/jade/": {"t": "Jade", "s": "An umbrella term for two decorative rocks: nephrite and jadeite."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/douglas-haig-1st-earl-haig/": {"t": "Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig", "s": "British field marshal who commanded the BEF in the First World War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/douglas-haig-1st-earl-haig.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/cuiab/": {"t": "Cuiabá", "s": "Southern gate to the Amazon"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amazon-river/": {"t": "Amazon River", "s": "Largest river by discharge; length disputed with the Nile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amazon-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amazon River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/oral-history/": {"t": "Oral history", "s": "Preserving memories, voices, and perspectives from the past through planned interviews.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/oral-history.webp", "c": "Bonolo Nikita Rankaga · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/republic-of-the-congo/": {"t": "Republic of the Congo", "s": "Central African nation shaped by Bantu kingdoms and French colonization."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/friuli/": {"t": "Friuli", "s": "Historical region of northeast Italy with a distinct Friulian identity."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/henry-morton-stanley/": {"t": "Henry Morton Stanley", "s": "Welsh-American explorer who found Livingstone and opened the Congo."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leopold-ii-of-belgium/": {"t": "Leopold II of Belgium", "s": "Second king of the Belgians and founder of the Congo Free State."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/laissez-faire/": {"t": "Laissez-faire", "s": "Economic doctrine advocating minimal government intervention in markets.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/img/economic-and-social-concepts/laissez-faire.webp", "c": "John Maynard Keynes · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/dakar/": {"t": "Dakar", "s": "Capital of Senegal, westernmost point of mainland Africa"}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/algiers/": {"t": "Algiers", "s": "Capital of Algeria, historic Mediterranean port and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/forza/e/story/british-isles/": {"t": "British Isles", "s": "The North Atlantic archipelago of Great Britain, Ireland and thousands of smaller islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/forza/img/story/british-isles.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: British Isles · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus/": {"t": "Diodorus Siculus", "s": "Greek historian who compiled the vast universal history Bibliotheca Historica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bibliotheca Historica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/natural-history-pliny/": {"t": "Natural History (Pliny)", "s": "Roman encyclopedia covering the natural world and human life."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river/": {"t": "Don (river)", "s": "Fifth-longest river in Europe, key Byzantine trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river.webp", "c": "High Contrast · via Wikipedia: Don (river) · CC BY-SA 2.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/amber/": {"t": "Amber", "s": "Fossilized tree resin valued since Neolithic times."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hipparchus/": {"t": "Hipparchus", "s": "Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician; founder of trigonometry and discoverer of the precession of the equinoxes."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/polybius/": {"t": "Polybius", "s": "Ancient Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period, author of The Histories"}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/tertiary-source/": {"t": "Tertiary source", "s": "A consolidation of sources without additional interpretation or analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/eratosthenes/": {"t": "Eratosthenes", "s": "The ancient polymath who measured the Earth"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/strait-of-gibraltar/": {"t": "Strait of Gibraltar", "s": "Narrow strait linking Atlantic and Mediterranean, separating Europe and Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/loire/": {"t": "Loire", "s": "Longest river in France, flowing through a UNESCO-listed valley.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/loire.webp", "c": "0x010C · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/sicilian-wars/": {"t": "Sicilian Wars", "s": "Carthage vs. Greek city-states for control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/mile/": {"t": "Mile", "s": "The mile, often called the international mile or statute mile to set it apart from other units with the same name, is a unit of length used in both the British "}, "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/e/polar-explorers/fridtjof-nansen/": {"t": "Fridtjof Nansen", "s": "Norwegian explorer, scientist and Nobel Peace laureate who skied across Greenland and drifted north in Fram.", "i": "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/img/polar-explorers/fridtjof-nansen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fridtjof Nansen · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-mexico/": {"t": "Gulf of Mexico", "s": "Marginal sea of the Atlantic, bordered by the U.S., Mexico, and Cuba.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-mexico.webp", "c": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. · via Wikipedia: Gulf of Mexico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/veracruz/": {"t": "Veracruz", "s": "Eastern Mexican state with a key Gulf port and mixed heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/tampico/": {"t": "Tampico", "s": "Mexican port city that led the early oil boom."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/lvar-n-ez-cabeza-de-vaca/": {"t": "Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca", "s": "Spanish explorer, survivor, and chronicler of Native American tribes."