{"https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/geology-of-mars/": {"t": "Geology of Mars", "s": "Study of Mars' surface, crust, interior, and geologic history."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/spirit-rover/": {"t": "Spirit (rover)", "s": "Mars rover that operated over twenty times longer than planned."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/opportunity-rover/": {"t": "Opportunity (rover)", "s": "A robotic rover that explored Mars from 2004 to 2018, far exceeding its planned lifespan."}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/curiosity-rover/": {"t": "Curiosity (rover)", "s": "Mars rover exploring Gale crater and Mount Sharp since 2012."}, "https://codexery.com/mars-2020/e/mars-2020/perseverance-rover/": {"t": "Perseverance (rover)", "s": "NASA rover searching for signs of ancient life on Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/mars-2020/e/mars-2020/ingenuity-helicopter/": {"t": "Ingenuity (helicopter)", "s": "First aircraft to fly on another world."}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/tianwen-1/": {"t": "Tianwen-1", "s": "China's first independent voyage to the Red Planet"}, "https://codexery.com/the-martian/e/world/china-national-space-administration/": {"t": "China National Space Administration", "s": "China's space agency, which offers the Taiyang Shen booster to save Watney."}, "https://codexery.com/roscosmos/e/roscosmos/trace-gas-orbiter/": {"t": "Trace Gas Orbiter", "s": "ESA-Roscosmos orbiter studying Martian trace gases and relay communications."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/martian-canals/": {"t": "Martian canals", "s": "A 19th-century optical illusion once thought to be alien canals."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/atmosphere-of-mars/": {"t": "Atmosphere of Mars", "s": "A thin, cold, carbon-dioxide-rich envelope with seasonal dust storms."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/mariner-4/": {"t": "Mariner 4", "s": "First spacecraft to return close-up images of Mars."}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/low-density-supersonic-decelerator/": {"t": "Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator", "s": "Testing Mars entry technologies with inflatable decelerators and supersonic parachutes."}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/mars-atmospheric-entry/": {"t": "Mars atmospheric entry", "s": "Mars atmospheric entry: the fiery plunge into the Red Planet's CO2-N2 plasma."}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/human-mission-to-mars/": {"t": "Human mission to Mars", "s": "Proposals to send astronauts to Mars have existed since the 1950s."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/viking-1/": {"t": "Viking 1", "s": "First successful Mars lander, operated over six years."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/viking-2/": {"t": "Viking 2", "s": "American Mars lander that operated for 1,281 sols and searched for life."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/mars-pathfinder/": {"t": "Mars Pathfinder", "s": "First rover to operate outside the Earth–Moon system"}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/the-mars-rovers/": {"t": "The Mars rovers", "s": "Mars rovers are motorized vehicles operated remotely to explore the Martian surface."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/beagle-2/": {"t": "Beagle 2", "s": "British Mars lander lost after partial solar panel deployment."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/tetrahedron/": {"t": "Tetrahedron", "s": "A polyhedron with four triangular faces and four vertices."}, "https://codexery.com/mars-2020/e/mars-2020/sky-crane-landing-system/": {"t": "Sky crane (landing system)", "s": "Soft-landing system for heavy Mars rovers using tethers and rockets."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/insight/": {"t": "InSight", "s": "Lander that studied Mars' deep interior and detected marsquakes."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/viking-program/": {"t": "Viking program", "s": "Two American probes that landed on Mars in 1976."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/radio-spectrum/ultra-high-frequency/": {"t": "Ultra high frequency", "s": "UHF band spans 300 MHz to 3 GHz, enabling line-of-sight communications."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/x-band/": {"t": "X band", "s": "A microwave band used for radar, space communications, and terrestrial broadband."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/soviet-mars-program/": {"t": "Soviet Mars program", "s": "Soviet uncrewed Mars exploration from 1960 to 1973."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-moon/e/missions-to-the-moon/n1-rocket/": {"t": "N1 (rocket)", "s": "Soviet super heavy-lift rocket for crewed lunar missions."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/mars-polar-lander/": {"t": "Mars Polar Lander", "s": "Uncrewed NASA lander lost during descent to Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/deep-space-2/": {"t": "Deep Space 2", "s": "Two miniature probes attempted to penetrate Mars' surface but failed."}, "https://codexery.com/uav-manufacturers/e/uav-manufacturers/lockheed-martin/": {"t": "Lockheed Martin", "s": "Top U.S. federal contractor since at least 2008."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/metric-system/": {"t": "Metric system", "s": "A decimal-based system of measurement standardising base units and prefixes."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-and-gems/e/minerals-and-gems/hematite/": {"t": "Hematite", "s": "Common iron oxide mineral and major ore of iron."