{"https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-leo-x/": {"t": "Pope Leo X", "s": "Pope Leo X was the last pope not to have been in priestly orders at the time of his election."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/gonzalo-fern-ndez-de-c-rdoba/": {"t": "Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba", "s": "Spanish general who transformed warfare with firearms and pikes."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/afonso-de-albuquerque/": {"t": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "s": "Portuguese general, admiral, statesman, and conquistador; viceroy of Portuguese India from 1509 to 1515."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mozambique-channel/": {"t": "Mozambique Channel", "s": "Arm of the Indian Ocean between Madagascar and Mozambique."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/ajuran-sultanate/": {"t": "Ajuran Sultanate", "s": "A hydraulic empire and commercial hub in the Horn of Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/castel-sant-angelo/": {"t": "Castel Sant'Angelo", "s": "From imperial mausoleum to papal fortress and museum.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castles/img/castles/castel-sant-angelo.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Castel Sant'Angelo · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albrecht-d-rer/": {"t": "Albrecht Dürer", "s": "German Renaissance painter, printmaker, and theorist of Nuremberg."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/isthmus-of-panama/": {"t": "Isthmus of Panama", "s": "Narrow land bridge linking North and South America."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hispaniola/": {"t": "Hispaniola", "s": "Caribbean island divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/alonso-de-ojeda/": {"t": "Alonso de Ojeda", "s": "Spanish explorer who led early expeditions along the Venezuelan coast."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/christopher-columbus/": {"t": "Christopher Columbus", "s": "Italian explorer who opened the Americas to European colonization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/christopher-columbus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/francisco-pizarro/": {"t": "Francisco Pizarro", "s": "Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/francisco-pizarro.webp", "c": "Amable-Paul Coutan · via Wikipedia: Francisco Pizarro · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/slavery/": {"t": "Slavery", "s": "Slavery is the ownership of a person as property."}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-and-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/maize/": {"t": "Maize", "s": "Domesticated grass staple, key to global food and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism/": {"t": "Baptism", "s": "Christian rite of initiation using water, with varied modes and meanings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism.webp", "c": "Confidence24 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/canoe/": {"t": "Canoe", "s": "Lightweight watercraft used globally for transport, trade, competition, and recreation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/img/transportation-engineering/canoe.webp", "c": "Mrshaxas · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/pearl/": {"t": "Pearl", "s": "A hard, lustrous gem formed by mollusks."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/italian-wars/": {"t": "Italian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts driven by French–Habsburg rivalry in Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ferdinand-magellan/": {"t": "Ferdinand Magellan", "s": "Portuguese explorer who planned and led the first circumnavigation of Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ferdinand-magellan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ferdinand Magellan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/panama-canal/": {"t": "Panama Canal", "s": "A 82 km artificial waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through Panama.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/img/other-geographic-features/panama-canal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Geography of Panama · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/exploration/": {"t": "Exploration", "s": "Exploration is the process of discovering the unknown."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/explorers-of-the-americas/mart-n-alonso-pinz-n/": {"t": "Martín Alonso Pinzón", "s": "Captain of the Pinta on Columbus's first voyage to the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/pernambuco/": {"t": "Pernambuco", "s": "Land of frevo, maracatu, and the Lion of the North."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/fortaleza/": {"t": "Fortaleza", "s": "Capital of Ceará, fourth-largest city in Brazil."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/cear/": {"t": "Ceará", "s": "Northeastern Brazilian state known for its extensive coastline.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/cear.webp", "c": "Srfortes · via Wikipedia: Ceará · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/treaty-of-tordesillas/": {"t": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "s": "The 1494 treaty that divided the non-European world between Portugal and Castile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/treaty-of-tordesillas.webp", "c": "Koppchen · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amazon-river/": {"t": "Amazon River", "s": "Largest river by discharge; length disputed with the Nile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amazon-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amazon River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/plant-families-taxonomy/e/plant-families-and-taxonomy/flowering-plant/": {"t": "Flowering plant", "s": "Flowering plants dominate land habitats and sustain human agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-colonization-of-north-america/e/russian-colonization-of-north-america/great-northern-expedition/": {"t": "Great Northern Expedition", "s": "A major Russian Arctic expedition mapping Siberia and Alaska's coast."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/bering-strait/": {"t": "Bering Strait", "s": "Strait between Asia and North America, key to human migration theory."