[{"n": "Eighty Years' War", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/eighty-years-war/", "s": "The Eighty Years' War: A struggle for independence and religious freedom in the Habsburg Netherlands."}, {"n": "English Reformation", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/english-reformation/", "s": "Break from papal authority and Catholic doctrine in England."}, {"n": "European wars of religion", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/european-wars-of-religion/", "s": "European wars of religion: conflicts from the Reformation to the early 18th century."}, {"n": "First Carlist War", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/first-carlist-war/", "s": "A civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840 over succession and monarchy, pitting Carlists against Liberals."}, {"n": "Franco-Dutch War", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/franco-dutch-war/", "s": "A European conflict from 1672 to 1678 between France and the Dutch Republic, marked by the Rampjaar and the Pe"}, {"n": "French and Indian Wars", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/french-and-indian-wars/", "s": "A series of North American conflicts (1688–1763) between Britain and France, with Indigenous allies, culminati"}, {"n": "French Revolution of 1848", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/french-revolution-of-1848/", "s": "Civil unrest in February 1848 ending the July Monarchy."}, {"n": "German Peasants' War", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/german-peasants-war/", "s": "A widespread popular revolt in German-speaking areas from 1524 to 1525, crushed by the aristocracy."}, {"n": "German revolutions of 1848–1849", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/german-revolutions-of-1848-1849/", "s": "A series of loosely coordinated protests and rebellions in the German Confederation, beginning with the March "}, {"n": "Gunpowder Plot", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/gunpowder-plot/", "s": "The failed 1605 plot to blow up the House of Lords and kill King James I."}, {"n": "Huguenots", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/huguenots/", "s": "French Protestants of the Reformed tradition, persecuted and exiled under Louis XIV."}, {"n": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/hungarian-revolution-of-1848/", "s": "A pivotal 1848–49 war for Hungarian independence from Habsburg rule."}, {"n": "Irish Civil War", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/irish-civil-war/", "s": "Conflict over the Anglo-Irish Treaty divided Irish society."}, {"n": "Irish War of Independence", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/irish-war-of-independence/", "s": "Guerrilla war between IRA and British forces, 1919–1921."}, {"n": "Irish revolutionary period", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/irish-revolutionary-period/", "s": "Period of Irish nationalist shift and armed conflict for independence."}, {"n": "Jacobitism", "u": "/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/jacobitism/", "s": "A political movement seeking restoration of the exiled House of Stuart after the Glorious Revolution."}]