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/phoenix-spacecraft/": {"t": "Phoenix (spacecraft)", "s": "NASA's first polar Mars lander studied water ice and habitability."}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/mars-science-laboratory/": {"t": "Mars Science Laboratory", "s": "NASA robotic mission that landed the Curiosity rover on Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/ray-bradbury/": {"t": "Ray Bradbury", "s": "American author who wrote the story he considered the essence of his work.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/ray-bradbury.webp", "c": "John Mathew Smith & www.celebrity-photos.com · via Wikipedia: Ray Bradbury · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/robert-zubrin/": {"t": "Robert Zubrin", "s": "Aerospace engineer and advocate for human Mars exploration."}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/exploration-of-mars/": {"t": "Exploration of Mars", "s": "Mars: The Red Planet, explored by robotic pioneers from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/mars-society/": {"t": "Mars Society", "s": "Advocating for human exploration and colonization of Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/solar-power/": {"t": "Solar power", "s": "Conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaics or concentrated solar power."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/nuclear-power/": {"t": "Nuclear power", "s": "Nuclear reactions produce electricity via fission, decay, or fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/earth-s-orbit/": {"t": "Earth's orbit", "s": "Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun defines the year and seasons."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/exploration/": {"t": "Exploration", "s": "Exploration is the process of discovering the unknown."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-sagan/": {"t": "Carl Sagan", "s": "American astronomer and influential science communicator."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/colonialism/": {"t": "Colonialism", "s": "Practice of domination over a territory and its people."}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/spacex-mars-colonization-program/": {"t": "SpaceX Mars colonization program", "s": "SpaceX's plan for a self-sustaining Martian colony."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/independence/": {"t": "Independence", "s": "Condition of self-government and sovereignty over a territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/independence.webp", "c": "Ruger, A. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/mars-direct/": {"t": "Mars Direct", "s": "A cost-effective human Mars mission using current technology and local resources."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-meteorology/e/satellite-meteorology/mohammed-bin-rashid-space-centre/": {"t": "Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre", "s": "Dubai government body leading UAE space projects."}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/martian-regolith/": {"t": "Martian regolith", "s": "The toxic, unconsolidated surface of Mars, studied remotely by rovers and orbiters."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/venus/": {"t": "Venus", "s": "Earth's twin, hottest planet, shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds."}, "https://codexery.com/omniscient-readers-viewpoint/e/world/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "Kim Dokja's world, divided into scenario domes."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mica/": {"t": "Mica", "s": "Micas are silicate minerals with perfect basal cleavage."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/volcano/": {"t": "Volcano", "s": "A vent in a planet's crust that erupts magma."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/coprates-quadrangle/": {"t": "Coprates quadrangle", "s": "Mars quadrangle containing the central trough of Valles Marineris."}, "https://codexery.com/surface-features-of-mars/e/surface-features-of-mars/inverted-relief/": {"t": "Inverted relief", "s": "Landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/diacria-quadrangle/": {"t": "Diacria quadrangle", "s": "Quadrangle covering northwestern Mars, including parts of Arcadia and Amazonis Planitia."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/basalt/": {"t": "Basalt", "s": "Fine-grained volcanic rock covering most of Earth's surface.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/basalt.webp", "c": "Tony Hisgett from Birmingham, UK · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/hellas-quadrangle/": {"t": "Hellas quadrangle", "s": "Mars quadrangle containing Hellas Basin and glacier-like features."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/amazonis-quadrangle/": {"t": "Amazonis quadrangle", "s": "Young Martian region with Medusae Fossae Formation and Sulci."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/elysium-quadrangle/": {"t": "Elysium quadrangle", "s": "Volcanic province with young outflow channels and fossae."}, "https://codexery.com/surface-features-of-mars/e/surface-features-of-mars/lineated-valley-fill/": {"t": "Lineated valley fill", "s": "Ice-rich valley floors with ridges and brain terrain."}, "https://codexery.com/surface-features-of-mars/e/surface-features-of-mars/lobate-debris-apron/": {"t": "Lobate debris apron", "s": "Ice-rich debris flows revealing accessible water on Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/ground-robots-and-military-robots/e/ground-robots-and-military-robots/themis/": {"t": "THeMIS", "s": "Estonian multi-mission UGV for military support and combat."