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bering-sea/": {"t": "Bering Sea", "s": "Reality TV series set in Nome, Alaska, on Norton Sound.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bering-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bering Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies/": {"t": "Dutch East Indies", "s": "Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia after war and negotiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies.webp", "c": "Roger Veringmeier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-azov/": {"t": "Sea of Azov", "s": "The shallowest sea in the world, rich in fish and history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-azov.webp", "c": "Канопус Киля · via Wikipedia: Sea of Azov · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/great-northern-war/": {"t": "Great Northern War", "s": "A war that ended Swedish dominance and elevated Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/vyborg/": {"t": "Vyborg", "s": "Medieval fortress town on the Karelian Isthmus with a contested history."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/kamchatka-peninsula/": {"t": "Kamchatka Peninsula", "s": "Volcanic peninsula in the Russian Far East, part of the Ring of Fire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/kamchatka-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kamchatka Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/lena-river/": {"t": "Lena River", "s": "The easternmost of Siberia's three great Arctic rivers, the Lena is the longest river entirely within Russia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/lena-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lena River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vologda/": {"t": "Vologda", "s": "Historic Russian city and major transport hub."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/ural-mountains/": {"t": "Ural Mountains", "s": "Mountain range listed in the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/yakutsk/": {"t": "Yakutsk", "s": "The coldest major city on Earth, built on permafrost."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/irkutsk/": {"t": "Irkutsk", "s": "The Paris of Siberia"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-horn/": {"t": "Cape Horn", "s": "Southern headland of Tierra del Fuego, historic clipper route milestone.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-horn.webp", "c": "Nelson Hinds · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/kuril-islands/": {"t": "Kuril Islands", "s": "Volcanic archipelago disputed between Russia and Japan since 1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/kuril-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kuril Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/aleutian-islands/": {"t": "Aleutian Islands", "s": "Remote volcanic chain between the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean"}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/scurvy/": {"t": "Scurvy", "s": "A vitamin C deficiency disease historically fatal on long sea voyages."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/french-wars-of-religion/": {"t": "French Wars of Religion", "s": "The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars fought between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots from 1562 to 1598.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/french-wars-of-religion.webp", "c": "Edward Baines · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/elizabethan-era/": {"t": "Elizabethan era", "s": "The golden age of English history under Queen Elizabeth I."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elizabeth-i/": {"t": "Elizabeth I", "s": "The Virgin Queen who presided over the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/devon/": {"t": "Devon", "s": "Ceremonial county in South West England with two coastlines."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/humphrey-gilbert/": {"t": "Humphrey Gilbert", "s": "English adventurer and pioneer of North American colonization."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/munster/": {"t": "Munster", "s": "The largest province of Ireland, rich in history, mythology, and sporting tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/the-tower-of-london/": {"t": "The Tower of London", "s": "A historic citadel and castle on the north bank of the River Thames, founded in 1066."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/dorset/": {"t": "Dorset", "s": "A ceremonial county in South West England with a varied landscape and a coastline largely part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-irish-famine/": {"t": "The Irish Famine", "s": "A period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852, marked by profound demographic and political change."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edmund-spenser/": {"t": "Edmund Spenser", "s": "English poet, author of The Faerie Queene", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/edmund-spenser.webp", "c": "English School / Unidentified painter · via Wikipedia: Edmund Spenser · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-i-of-england/": {"t": "Charles I of England", "s": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland executed after civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/sir-francis-drake/": {"t": "Sir Francis Drake", "s": "English explorer and privateer who led the second circumnavigation of the globe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/sir-francis-drake.webp", "c": "Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger · via Wikipedia: Francis Drake · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/orinoco/": {"t": "Orinoco", "s": "Major South American river with vast basin and rich biodiversity."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/atheism/": {"t": "Atheism", "s": "Atheism is the absence or rejection of belief in deities."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/treason/": {"t": "Treason", "s": "Crime of disloyalty to a state or sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/cross-examination/": {"t": "Cross-examination", "s": "Interrogation of a witness by the opposing party in a trial."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/common-law/": {"t": "Common law", "s": "Judge-made legal system originating in medieval England."