{"/e/exploration-and-colonization/columbian-exchange/": {"t": "Columbian exchange", "s": "The Columbian exchange—sometimes called the Columbian interchange—describes the large-scale movement of plants, animals, and diseases linking the Americas (the ", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/columbian-exchange.webp", "c": "Warren LeMay from Chicago, IL, United States · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/part-1/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/part-1/canary-islands/": {"t": "canary-islands", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/part-1/english-overseas-possessions/": {"t": "english-overseas-possessions", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/part-1/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "portuguese-empire", "s": ""}, "/e/exploration-and-colonization/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "The empire on which the sun never set.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/spanish-empire.webp", "c": "Nagihuin · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/exploration-and-colonization/french-colonial-empire/": {"t": "French colonial empire", "s": "Overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandates under French rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/french-colonial-empire.webp", "c": "M. G. Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/afro-eurasia/": {"t": "Afro-Eurasia", "s": "Largest contiguous landmass, comprising Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/part-1/afro-eurasia.webp", "c": "Keepscases · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/christopher-columbus/": {"t": "Christopher Columbus", "s": "Italian explorer who opened the Americas to European colonization"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/part-1/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/part-1/iberian-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/roman-empire/": {"t": "roman-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/part-1/politics-aristotle/": {"t": "politics-aristotle", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/part-1/the-fall-of-the-western-roman-empire/": {"t": "the-fall-of-the-western-roman-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/middle-ages/": {"t": "middle-ages", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/part-1/sahara/": {"t": "sahara", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/vikingage/e/part-1/vinland/": {"t": "Vinland", "s": "The Norse name for a part of coastal North America, explored around AD 1000."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/part-1/walter-raleigh/": {"t": "walter-raleigh", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/part-1/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/part-1/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/part-1/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/part-1/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/part-1/statute-of-westminster-1931/": {"t": "statute-of-westminster-1931", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/part-1/head-of-state/": {"t": "head-of-state", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/fc-porto/e/stadiums/portugal/": {"t": "Portugal", "s": "The land where Atlantic winds blow as the Dragons rise to conquer Europe."}, "/e/exploration-and-colonization/european-colonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "European colonization of the Americas", "s": "European colonization of the Americas: from Norse voyages to the establishment of settler colonial states."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/part-1/barbados/": {"t": "barbados", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/part-1/tobago/": {"t": "tobago", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/part-1/western-hemisphere/": {"t": "western-hemisphere", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/part-1/eastern-hemisphere/": {"t": "eastern-hemisphere", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/part-1/infectious-disease/": {"t": "infectious-disease", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/part-1/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas/": {"t": "indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/new-zealand-cuisine/e/part-1/k-mara/": {"t": "k-mara", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/e/part-1/sugarcane/": {"t": "Sugarcane", "s": "A tall perennial grass used for sugar production, native to New Guinea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plants-crops/img/part-1/sugarcane.webp", "c": "Vis M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/part-1/polynesians/": {"t": "polynesians", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/jamaican-cuisine/e/part-1/cassava/": {"t": "cassava", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/part-1/portuguese-people/": {"t": "portuguese-people", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/part-1/latin-america/": {"t": "latin-america", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cuisines/e/part-1/indian-cuisine/": {"t": "indian-cuisine", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/part-1/cocoa-industry/": {"t": "cocoa-industry", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/herbs-and-spices/e/part-1/vanilla/": {"t": "vanilla", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/food/e/part-1/rice/": {"t": "rice", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/part-1/oryza-sativa/": {"t": "oryza-sativa", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-and-vegetables/e/part-1/grape/": {"t": "grape", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/edible-fruits-and-nuts/e/part-1/papaya/": {"t": "papaya", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/part-1/grand-duchy-of-tuscany/": {"t": "grand-duchy-of-tuscany", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/part-1/cattle/": {"t": "cattle", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/part-1/mapuche/": {"t": "mapuche", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/part-1/charles-viii-of-france/": {"t": "charles-viii-of-france", "s": ""}, "/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/part-1/maluku-islands/": {"t": "maluku-islands", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/part-1/hamburg/": {"t": "hamburg", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/part-1/iberian-union/": {"t": "iberian-union", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/part-1/timor/": {"t": "timor", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/part-1/mughal-empire/": {"t": "Mughal Empire", "s": "An early modern empire in South Asia, founded in 1526.