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/ismenius-lacus-quadrangle/": {"t": "Ismenius Lacus quadrangle", "s": "Quadrangle with glacial terrain and evidence of past water."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/river-delta/": {"t": "River delta", "s": "Landform formed by sediment deposition at a river mouth."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/lunae-palus-quadrangle/": {"t": "Lunae Palus quadrangle", "s": "Quadrangle containing Viking 1's landing site and Kasei Valles."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/margaritifer-sinus-quadrangle/": {"t": "Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle", "s": "Quadrangle with abundant signs of past water and clay."}, "https://codexery.com/mir-crew-members/e/mir-crew-members/john-m-grunsfeld/": {"t": "John M. Grunsfeld", "s": "Physicist and astronaut who flew five Space Shuttle missions."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-by-kim-stanley-robinson/e/novels-by-kim-stanley-robinson/blue-mars-novel/": {"t": "Mars trilogy", "s": "A trilogy detailing the colonization and terraforming of Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/earth-impact-database/e/earth-impact-database/flashline-mars-arctic-research-station/": {"t": "Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station", "s": "First Mars analog habitat on Devon Island, Canada."}, "https://codexery.com/the-simpsons/e/characters/chuck-jones/": {"t": "Chuck Jones", "s": "Animator and director of classic Warner Bros. cartoons."}, "https://codexery.com/american-animated-science-fiction-films/e/american-animated-science-fiction-films/duck-dodgers-in-the-24-th-century/": {"t": "Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century", "s": "Daffy Duck parodies Buck Rogers in a space race for Planet X."}, "https://codexery.com/famous-aliens/e/famous-aliens/marvin-the-martian/": {"t": "Marvin the Martian", "s": "Anthropomorphic Martian villain from Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies."}, "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/e/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/robert-a-heinlein/": {"t": "Robert A. Heinlein", "s": "American science fiction author, engineer, and naval officer."}, "https://codexery.com/fictional-martians/e/fictional-martians/valentine-michael-smith/": {"t": "Valentine Michael Smith", "s": "Man from Mars who reshaped Earth's culture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fictional-martians/img/fictional-martians/valentine-michael-smith.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stranger in a Strange Land · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/murderbot-diaries/e/lore/moving-mars/": {"t": "Moving Mars", "s": "A Martian woman navigates politics and a universe-altering discovery."}, "https://codexery.com/films-about-alien-abduction/e/films-about-alien-abduction/mars-attacks/": {"t": "Mars Attacks!", "s": "A black comedy homage to 1950s sci-fi B movies."}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/mars-exploration-program/": {"t": "Mars Exploration Program", "s": "NASA's long-term effort to explore Mars, seeking signs of life and preparing for human exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/near-shoemaker/": {"t": "NEAR Shoemaker", "s": "First spacecraft to orbit and land on an asteroid."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/osiris-rex/": {"t": "OSIRIS-REx", "s": "First U.S. spacecraft to return samples from an asteroid."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/stanford-university/": {"t": "Stanford University", "s": "Private research university in Stanford, California, founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/stanford-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stanford University · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/barycenter-astronomy/": {"t": "Barycenter (astronomy)", "s": "Dynamical point representing the center of mass of orbiting bodies."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/asteroid/": {"t": "Asteroid", "s": "Rocky, metallic, or icy minor planets orbiting the Sun, mostly in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter."}, "https://codexery.com/space-debris/e/space-debris/space-debris/": {"t": "Space debris", "s": "Defunct human-made objects in Earth orbit posing collision risks."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/jupiter/": {"t": "Jupiter", "s": "Largest planet in the Solar System, a gas giant with a Great Red Spot."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-planet/e/types-of-planet/gas-giant/": {"t": "Gas giant", "s": "Giant planets composed mainly of hydrogen and helium."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/exoplanet/": {"t": "Exoplanet", "s": "An exoplanet, also called an extrasolar planet, is any planet that exists beyond our Solar System.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/exoplanet.webp", "c": "European Space Agency · CC BY-SA 3.0 igo"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/helios/": {"t": "Helios", "s": "Greek god personifying the Sun, guardian of oaths and sight."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/trajectory/": {"t": "Trajectory", "s": "Path of an object through motion over time."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/hohmann-transfer-orbit/": {"t": "Hohmann transfer orbit", "s": "An orbital maneuver using two burns to transfer between orbits."