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/palace-of-westminster/": {"t": "Palace of Westminster", "s": "Meeting place of the UK Parliament, a symbol of British government."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/nanchang/": {"t": "Nanchang", "s": "Southern Flourishing: Cradle of the People's Liberation Army"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/south-china-sea/": {"t": "South China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, vital to global trade and fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/singapore/": {"t": "Singapore", "s": "The Lion City, a global hub of trade and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/map-projections-cartography-foundations/e/map-projections-and-cartography-foundations/cartography/": {"t": "Cartography", "s": "The art and science of making and using maps."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/novaya-zemlya/": {"t": "Novaya Zemlya", "s": "Arctic archipelago used as a major Soviet nuclear test site."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/kara-sea/": {"t": "Kara Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, named for the Kara River, with a name possibly meaning 'hummocked ice' or 'black'."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/spitsbergen/": {"t": "Spitsbergen", "s": "Largest island of Svalbard, Arctic whaling and mining hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/spitsbergen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Spitsbergen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/maurice-prince-of-orange/": {"t": "Maurice, Prince of Orange", "s": "Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic and foremost military strategist of his age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/maurice-prince-of-orange.webp", "c": "School of Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt · via Wikipedia: Maurice, Prince of Orange · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost/": {"t": "Permafrost", "s": "Frozen ground that stores carbon and threatens infrastructure when thawed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost.webp", "c": "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Kathryn Mersmann · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/canids-and-hyaenids/e/canids-and-hyaenids/arctic-fox/": {"t": "Arctic fox", "s": "Small Arctic predator with the warmest fur of any mammal."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/kola-peninsula/": {"t": "Kola Peninsula", "s": "Large Russian peninsula inside the Arctic Circle, heavily industrialized.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/img/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/kola-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kola Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/protein/": {"t": "Protein", "s": "Proteins are essential macromolecules that perform diverse cellular functions."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-of-the-indian-ocean/e/islands-of-the-indian-ocean/aru-islands-regency/": {"t": "Aru Islands Regency", "s": "Easternmost archipelago of Maluku, rich in trade history and Australasian biodiversity."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea/": {"t": "New Guinea", "s": "The world's second-largest island, rich in biodiversity and cultural history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German New Guinea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-carpentaria/": {"t": "Gulf of Carpentaria", "s": "A shallow sea off northern Australia with submerged coral reefs."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/torres-strait/": {"t": "Torres Strait", "s": "Strait between Australia and New Guinea, named after Spanish navigator Torres."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/explorers-of-the-americas/lu-s-vaz-de-torres/": {"t": "Luís Vaz de Torres", "s": "First European to navigate the strait separating Australia and New Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-york-peninsula/": {"t": "Cape York Peninsula", "s": "Largest wilderness in northern Australia with global environmental significance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-york-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cape York Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/sunda-strait/": {"t": "Sunda Strait", "s": "Strait between Java and Sumatra, historically vital shipping route."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/e/peninsulas-and-capes/north-west-cape/": {"t": "North West Cape", "s": "Peninsula in Western Australia with oil discovery and naval station.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-capes/img/peninsulas-and-capes/north-west-cape.webp", "c": "United Kingdom Hydrographic Office · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/west-sumatra/": {"t": "West Sumatra", "s": "Land of the Minangkabau"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/javanese-people/": {"t": "Javanese people", "s": "Largest ethnic group in Indonesia and Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/prince-eugene-of-savoy/": {"t": "Prince Eugene of Savoy", "s": "Prince Eugene of Savoy: feldmarschall, diplomat, and one of the greatest military commanders of his era."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/rotterdam/": {"t": "Rotterdam", "s": "Europe's largest seaport, gateway to a continent of over 500 million consumers."}, "https://codexery.com/shogun/e/characters/tokugawa-ieyasu/": {"t": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "s": "Former hostage turned daimyo who founded the Tokugawa shogunate and ruled Japan from Edo.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shogun/img/characters/tokugawa-ieyasu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tokugawa Ieyasu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/shipbuilding/": {"t": "Shipbuilding", "s": "The construction of ships and other floating vessels, from ancient rafts to modern steel vessels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/img/construction-and-engineering/shipbuilding.webp", "c": "Fengyun Shi/ FBI · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/navigation/": {"t": "Navigation", "s": "The art and science of directing movement from one place to another."