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-ocean-floor-features/e/physical-and-ocean-floor-features/north-pole/": {"t": "North Pole", "s": "Northernmost point on Earth, located in the Arctic Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-ocean-floor-features/e/physical-and-ocean-floor-features/south-pole/": {"t": "South Pole", "s": "Southernmost waters of the World Ocean, encircling Antarctica south of 60° S."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/antarctica/": {"t": "Antarctica", "s": "Earth's southernmost, coldest, and least-populated continent."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/mount-everest/": {"t": "Mount Everest", "s": "Earth's highest mountain above sea level, on the China–Nepal border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/img/notable-mountains-and-peaks/mount-everest.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1996 Mount Everest disaster · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/robert-falcon-scott/": {"t": "Robert Falcon Scott", "s": "British naval officer and Antarctic explorer who reached the South Pole.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/robert-falcon-scott.webp", "c": "Steffano Francis Webb · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ernest-shackleton/": {"t": "Ernest Shackleton", "s": "Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions and set a Farthest South record of 88°23′ S.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ernest-shackleton.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ernest Shackleton · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/berkshire/": {"t": "Berkshire", "s": "The Royal County of Berkshire"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/italian-campaign-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Italian campaign (World War II)", "s": "Allied and Axis operations in Italy, 1943–1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/italian-campaign-world-war-ii.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/cape-town/": {"t": "Cape Town", "s": "Legislative capital of South Africa, oldest city, and gateway to the Cape Floristic Region."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/white-nile/": {"t": "White Nile", "s": "Longer but less voluminous tributary of the Nile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/white-nile.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Nile · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/eiger/": {"t": "Eiger", "s": "The Eiger, a 3,967-metre peak in the Bernese Alps, sits just north of the main watershed that separates it from Valais, overlooking the Swiss towns of Grindelwa"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/biography/": {"t": "Biography", "s": "A detailed account of a person's life and experience."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-hollywood-icons/e/classic-hollywood-icons/roger-moore/": {"t": "Roger Moore", "s": "Sir Roger George Moore (14 October 1927 – 23 May 2017) was an English actor best known for portraying James Bond in seven Eon Productions films, the most of any", "i": "https://codexery.com/classic-hollywood-icons/img/classic-hollywood-icons/roger-moore.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Michael Moore · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/domestic-breeds-types/e/domestic-breeds-and-types/aberdeen-angus/": {"t": "Aberdeen Angus", "s": "Hardy Scottish beef breed, naturally polled, prized for marbled meat."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/very-low-frequency/": {"t": "Very low frequency", "s": "VLF waves penetrate seawater and propagate globally via Earth–ionosphere waveguide."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/gobi-desert/": {"t": "Gobi Desert", "s": "A vast cold desert and grassland region spanning southern Mongolia and North China, known for its extreme climate and fossil treasures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/gobi-desert.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kumtag Desert · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-and-alpine-reserves/e/mountain-and-alpine-reserves/dolomites/": {"t": "Dolomites", "s": "The Dolomites, also known as the Pale Mountains, are a mountain range in northeastern Italy, forming part of the Southern Limestone Alps."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/andes/": {"t": "Andes", "s": "Longest continental mountain range, forming western backbone of South America."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/gasherbrum-i/": {"t": "Gasherbrum I", "s": "11th highest mountain, first climbed in 1958."}, "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/e/film-and-theater-icons/werner-herzog/": {"t": "Werner Herzog", "s": "Pioneer of New German Cinema, filmmaker of impossible dreams.", "i": "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/img/film-and-theater-icons/werner-herzog.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Klaus Kinski · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/gasherbrum-ii/": {"t": "Gasherbrum II", "s": "13th highest mountain, first climbed in 1956 by Austrians."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/broad-peak/": {"t": "Broad Peak", "s": "Broad Peak, the twelfth-highest mountain on Earth, is one of the fourteen eight-thousanders and 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"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/jacques-marquette/": {"t": "Jacques Marquette", "s": "French Jesuit missionary and explorer of the Mississippi River."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-regions/e/specific-regions/island-of-montreal/": {"t": "Island of Montreal", "s": "Most populous freshwater island in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/manorialism/": {"t": "Manorialism", "s": "Medieval land tenure system centred on manor and serf labour."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/ohio-river/": {"t": "Ohio River", "s": "Major U.S. river, historic boundary and transportation route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/ohio-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ohio River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/niagara-falls/": {"t": "Niagara Falls", "s": "Thundering waters at the border of Canada and the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/img/other-geographic-features/niagara-falls.