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-the-moon/e/exploration-of-the-moon/lunar-water/": {"t": "Lunar water", "s": "Water on the Moon, vital for habitation, exists as ice and bound minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/low-earth-orbit/": {"t": "Low Earth orbit", "s": "Low Earth orbit hosts most artificial satellites and space stations."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrogen-peroxide/": {"t": "Hydrogen peroxide", "s": "A reactive oxygen species used as an oxidizer and antiseptic."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/methane/": {"t": "Methane", "s": "Simplest alkane, main component of natural gas, potent greenhouse gas."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/artemis-program/": {"t": "Artemis program", "s": "Returning humans to the Moon and building a permanent lunar base."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/silicon/": {"t": "Silicon", "s": "The semiconductor element that shapes the modern world."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/titanium/": {"t": "Titanium", "s": "A strong, lightweight metal with high corrosion resistance."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/manganese/": {"t": "Manganese", "s": "Hard, brittle metal essential in alloys and human nutrition."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/potassium/": {"t": "Potassium", "s": "Soft alkali metal essential to life and widely used in fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/sodium/": {"t": "Sodium", "s": "Soft, reactive alkali metal essential for life."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/gravity/": {"t": "Gravity", "s": "Gravity is the fundamental attraction between objects with mass.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/gravity.webp", "c": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Nicoguaro · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-meteorology/e/satellite-meteorology/hyperspectral-imaging/": {"t": "Hyperspectral imaging", "s": "Captures continuous spectral bands for material identification across the electromagnetic spectrum."}, "https://codexery.com/camera-image-sensors/e/camera-image-sensors/panchromatic-sensor/": {"t": "Panchromatic sensor", "s": "A sensor capturing visible and non-visible light for high-resolution monochrome imagery."}, "https://codexery.com/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/e/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/dennis-tito/": {"t": "Dennis Tito", "s": "Dennis Tito is an American who spent nearly eight days in orbit as a crew member of ISS EP-1, a visiting mission to the International Space Station, launched by", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/img/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/dennis-tito.webp", "c": "NASA · via Wikipedia: Dennis Tito · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-period/": {"t": "Orbital period", "s": "Time for one full orbit around a primary body."}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/free-return-trajectory/": {"t": "Free-return trajectory", "s": "A propellantless return path using gravity of a secondary body."}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/heliocentric-orbit/": {"t": "Heliocentric orbit", "s": "An orbit around the Sun, followed by planets, comets, asteroids, and many artificial probes."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/keio-university/": {"t": "Keio University", "s": "Private research university founded in 1858 in Tokyo."}, "https://codexery.com/the-martian/e/world/jet-propulsion-laboratory/": {"t": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "s": "NASA's robotic-spacecraft lab, where Bruce Ng and Rich Purnell work."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/mach-number/": {"t": "Mach number", "s": "Dimensionless ratio of flow velocity to speed of sound."}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/mars-2020/": {"t": "Mars 2020", "s": "NASA mission to Mars seeking signs of past life."}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/construction-aggregate/": {"t": "Construction aggregate", "s": "Most mined material; key to concrete, asphalt, and drainage."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/mineral-processing/": {"t": "Mineral processing", "s": "Separating valuable minerals from ore through beneficiation processes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/img/manufacturing-and-materials/mineral-processing.webp", "c": "Marathon · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-science/e/lunar-science/lunar-regolith/": {"t": "Lunar regolith", "s": "The Moon's surface layer, shaped by impacts and charged particles."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-16/e/apollo-16/apollo-16/": {"t": "Apollo 16", "s": "Fifth crewed lunar landing, second J mission, explored Descartes Highlands."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/prestressed-concrete/": {"t": "Prestressed concrete", "s": "Concrete strengthened by internal compression from tensioned tendons."}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/fiberglass/": {"t": "Fiberglass", "s": "A versatile composite material of glass fiber and plastic matrix."}, "https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/kevlar/": {"t": "Kevlar", "s": "Synthetic fiber five times stronger than steel."}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/mars-landing/": {"t": "Mars landing", "s": "Correcting the record on Mars landings"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/kinetic-energy/": {"t": "Kinetic energy", "s": "Energy of motion, quantified as ½mv² in classical mechanics."