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/part-1/mughal-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/e/part-1/carrack/": {"t": "Carrack", "s": "A three- or four-masted ocean-going ship developed in 14th–15th century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/img/part-1/carrack.webp", "c": "Gordon Grant (1875–1962); plates signed “G.G.” · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/part-1/malay-peninsula/": {"t": "Malay Peninsula", "s": "Southernmost point of mainland Asia, rich in history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/part-1/malay-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-cities/e/part-1/ternate/": {"t": "ternate", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/spices/e/profiles/nutmeg/": {"t": "Nutmeg", "s": "The seed of the fragrant nutmeg tree, native to the Banda Islands and mainly produced there, yields both nutmeg and mace spices."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/part-1/artificial-island/": {"t": "artificial-island", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/part-1/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/part-1/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/part-1/indonesian-national-revolution/": {"t": "Indonesian National Revolution", "s": "Armed and diplomatic struggle for Indonesian independence from Dutch rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/part-1/indonesian-national-revolution.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/part-1/nation-state/": {"t": "nation-state", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/part-1/surrender-of-japan/": {"t": "Surrender of Japan", "s": "Japan's surrender ended World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/part-1/surrender-of-japan.webp", "c": "Harry Beanham · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/part-1/attrition-warfare/": {"t": "Attrition warfare", "s": "A strategy of wearing down an opponent through sustained losses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/part-1/attrition-warfare.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/srivijaya/": {"t": "srivijaya", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/part-1/arabian-peninsula/": {"t": "Arabian Peninsula", "s": "The world's largest peninsula, cradle of Islam, and a land of ancient trade and modern oil wealth."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/part-1/bali/": {"t": "bali", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/part-1/culture-of-indonesia/": {"t": "culture-of-indonesia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/part-1/malay-language/": {"t": "malay-language", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/part-1/marco-polo/": {"t": "marco-polo", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/part-1/eighty-years-war/": {"t": "eighty-years-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/part-1/borneo/": {"t": "borneo", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/part-1/first-french-empire/": {"t": "first-french-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/singapore/": {"t": "Singapore", "s": "The Lion City, a global hub of trade and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/part-1/palembang/": {"t": "palembang", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/part-1/bird-s-head-peninsula/": {"t": "Bird's Head Peninsula", "s": "Northwestern New Guinea peninsula with rich biodiversity and cultural history."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/part-1/new-guinea/": {"t": "new-guinea", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/part-1/dutch-language/": {"t": "dutch-language", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ed-sheeran/e/places/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "The electric metropolis where a Suffolk dreamer became a global superstar."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/part-1/gemstone/": {"t": "gemstone", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/part-1/opium/": {"t": "opium", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/part-1/indian-rebellion-of-1857/": {"t": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "s": "A mutiny that became a rebellion, reshaping an empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/part-1/indian-rebellion-of-1857.webp", "c": "From a variety of images credited above. · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-drake/": {"t": "Francis Drake", "s": "English explorer and privateer who completed the second circumnavigation of the world."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elizabeth-i/": {"t": "Elizabeth I", "s": "The Virgin Queen who presided over the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/capes-and-headlands/e/part-1/cape-of-good-hope/": {"t": "cape-of-good-hope", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/part-1/arabian-sea/": {"t": "Arabian Sea", "s": "A historically vital sea linking Old World trade networks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/part-1/arabian-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arabian Sea · see source"}, "/e/exploration-and-colonization/treaty-of-tordesillas/": {"t": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "s": "The 1494 treaty that divided the non-European world between Portugal and Castile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/treaty-of-tordesillas.webp", "c": "Koppchen · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/vikingage/e/part-1/norse-colonization-of-north-america/": {"t": "Norse colonization of North America", "s": "Norse explorers settled Greenland and briefly reached North America."