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands/": {"t": "Maluku Islands", "s": "The Spice Islands at the crossroads of Asia and Oceania.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maluku Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/strait-of-magellan/": {"t": "Strait of Magellan", "s": "Natural sea route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans."}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/praia/": {"t": "Praia", "s": "Capital and largest city of Cape Verde, on Santiago island.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/praia.webp", "c": "Jules Verne Times Two · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/dysentery/": {"t": "Dysentery", "s": "A diarrheal disease causing bloody stools, often from poor sanitation."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/concepci-n-chile/": {"t": "Concepción, Chile", "s": "Second largest city in Chile by urban area and a major industrial and educational hub."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/izu-peninsula/": {"t": "Izu Peninsula", "s": "Mountainous peninsula west of Tokyo, known for hot springs and wasabi."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/yokosuka/": {"t": "Yokosuka", "s": "A historic port city on Miura Peninsula, home to a major US Navy base and Nissan's Oppama plant."}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/francis-xavier/": {"t": "Francis Xavier", "s": "Navarrese Jesuit co-founder and missionary who carried Christianity to India, the Maluku Islands and Japan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/francis-xavier.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Francis Xavier · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-political-theorists-and-sociologi/e/modern-political-theorists-and-sociologists/michel-foucault/": {"t": "Michel Foucault", "s": "French philosopher who analyzed power, knowledge, and social control."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/james-madison/": {"t": "James Madison", "s": "Scholar of peasant resistance and state power", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/james-madison.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James C. Scott · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/virginia/": {"t": "Virginia", "s": "First permanent English colony in the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/kentucky/": {"t": "Kentucky", "s": "Landlocked Southeastern U.S. state, known for horses, bourbon, and coal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/kentucky.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/missouri/": {"t": "Missouri", "s": "Gateway to the West, birthplace of ragtime and Kansas City jazz."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-and-innovators/e/pioneers-and-innovators/meriwether-lewis/": {"t": "Meriwether Lewis", "s": "Explorer portrayed in the docudrama The Men Who Built America: Frontiersmen."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/the-lewis-and-clark-expedition/": {"t": "The Lewis and Clark Expedition", "s": "The Lewis and Clark Expedition sought a direct water route across North America for commerce, with scientific research as a secondary objective.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/the-lewis-and-clark-expedition.webp", "c": "Carte Lewis-Clark Expedition-fr.svg : Sardon derivative work: rowanwindwhistler  · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/pacific-northwest/": {"t": "Pacific Northwest", "s": "Bi-national region shaped by indigenous cultures and the Canada–U.S. border."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/anglicanism/": {"t": "Anglicanism", "s": "A Western Christian tradition rooted in the Church of England."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "s": "Native peoples of the Americas with diverse cultures and languages."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/ohio-river/": {"t": "Ohio River", "s": "Major U.S. river, historic boundary and transportation route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/ohio-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ohio River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/muscogee/": {"t": "Muscogee", "s": "Indigenous peoples of the Southeast, forcibly removed in the 1830s."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural/e/world/new-orleans-louisiana/": {"t": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "s": "The Crescent City on the Mississippi, where Creole culture, Voodoo and Mardi Gras grew up together.", "i": "https://codexery.com/supernatural/img/world/new-orleans-louisiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Orleans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples are diverse groups with ancestral ties to traditional territories."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states-and-territories/e/u-s-states-and-territories/wisconsin/": {"t": "Wisconsin", "s": "Upper Midwest state known for dairy, brewing, and swing-state politics."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/illinois/": {"t": "Illinois", "s": "Land of Lincoln", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/illinois.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andrew-jackson/": {"t": "Andrew Jackson", "s": "Seventh U.S. president and architect of Jacksonian democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/sacagawea/": {"t": "Sacagawea", "s": "Lemhi Shoshone or Hidatsa woman who aided the Lewis and Clark Expedition as interpreter and guide."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/james-cook/": {"t": "James Cook", "s": "British Royal Navy officer who mapped much of the Pacific and Southern Oceans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/james-cook.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Cook · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/guatemalan-cuisine/e/guatemalan-cuisine/guacamole/": {"t": "Guacamole", "s": "Avocado-based dip, spread, or salad from Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/alexander-selkirk/": {"t": "Alexander Selkirk", "s": "Scottish castaway whose survival inspired Robinson Crusoe"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/daniel-defoe/": {"t": "Daniel Defoe", "s": "English writer, journalist, merchant and spy", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/daniel-defoe.webp", "c": "UnknownUnknown , style of Sir Godfrey Kneller · via Wikipedia: Daniel Defoe · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe/": {"t": "Robinson Crusoe", "s": "Fictional castaway who inspired the Robinsonade genre.