}, 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"https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/mars-1m/": {"t": "Mars 1M", "s": "First Soviet Mars probes, both lost to launch failure."}, "https://codexery.com/satellites/e/satellites/satellite/": {"t": "Satellite", "s": "Artificial objects placed into orbit around a celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/apollo-program/": {"t": "Apollo program", "s": "The United States human spaceflight program that landed the first humans on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-program/e/apollo-program/earth-orbit-rendezvous/": {"t": "Earth orbit rendezvous", "s": "A method for assembling lunar spacecraft in low Earth orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-program/e/apollo-program/direct-ascent/": {"t": "Direct ascent", "s": "First proposed Apollo landing method, rejected for requiring a huge rocket."}, 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with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/head-up-display/": {"t": "Head-up display", "s": "Transparent display that presents data without requiring users to look away."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "Cosmic ray", "s": "High-energy particles from space, discovered via balloon flights in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/cosmic-ray.webp", "c": "Vahram Mekhitarian · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/armstrong-limit/": {"t": "Armstrong limit", "s": "Altitude where body-temperature water boils due to low pressure."}, 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"Rayleigh scattering explains why the sky is blue.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/img/optics-and-photonics/rayleigh-scattering.webp", "c": "Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-17/": {"t": "Apollo 17", "s": "Final Apollo Moon landing, with the only geologist to walk on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-17.webp", "c": "NASA on The Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/apollo-lunar-module/": {"t": "Apollo Lunar Module", "s": "First crewed spacecraft to land beyond Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/nature-journal/": {"t": "Nature (journal)", "s": "British weekly journal of peer-reviewed natural science research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/nature-journal.webp", "c": "ESO/M. Kornmesser (photo displayed on the magazine cover) · via Wikipedia: Nature (journal) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/buzz-aldrin/": {"t": "Buzz Aldrin", "s": "Second human to walk on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/buzz-aldrin.webp", "c": "NASA · via Wikipedia: Buzz Aldrin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/mars-one/": {"t": "Mars One", "s": "A private Dutch venture to establish a one-way Mars colony."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/nuclear-reactor/": {"t": "Nuclear reactor", "s": "Device that controls nuclear fission for energy, propulsion, and research."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/dutch-people/": {"t": "Dutch people", "s": "Ethnic group native to the Netherlands, with global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation/": {"t": "Radiation", "s": "Energy emitted as waves or particles through space or matter."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/ceramic/": {"t": "Ceramic", "s": "Hard, brittle, heat-resistant materials made from fired inorganic substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/img/construction-and-materials/ceramic.webp", "c": "Goterrestrial · CC BY 4.0"}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/terraforming-of-mars/": {"t": "Terraforming of Mars", "s": "Hypothetical planetary engineering to make Mars habitable."}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/atmosphere/": {"t": "Atmosphere", "s": "A layer of gases enveloping an astronomical object, retained by gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/water-cycle/": {"t": "Water cycle", "s": "Continuous movement of water across Earth's reservoirs."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/metabolism/": {"t": "Metabolism", "s": "Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions sustaining life."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitrogen/": {"t": "Nitrogen", "s": "Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless diatomic gas forming 78% of Earth's air."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/ammonia/": {"t": "Ammonia", "s": "A colourless gas with a pungent smell, vital for fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/the-case-for-mars/": {"t": "The Case for Mars", "s": "A book outlining Mars Direct and the case for colonizing Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/organic-matter/": {"t": "Organic matter", "s": "Carbon-based compounds from organisms, vital for nutrient cycling and soil health."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/breccia/": {"t": "Breccia", "s": "Clastic rock of angular fragments bound by matrix or cement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/breccia.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. Siim assumed (based on copyright claims). · via Wikipedia: Breccia · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/aeolian-processes/": {"t": "Aeolian processes", "s": "Wind-driven processes that shape Earth's surface through erosion, transport, and deposition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/aeolian-processes.webp", "c": "Laurent Deschodt · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/bedform/": {"t": "Bedform", "s": "Geological features formed at fluid-moveable bed interfaces."