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/part-1/settler-colonialism/": {"t": "settler-colonialism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/part-1/the-black-death/": {"t": "the-black-death", "s": ""}, "/e/exploration-and-colonization/british-colonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "British colonization of the Americas", "s": "Colonies were established in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean, and although most eventually gained independence, some remain as "}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/part-1/decolonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Decolonization of the Americas", "s": "Multi-century process of American independence from European rule."}, "https://codexery.com/vikingage/e/part-1/l-anse-aux-meadows/": {"t": "L'Anse aux Meadows", "s": "The only undisputed Norse site in North America outside Greenland."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/part-1/leif-erikson/": {"t": "leif-erikson", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/part-1/silk-road/": {"t": "silk-road", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/part-1/guanahani/": {"t": "guanahani", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pope-alexander-vi/": {"t": "Pope Alexander VI", "s": "The controversial Renaissance pope from the Borgia family."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/part-1/reconquista/": {"t": "reconquista", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/part-1/longitude/": {"t": "longitude", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/part-1/smallpox/": {"t": "smallpox", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/part-1/encomienda/": {"t": "encomienda", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/hern-n-cort-s/": {"t": "Hernán Cortés", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led the fall of the Aztec Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/hern-n-cort-s.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Hernán Cortés · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/part-1/indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "indigenous-peoples", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/daft-punk/e/places/paris/": {"t": "Paris", "s": "A neon-drenched metropolis where human creativity sparks the fire of robotic evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/part-1/world-war-i/": {"t": "world-war-i", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/part-1/french-colonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "french-colonization-of-the-americas", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/part-1/french-india/": {"t": "french-india", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/part-1/seven-years-war/": {"t": "seven-years-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/part-1/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "franco-prussian-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/part-1/second-world-war/": {"t": "second-world-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/part-1/first-indochina-war/": {"t": "first-indochina-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/part-1/algerian-war/": {"t": "algerian-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/part-1/overseas-france/": {"t": "overseas-france", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/part-1/giovanni-da-verrazzano/": {"t": "giovanni-da-verrazzano", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/part-1/jacques-cartier/": {"t": "jacques-cartier", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/part-1/french-wars-of-religion/": {"t": "French Wars of Religion", "s": "The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars fought between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots from 1562 to 1598.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/part-1/french-wars-of-religion.webp", "c": "Edward Baines · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro", "s": "Rio de Janeiro: host of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cup finals at Maracanã Stadium."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-brazil/e/part-1/s-o-lu-s-maranh-o/": {"t": "São Luís, Maranhão", "s": "Brazilian state capital founded by France, with a UNESCO-listed historic center."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/part-1/nova-scotia/": {"t": "nova-scotia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-canada/e/part-1/quebec-city/": {"t": "Quebec City", "s": "One of the oldest European settlements in North America, and the only fortified city north of Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/part-1/catholic-church/": {"t": "catholic-church", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/part-1/st-lawrence-river/": {"t": "St. Lawrence River", "s": "Major North American river connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/part-1/st-lawrence-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St. Lawrence River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/part-1/louisiana/": {"t": "Louisiana", "s": "U.S. state with French heritage, parishes, and Gulf Coast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/part-1/louisiana.webp", "c": "Mark Holloway · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/part-1/german-empire/": {"t": "german-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/part-1/organisation-of-african-unity/": {"t": "organisation-of-african-unity", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/part-1/protectionism/": {"t": "protectionism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/tea/e/part-1/tea/": {"t": "Tea", "s": "A widely consumed beverage with ancient East Asian origins."