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Niagara Falls · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-erie/": {"t": "Lake Erie", "s": "Southernmost, shallowest Great Lake with shortest water residence time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-erie.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Erie · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-huron/": {"t": "Lake Huron", "s": "Second-largest Great Lake by surface area, third-largest by volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-huron.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Huron · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-michigan/": {"t": "Lake Michigan", "s": "The only Great Lake entirely within the United States, and the world's largest lake by area in a single country.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-michigan.webp", "c": "Michael Barera · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/louisiana/": {"t": "Louisiana", "s": "U.S. state with French heritage, parishes, and Gulf Coast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/louisiana.webp", "c": "Mark Holloway · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania/": {"t": "Pennsylvania", "s": "The Keystone State", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania.webp", "c": "Simtropolitan, Jean-Pierre Demailly (old version)\npermission=\n\n\n\nInsignia\n\nThis image shows a flag, a coat of arms, a seal or some other official insignia. The  · via Wikipedia: Pennsylvania · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/guadeloupe/": {"t": "Guadeloupe", "s": "A French Caribbean archipelago of volcanic islands and Creole culture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/guadeloupe.webp", "c": "Enrevseluj · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/merchant-ship/": {"t": "Merchant ship", "s": "Watercraft that transports cargo or passengers for hire."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/senegal-river/": {"t": "Senegal River", "s": "A 1086 km West African river forming part of the Senegal-Mauritania border, with a rich history as the 'River of Gold'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/senegal-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Senegal River · see source"}, "/e/explorers-of-the-americas/mungo-park-explorer/": {"t": "Mungo Park (explorer)", "s": "Scottish explorer of West Africa and the Niger River."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux/": {"t": "Bordeaux", "s": "Port city and world capital of wine in southwestern France.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux.webp", "c": "David.J Janssen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/specific-regions/e/specific-regions/fouta-djallon/": {"t": "Fouta Djallon", "s": "Highland region in Guinea, headwaters of major West African rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/herbs-spices/e/herbs-and-spices/kola-nut/": {"t": "Kola nut", "s": "Caffeine-containing seed used in cola drinks and West African ceremonies."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/fez-morocco/": {"t": "Fez, Morocco", "s": "Ancient capital of learning and trade in northern Morocco"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/heinrich-barth/": {"t": "Heinrich Barth", "s": "German explorer who meticulously documented African cultures and history."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/virginia/": {"t": "Virginia", "s": "First permanent English colony in the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/democratic-party-united-states/": {"t": "Democratic Party (United States)", "s": "World's oldest active political party, center to center-left."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/henry-ford/": {"t": "Henry Ford", "s": "Pioneer of affordable automobiles and Fordism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/henry-ford.webp", "c": "Ford Motor Company. Photographic Department · via Wikipedia: Henry Ford · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united-states/university-of-virginia/": {"t": "University of Virginia", "s": "Founded by Thomas Jefferson, home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-inventions/e/russian-inventions/armored-cruiser/": {"t": "Armored cruiser", "s": "Armored cruiser: a long-range warship with belt armor."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franklin-d-roosevelt/": {"t": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "s": "32nd US president who led the nation through the Great Depression and World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/nova-scotia/": {"t": "Nova Scotia", "s": "Canada's most populous Atlantic province, rich in Mi'kmaq heritage and Scottish history."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/charles-lindbergh/": {"t": "Charles Lindbergh", "s": "Aviator who made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/ford-motor-company/": {"t": "Ford Motor Company", "s": "American automaker that pioneered mass production via assembly lines.", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/ford-motor-company.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Automotive industry in Canada · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/spitsbergen/": {"t": "Spitsbergen", "s": "Largest island of Svalbard, Arctic whaling and mining hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/spitsbergen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Spitsbergen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/nautical-mile/": {"t": "Nautical mile", "s": "Unit of length for air, marine, and space navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-ocean-floor-features/e/physical-and-ocean-floor-features/antarctic/": {"t": "Antarctic", "s": "Polar region surrounding the South Pole, governed by treaty."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/valpara-so/": {"t": "Valparaíso", "s": "A historic port city on Chile's Pacific coast, known for its colorful hillside districts and UNESCO-listed quarter."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/ecuador/": {"t": "Ecuador", "s": "A megadiverse nation straddling the equator, from the Andes to the Galápagos."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/e/pioneers-of-medicine/james-lind/": {"t": "James Lind", "s": "Scottish physician who pioneered the clinical trial for scurvy."}}