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united-states/hawai-i-volcanoes-national-park/": {"t": "Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park", "s": "Park protecting two active volcanoes and traditional Hawaiian culture."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/vega-1/": {"t": "Vega 1", "s": "Soviet probe to Venus and Halley's Comet."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/vega-2/": {"t": "Vega 2", "s": "Soviet probe that studied Venus and Halley's Comet."}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet-union/proton-rocket-family/": {"t": "Proton (rocket family)", "s": "Soviet/Russian hypergolic heavy-lift launch vehicle family."}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-broke-apart-in-space/e/spacecraft-that-broke-apart-in-space/fregat/": {"t": "Fregat", "s": "Upper stage for Soyuz and Zenit, operational since 2000."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrazine/": {"t": "Hydrazine", "s": "A versatile inorganic compound used in propellants, foams, and pharmaceuticals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrazine.webp", "c": "Ben Mills · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet-union/proton-k/": {"t": "Proton-K", "s": "Soviet heavy-lift rocket used for space stations and interplanetary probes."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/seismometer/": {"t": "Seismometer", "s": "Instrument that measures ground motion from quakes and explosions."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/paris-observatory/": {"t": "Paris Observatory", "s": "World's oldest active observatory, cornerstone of French astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-france/e/space-program-of-france/cnes/": {"t": "CNES", "s": "French national space agency, Europe's largest such organization."}, "https://codexery.com/space-programme-of-the-united-kingdom/e/space-programme-of-the-united-kingdom/british-interplanetary-society/": {"t": "British Interplanetary Society", "s": "From imagination to reality since 1933."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geophysics/": {"t": "Geophysics", "s": "The physical science of Earth and planetary processes"}, "https://codexery.com/atmospheric-sciences/e/atmospheric-sciences/climatology/": {"t": "Climatology", "s": "Scientific study of Earth's climate over extended periods."}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/in-situ-resource-utilization/": {"t": "In situ resource utilization", "s": "Using local materials on other worlds to reduce Earth launches."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/breeder-reactor/": {"t": "Breeder reactor", "s": "A reactor that breeds more fuel than it burns.", "i": "https://codexery.com/power-generation/img/power-generation/breeder-reactor.webp", "c": "Bkleinf2 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-the-moon/e/exploration-of-the-moon/colonization-of-the-moon/": {"t": "Colonization of the Moon", "s": "Concept for human and robotic presence on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-the-moon/img/exploration-of-the-moon/colonization-of-the-moon.webp", "c": "NASA/Moon2Mars · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/toshiba/": {"t": "Toshiba", "s": "Japanese electronics conglomerate known for flash memory and laptops.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/toshiba.webp", "c": "photo: Qurren (talk) Taken with Samsung Galaxy J (NTT docomo SC-02F) · via Wikipedia: Toshiba · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/apollo-11/": {"t": "Apollo 11", "s": "First crewed mission to land humans on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/apollo-11.webp", "c": "Neil A. Armstrong · via Wikipedia: Apollo 11 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-space-station/e/international-space-station/space-station-freedom/": {"t": "Space Station Freedom", "s": "Predecessor project that became the US Orbital Segment of the ISS.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-space-station/img/international-space-station/space-station-freedom.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Space Station Freedom · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/ride-report/": {"t": "Ride Report", "s": "1987 NASA report proposing Moon outpost and crewed Mars landing."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-the-united-states/e/space-program-of-the-united-states/space-program-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Space program of the United States", "s": "U.S. space policy spans civilian, military, and commercial programs."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-the-moon/e/exploration-of-the-moon/international-lunar-resources-exploration-concept/": {"t": "International Lunar Resources Exploration Concept", "s": "Proposed lunar base with Russian partnership, developed after Bush's SEI."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/atmospheric-escape/": {"t": "Atmospheric escape", "s": "Loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space via multiple mechanisms."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/gravity-of-mars/": {"t": "Gravity of Mars", "s": "Mars' gravity is 38% of Earth's, shaped by its interior and topography."