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robinson Crusoe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/horatio-nelson-1st-viscount-nelson/": {"t": "Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson", "s": "British admiral who secured decisive naval victories in the Napoleonic Wars."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alfred-russel-wallace/": {"t": "Alfred Russel Wallace", "s": "English naturalist who co-discovered evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/java/": {"t": "Java", "s": "World's most populous island, center of Indonesian history and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/arica/": {"t": "Arica", "s": "Chile's northernmost port city, gateway to the Atacama and Bolivia."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/gal-pagos-islands/": {"t": "Galápagos Islands", "s": "Volcanic archipelago in the Eastern Pacific, part of Ecuador, famed for endemic species and Darwin's studies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/gal-pagos-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Galápagos Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/mindanao/": {"t": "Mindanao", "s": "Second-largest Philippine island, major agricultural hub, religiously diverse.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/mindanao.webp", "c": "Obsidian Soul . · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/aceh/": {"t": "Aceh", "s": "The westernmost province of Indonesia, a historically independent sultanate and the birthplace of Islam in Southeast Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/aceh.webp", "c": "Tinta Emas Historia Network · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sumatra/": {"t": "Sumatra", "s": "Large Indonesian island with rich history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/sumatra.webp", "c": "Sadalmelik · via Wikipedia: Sumatra · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope/": {"t": "Cape of Good Hope", "s": "Rocky headland on the Cape Peninsula, key to the Cape Route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope.webp", "c": "Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/timor/": {"t": "Timor", "s": "Island divided between Timor-Leste and Indonesia."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/new-britain/": {"t": "New Britain", "s": "The largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago, shaped by volcanoes and history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/new-britain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solomon Islands (archipelago) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/e/marine-invertebrates/shipworm/": {"t": "Shipworm", "s": "Marine bivalves that bore into and consume submerged wood."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/trade-winds/": {"t": "Trade winds", "s": "Prevailing east-to-west winds that have shaped global exploration, weather, and dust transport.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/trade-winds.webp", "c": "Peter Trimming · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-courts/e/legal-systems-and-courts/court-martial/": {"t": "Court-martial", "s": "A military court for trying armed forces members and war crimes."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/war-of-the-spanish-succession/": {"t": "War of the Spanish Succession", "s": "The war was driven by concerns over the balance of power, as the Spanish Empire, though weakened by decades of conflict, remained a prominent global force whose"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-ix-of-france/": {"t": "Louis IX of France", "s": "Saint Louis, the monk king who led crusades and reformed justice."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/marco-polo/": {"t": "Marco Polo", "s": "Venetian merchant whose travels opened the East to European understanding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/marco-polo.webp", "c": "Marco Polo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/karakorum/": {"t": "Karakorum", "s": "Ancient capital of the Mongol Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/karakorum.webp", "c": "The British Library · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ibn-battuta/": {"t": "Ibn Battuta", "s": "The greatest traveller of the pre-modern world, whose journeys spanned Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ibn-battuta.webp", "c": "Léon Benett · via Wikipedia: Ibn Battuta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/giovanni-da-pian-del-carpine/": {"t": "Giovanni da Pian del Carpine", "s": "Franciscan envoy who reached the Mongol Great Khan's court."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/sudak/": {"t": "Sudak", "s": "Ancient Crimean city with a well-preserved Genoese fortress."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/batu-khan/": {"t": "Batu Khan", "s": "Founder of the Golden Horde and conqueror of Eastern Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/sarai-city/": {"t": "Sarai (city)", "s": "Capital of the Golden Horde on the lower Volga.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/img/ancient-cities/sarai-city.webp", "c": "Faqscl · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/empire-of-nicaea/": {"t": "Empire of Nicaea", "s": "Largest Byzantine rump state that recaptured Constantinople in 1261."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/church-of-the-east/": {"t": "Church of the East", "s": "Major Eastern Christian branch, once spanning Asia from Mesopotamia to China."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/ovid/": {"t": "Ovid", "s": "Roman poet exiled for a poem and a mistake."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/roger-bacon/": {"t": "Roger Bacon", "s": "Medieval English polymath and early advocate of empiricism"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qi-state/": {"t": "Qi (state)", "s": "A major Zhou dynasty state in ancient China, known for its early hegemony and cultural influence."