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/part-1/tin/": {"t": "tin", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/part-1/imperialism/": {"t": "imperialism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/part-1/suez-canal/": {"t": "Suez Canal", "s": "The Suez Canal: a vital sea-level waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas, dividing Africa and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/part-1/pierre-savorgnan-de-brazza/": {"t": "pierre-savorgnan-de-brazza", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/part-1/congo-river/": {"t": "Congo River", "s": "Second-longest African river, deepest in the world, crossing the equator twice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/part-1/congo-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Congo River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/part-1/henry-morton-stanley/": {"t": "henry-morton-stanley", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/part-1/leopold-ii-of-belgium/": {"t": "leopold-ii-of-belgium", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/part-1/otto-von-bismarck/": {"t": "otto-von-bismarck", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/part-1/crimean-war/": {"t": "crimean-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/e/part-1/victor-emmanuel-ii/": {"t": "victor-emmanuel-ii", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/part-1/oceania/": {"t": "Oceania", "s": "Oceania is the smallest continent, spanning the Pacific Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/part-1/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power."}, "https://codexery.com/sporting-cp/e/stadiums/azores/": {"t": "Azores", "s": "A volcanic chain of islands echoing the green and white spirit across the Atlantic."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/part-1/normandy/": {"t": "normandy", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/part-1/pedro-lvares-cabral/": {"t": "pedro-lvares-cabral", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/part-1/pope-julius-ii/": {"t": "pope-julius-ii", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/part-1/ponce-de-leon/": {"t": "ponce-de-leon", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/e/part-1/diego-vel-zquez-de-cu-llar/": {"t": "diego-vel-zquez-de-cu-llar", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/part-1/vasco-n-ez-de-balboa/": {"t": "vasco-n-ez-de-balboa", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/part-1/isthmus-of-panama/": {"t": "Isthmus of Panama", "s": "Narrow land bridge linking North and South America."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/part-1/italian-wars/": {"t": "italian-wars", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/part-1/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "republic-of-venice", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/part-1/house-of-bourbon/": {"t": "house-of-bourbon", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/part-1/general-archive-of-the-indies/": {"t": "General Archive of the Indies", "s": "Central archive for Spanish Empire documents in the Americas and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/e/part-1/francisco-de-almeida/": {"t": "francisco-de-almeida", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/part-1/archipelago/": {"t": "archipelago", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/spices/e/profiles/clove/": {"t": "Clove", "s": "Aromatic flower buds native to the Moluccas, used worldwide as a spice and fragrance."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/part-1/hokkaido/": {"t": "hokkaido", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/part-1/miguel-l-pez-de-legazpi/": {"t": "miguel-l-pez-de-legazpi", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/part-1/andr-s-de-urdaneta/": {"t": "andr-s-de-urdaneta", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/part-1/goa/": {"t": "goa", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/part-1/uruguay-river/": {"t": "Uruguay River", "s": "Major South American river forming parts of three national borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/part-1/uruguay-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Uruguay River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/part-1/malaria/": {"t": "malaria", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/epic-poetry-myth/e/part-1/os-lus-adas/": {"t": "os-lus-adas", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-portugal/e/part-1/vora/": {"t": "Évora", "s": "Historic capital of Alentejo, UNESCO site since 1986."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/prince-henry-the-navigator/": {"t": "Prince Henry the Navigator", "s": "Portuguese prince and patron of early exploration"}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-vegetables/e/part-1/grains-of-paradise/": {"t": "grains-of-paradise", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/part-1/slavery/": {"t": "slavery", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/part-1/bartolomeu-dias/": {"t": "bartolomeu-dias", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/e/part-1/caravel/": {"t": "Caravel", "s": "A small, fast, windward-sailing ship of Iberian exploration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/img/part-1/caravel.webp", "c": "Farid mernissi · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/part-1/mombasa/": {"t": "mombasa", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/part-1/kerala/": {"t": "kerala", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/part-1/mogadishu/": {"t": "mogadishu", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/part-1/horn-of-africa/": {"t": "Horn of Africa", "s": "A strategically vital peninsula and cultural crossroads in eastern Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-portugal/e/part-1/sintra/": {"t": "Sintra", "s": "A UNESCO World Heritage town in Greater Lisbon, Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/yongle-emperor/": {"t": "Yongle Emperor", "s": "Third emperor of the Ming dynasty, known for moving the capital to Beijing and sponsoring the Yongle Encyclopedia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/part-1/nanjing/": {"t": "nanjing", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/part-1/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "yuan-dynasty", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/part-1/hajj/": {"t": "hajj", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/part-1/porcelain/": {"t": "porcelain", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/australian-cuisine/e/part-1/camel-meat/": {"t": "camel-meat", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/part-1/mandate-of-heaven/": {"t": "mandate-of-heaven", "s": ""}}