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/tongue/": {"t": "Tongue", "s": "Muscular organ for taste, chewing, swallowing, and speech.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/img/physiology-and-medicine/tongue.webp", "c": "Stephanie cheks · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-habitable-zone/": {"t": "The habitable zone", "s": "The range of orbits around a star where liquid water could exist on a planetary surface."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nitrate/": {"t": "Nitrate", "s": "Nitrate is a polyatomic ion used in fertilizers and explosives."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/electrolysis/": {"t": "Electrolysis", "s": "Breakdown via electricity: using direct current to drive non-spontaneous reactions."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/hydrogen/": {"t": "Hydrogen", "s": "The lightest and most abundant element in the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/greenhouse-effect/": {"t": "Greenhouse effect", "s": "The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat by gases in a planet's atmosphere, raising its surface temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/microbiology/e/microbiology/extremophile/": {"t": "Extremophile", "s": "Organisms that thrive in extreme environments on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microbiology/img/microbiology/extremophile.webp", "c": "Justin Meissen from St Paul, United States · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/e/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/cyanobacteria/": {"t": "Cyanobacteria", "s": "Ancient photosynthetic bacteria that oxygenated Earth's atmosphere.", "i": "https://codexery.com/higher-level-taxonomy-evolution/img/higher-level-taxonomy-and-evolution/cyanobacteria.webp", "c": "Lamiot · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/exploration-of-mars/space-exploration-initiative/": {"t": "Space Exploration Initiative", "s": "Bush-era plan for Moon base and Mars mission."}, "https://codexery.com/disasters/e/historic-disasters/the-columbia-disaster/": {"t": "The Columbia disaster", "s": "Second Space Shuttle disaster, caused by foam strike on wing."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-speech-disorders/e/people-with-speech-disorders/joe-biden/": {"t": "Joe Biden", "s": "46th president of the United States, former senator and vice president."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/space-shuttle-program/": {"t": "Space Shuttle program", "s": "NASA's reusable spaceplane program flew 135 missions from 1981 to 2011."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/crew-exploration-vehicle/": {"t": "Crew Exploration Vehicle", "s": "NASA's competition to design a spacecraft for the Vision for Space Exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/orion-spacecraft/": {"t": "Orion (spacecraft)", "s": "NASA's deep-space crew capsule for Artemis lunar missions."}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/constellation-program/": {"t": "Constellation program", "s": "NASA program aiming for Moon and Mars, cancelled in 2010."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/space-dock/": {"t": "Space dock", "s": "Hypothetical orbital facility for spacecraft construction and repair."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-science/e/lunar-science/far-side-of-the-moon/": {"t": "Far side of the Moon", "s": "The unseen hemisphere of the Moon, shielded from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/radio-astronomy/": {"t": "Radio astronomy", "s": "Passive observation of celestial objects using radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/radio-astronomy.webp", "c": "Maksym Kozlenko · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/ionosphere/": {"t": "Ionosphere", "s": "Ionized upper atmosphere enabling long-distance radio propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/bill-law/": {"t": "Bill (law)", "s": "A proposal for a new law or alteration of an existing law."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-science/e/lunar-science/geology-of-the-moon/": {"t": "Geology of the Moon", "s": "The Moon's geology reveals a differentiated body with a complex history."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/nuclear-engineering/": {"t": "Nuclear engineering", "s": "Engineering discipline focused on nuclear energy systems."}, "https://codexery.com/aerospace/e/aerospace/aeronautics/": {"t": "Aeronautics", "s": "The science and art of flight within the atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/aerospace/e/aerospace/astronautics/": {"t": "Astronautics", "s": "The practice of sending spacecraft beyond Earth's atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/federal-government-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Federal government of the United States", "s": "National government of the United States, established by the Constitution."}, "https://codexery.com/4ad-artists/e/4ad-artists/black-francis/": {"t": "Black Francis", "s": "Lead vocalist of Pixies and solo artist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/4ad-artists/img/4ad-artists/black-francis.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Francis · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mars-in-television/e/mars-in-television/pioneer-one/": {"t": "Pioneer One", "s": "First series created for and released on BitTorrent networks."}, "https://codexery.com/mars-in-television/e/mars-in-television/mars-american-tv-series/": {"t": "Mars (American TV series)", "s": "A docu-drama blending real interviews with a fictional Mars mission."}}