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qin-dynasty/": {"t": "Qin dynasty", "s": "First imperial dynasty of China, unifying the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/five-dynasties-and-ten-kingdoms-period/": {"t": "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period", "s": "An era of division and warfare in Imperial China."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/saga-prefecture/": {"t": "Saga Prefecture", "s": "A Kyushu prefecture known for ceramics and historical significance."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/genetic-admixture/": {"t": "Genetic admixture", "s": "Interbreeding of isolated populations produces mixed genetic ancestry."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleolithic/": {"t": "Paleolithic", "s": "The Old Stone Age: from the first stone tools to the end of the Pleistocene."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-mexico/": {"t": "New Mexico", "s": "Land of diverse cultures, history, and high desert."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/texas/": {"t": "Texas", "s": "Second-largest U.S. state by area, but first in Fortune 500 headquarters and gross state product."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/santa-fe-new-mexico/": {"t": "Santa Fe, New Mexico", "s": "Oldest state capital in the U.S., founded in 1610.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/santa-fe-new-mexico.webp", "c": "Netherzone · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/chihuahua-state/": {"t": "Chihuahua (state)", "s": "Largest Mexican state, known for Copper Canyon and Paquimé."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/louisiana/": {"t": "Louisiana", "s": "U.S. state with French heritage, parishes, and Gulf Coast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/louisiana.webp", "c": "Mark Holloway · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/ohio/": {"t": "Ohio", "s": "Midwestern U.S. state, birthplace of seven presidents and aviation."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/red-ensign/": {"t": "Red Ensign", "s": "Civil ensign of the United Kingdom since 1707.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-empire/img/british-empire/red-ensign.webp", "c": "Move and edit from Image:British-Merchant-Navy-Ensign.svg. Rewritten using Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg by User:Pumbaa80. · via Wikipedia: Red Ensign · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/latitude/": {"t": "Latitude", "s": "Latitude specifies north-south position on Earth or celestial bodies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/latitude.webp", "c": "source: Pearson Scott Foresman, donated to the Wikimedia Foundation\nsvg conversion: Gregors\nColor: Jahobr · via Wikipedia: Latitude · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southwestern-united-states/": {"t": "Southwestern United States", "s": "A land of deserts, plateaus, and cultural fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire/": {"t": "First French Empire", "s": "Empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, dominating early 19th-century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/chihuahua-city/": {"t": "Chihuahua City", "s": "State capital of Chihuahua, Mexico; historic seat of Juárez's government."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-york-state/": {"t": "New York (state)", "s": "The Empire State: A global node of creativity, entrepreneurship, and natural wonder."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-ontario/": {"t": "Lake Ontario", "s": "The easternmost Great Lake, outlet to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-ontario.webp", "c": "Dougtone · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Han", "s": "Seventh Han emperor who expanded China's borders and centralized the state."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/hindu-kush/": {"t": "Hindu Kush", "s": "Mountain range dividing the Amu Darya and Indus River valleys.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/hindu-kush.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hindu Kush · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/sima-qian/": {"t": "Sima Qian", "s": "Father of Chinese historiography who endured castration to complete the Shiji."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/kunlun-mountains/": {"t": "Kunlun Mountains", "s": "A vast Asian mountain chain on the northern rim of the Tibetan Plateau, central to Chinese myth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/kunlun-mountains.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kunlun Mountains · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/bactria/": {"t": "Bactria", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilization, key Zoroastrian center and Greco-Bactrian kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/sichuan.webp", "c": "Md Shaifuzzaman Ayon · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/ferghana-horse/": {"t": "Ferghana horse", "s": "Central Asia's 'Heavenly Horse' walked into China's stables, armor, and brushes — and never really left.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/ferghana-horse.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-tarim-mummies/": {"t": "The Tarim Mummies", "s": "Preserved bodies revealing ancient Central Asian migrations."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/arsaces-i-of-parthia/": {"t": "Arsaces I of Parthia", "s": "Founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, who conquered Parthia from the Seleucids and laid the foundations of a future empire."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/tigris/": {"t": "Tigris", "s": "Eastern great river of Mesopotamia, flowing through history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/tigris.webp", "c": "Hamza Al Mosuly · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/faith-healing/": {"t": "Faith healing", "s": "Belief that prayer and rituals can cure illness through divine intervention."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/paraguay/": {"t": "Paraguay", "s": "A landlocked nation with a rich indigenous heritage and a resilient history."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/explorers-of-the-americas/p-nfilo-de-narv-ez/": {"t": "Pánfilo de Narváez", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led two failed expeditions in the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/bellows/": {"t": "Bellows", "s": "Device for controlled air blast, essential in metallurgy and music."