[{"n": "Michael Joseph Savage", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/michael-joseph-savage/", "s": "23rd Prime Minister of New Zealand and architect of the welfare state"}, {"n": "Neville Chamberlain", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/neville-chamberlain/", "s": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940, known for the Munich Agreement and appeasement policy."}, {"n": "Otto von Bismarck", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/otto-von-bismarck/", "s": "Prussian statesman who unified Germany and became its first chancellor."}, {"n": "Pope Clement XI", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-clement-xi/", "s": "Head of the Catholic Church from 1700 to 1721, patron of arts and science, and issuer of the bull Unigenitus."}, {"n": "Pope Gregory XIII", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-gregory-xiii/", "s": "The pope who gave us the calendar"}, {"n": "Pope Julius II", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-julius-ii/", "s": "The Warrior Pope who led armies and commissioned masterpieces."}, {"n": "Pope Leo X", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-leo-x/", "s": "Pope Leo X was the last pope not to have been in priestly orders at the time of his election."}, {"n": "Pope Urban VIII", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-urban-viii/", "s": "Pope who expanded papal territory, opposed Copernicanism, and left a legacy of debt."}, {"n": "Robert M. La Follette", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/robert-m-la-follette/", "s": "Fighting Bob: Wisconsin's progressive champion and third-party presidential candidate."}, {"n": "Robert Walpole", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/robert-walpole/", "s": "The de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain, serving from 1721 to 1742."}, {"n": "Rudolf Hess", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/rudolf-hess/", "s": "Deputy Führer who flew to Scotland on a peace mission"}, {"n": "Saionji Kinmochi", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/saionji-kinmochi/", "s": "Last surviving genrō and twice Prime Minister of Japan."}, {"n": "Samia Suluhu Hassan", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/samia-suluhu-hassan/", "s": "Tanzania's first female president, navigating a contested legacy from reformer to authoritarian rule."}, {"n": "Michael Collins (Irish leader)", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/michael-collins-irish-leader/", "s": "Irish revolutionary, soldier, and politician in the independence struggle."}, {"n": "Nikola Pašić", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/nikola-pa-i/", "s": "Serbian and Yugoslav statesman, five-time prime minister of Serbia and three-time prime minister of Yugoslavia"}, {"n": "Nikolai Bukharin", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/nikolai-bukharin/", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist"}, {"n": "Peter Fraser", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/peter-fraser/", "s": "New Zealand's wartime prime minister and Labour Party stalwart."}, {"n": "Philippe Pétain", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/philippe-p-tain/", "s": "From hero of Verdun to collaborationist ruler of Vichy France."}, {"n": "Pierre Laval", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pierre-laval/", "s": "French politician and prime minister executed for Nazi collaboration"}, {"n": "Pope Benedict XIV", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-benedict-xiv/", "s": "Scholar, reformer, and pope who balanced faith with enlightenment."}, {"n": "Pope Clement VIII", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-clement-viii/", "s": "Pope who reconciled Henry IV and approved coffee."}, {"n": "Pope Pius VI", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-pius-vi/", "s": "Fifth-longest reigning pope in history; longest-serving pope of the Papal States."}, {"n": "Pyotr Stolypin", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pyotr-stolypin/", "s": "Reformer and last major statesman of Imperial Russia"}, {"n": "Raymond Poincaré", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/raymond-poincar/", "s": "French statesman, President and three-time Prime Minister, known for his wartime leadership and the Occupation"}, {"n": "Richard Seddon", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/richard-seddon/", "s": "New Zealand's longest-serving premier, known as 'King Dick'."}, {"n": "Robert Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/robert-cecil-viscount-cecil-of-chelwood/", "s": "Architect of the League of Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate"}, {"n": "Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/robert-gascoyne-cecil-3rd-marquess-of-salisbury/", "s": "British statesman and Conservative politician, three-time Prime Minister and architect of 'splendid isolation'"}, {"n": "Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/robert-jenkinson-2nd-earl-of-liverpool/", "s": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1812 to 1827"}, {"n": "Robert Peel", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/robert-peel/", "s": "British Conservative statesman, father of modern policing, and key architect of free trade."}, {"n": "Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/sebasti-o-jos-de-carvalho-e-melo-1st-marquis-of-pombal/", "s": "Portuguese statesman and dominant minister under King Joseph I, known for his autocratic reforms and managemen"}, {"n": "Sergei Witte", "u": "/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/sergei-witte/", "s": "First prime minister of the Russian Empire and architect of its industrialization and 1905 constitutional refo"}]