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/tamaulipas/": {"t": "Tamaulipas", "s": "Northeastern Mexican state with a contested border history."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/nuevo-le-n/": {"t": "Nuevo León", "s": "The industrial heart of northeastern Mexico", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/nuevo-le-n.webp", "c": "Tefita228 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/coahuila/": {"t": "Coahuila", "s": "A northern Mexican state with rich history and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/sinaloa/": {"t": "Sinaloa", "s": "A northwestern Mexican state with rich agricultural and musical heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/culiac-n/": {"t": "Culiacán", "s": "Culiacán, whose full official name is Culiacán Rosales, serves as both the capital and the largest city of the Mexican state of Sinaloa, located in the northwes"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/asunci-n/": {"t": "Asunción", "s": "The Mother of Cities, capital of Paraguay."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/cook-islands/": {"t": "Cook Islands", "s": "Self-governing island nation in free association with New Zealand"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/wake-island/": {"t": "Wake Island", "s": "Remote Pacific atoll, US territory, site of WWII battle and refugee processing."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/explorers-of-the-americas/pedro-fernandes-de-queir-s/": {"t": "Pedro Fernandes de Queirós", "s": "Portuguese navigator who sought Terra Australis for Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/lima/": {"t": "Lima", "s": "Capital and largest city of Peru, political and cultural center."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/malaria/": {"t": "Malaria", "s": "Mosquito-borne parasitic disease causing fever, anemia, and death."}, "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/e/playwrights-and-dramatists/robert-graves/": {"t": "Robert Graves", "s": "English poet, novelist, and critic known for I, Claudius and The White Goddess.", "i": "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/img/playwrights-and-dramatists/robert-graves.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Robert Graves · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-ocean-floor-features/e/physical-and-ocean-floor-features/south-pole/": {"t": "South Pole", "s": "Southernmost waters of the World Ocean, encircling Antarctica south of 60° S."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-turkana/": {"t": "Lake Turkana", "s": "World's largest permanent desert lake and alkaline lake.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/img/lakes-of-the-world/lake-turkana.webp", "c": "wfeiden · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/schleswig-holstein/": {"t": "Schleswig-Holstein", "s": "Northernmost German state with a contested Danish-German history."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/antarctica/": {"t": "Antarctica", "s": "Earth's southernmost, coldest, and least-populated continent."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/weddell-sea/": {"t": "Weddell Sea", "s": "A treacherous, ice-filled sea with the clearest water on Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/ross-sea/": {"t": "Ross Sea", "s": "The southernmost sea on Earth, rich in marine life and scientific significance."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ernest-shackleton/": {"t": "Ernest Shackleton", "s": "Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions and set a Farthest South record of 88°23′ S.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ernest-shackleton.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ernest Shackleton · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/edmund-hillary/": {"t": "Edmund Hillary", "s": "First confirmed climber to summit Everest, later a philanthropist and diplomat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/edmund-hillary.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edmund Hillary · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/patagonia/": {"t": "Patagonia", "s": "A vast region spanning southern South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/patagonia.webp", "c": "Argentixs · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/lombardy/": {"t": "Lombardy", "s": "The most populous region of Italy, second-most populous in the EU, and a global centre for business, fashion, and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/gymnastics/": {"t": "Gymnastics", "s": "The governing body for competition in gymnastics throughout the world is World Gymnastics, formerly known as the International Gymnastics Federation or FIG."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/granite/": {"t": "Granite", "s": "A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, mica, and plagioclase.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/granite.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/mont-blanc/": {"t": "Mont Blanc", "s": "Highest mountain in the Alps and western Europe, on the Franco-Italian border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/img/notable-mountains-and-peaks/mont-blanc.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mont Blanc massif · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/matterhorn/": {"t": "Matterhorn", "s": "A pyramidal peak emblematic of the Alps and Switzerland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/img/notable-mountains-and-peaks/matterhorn.webp", "c": "Photo: chil, on Camptocamp.org\nDerivative work:Zacharie Grossen · via Wikipedia: Matterhorn · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/karakoram/": {"t": "Karakoram", "s": "Second-highest mountain range on Earth, most glaciated outside polar regions."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-and-innovators/e/pioneers-and-innovators/reinhold-messner/": {"t": "Reinhold Messner", "s": "Italian climber who first soloed Everest and climbed all 14 eight-thousanders without oxygen.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-and-innovators/img/pioneers-and-innovators/reinhold-messner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1922 British Mount Everest expedition · see source"}}