{"https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/italians/": {"t": "Italians", "s": "An ethnic group native to Italy with a global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/theatrical-occupations/e/theatrical-occupations/playwright/": {"t": "Playwright", "s": "A crafter of dramatic works for theatrical performance."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/e/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce/": {"t": "James Joyce", "s": "Modernist prose master whose works center on Dublin and revolutionized literary style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/img/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Joyce · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-novels-and-plays/e/notable-novels-and-plays/zeno-s-conscience/": {"t": "Zeno's Conscience", "s": "Italo Svevo's ironic psychoanalytic memoir of a Trieste man who can never smoke his last cigarette.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-novels-and-plays/img/notable-novels-and-plays/zeno-s-conscience.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Zeno's Conscience · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/bankruptcy/": {"t": "Bankruptcy", "s": "Legal process for debt relief from creditors."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/bank-teller/": {"t": "Bank teller", "s": "Front-line bank employee handling cash and customer service."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/humanism/": {"t": "Humanism", "s": "A philosophy centered on human agency, reason, and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/pacifism/": {"t": "Pacifism", "s": "Opposition to war or violence, coined in 1901."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/unreliable-narrator/": {"t": "Unreliable narrator", "s": "A narrator whose credibility is compromised."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franz-kafka/": {"t": "Franz Kafka", "s": "German-language Jewish Czech writer of surreal bureaucratic predicaments."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/ljubljana/": {"t": "Ljubljana", "s": "Capital of Slovenia, with a dragon symbol and Roman origins."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/heinrich-heine/": {"t": "Heinrich Heine", "s": "German poet, writer and literary critic known for his lyric poetry and satirical wit."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/anti-clericalism/": {"t": "Anti-clericalism", "s": "Opposition to religious authority, often targeting the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/serbo-croatian/": {"t": "Serbo-Croatian", "s": "A pluricentric South Slavic language with four standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/south-slavs/": {"t": "South Slavs", "s": "South Slavic peoples of Southeast Europe, including Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, and Slovenes."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/spanish-flu/": {"t": "Spanish flu", "s": "A deadly global pandemic misnamed after Spain due to wartime censorship."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/expressionism/": {"t": "Expressionism", "s": "A modernist movement emphasizing subjective emotional experience over physical reality."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/civil-service/": {"t": "Civil service", "s": "The backbone of government: impartial, professional, and permanent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/civil-service.webp", "c": "Harry Mitchell · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/irony/": {"t": "Irony", "s": "A juxtaposition of surface and underlying meaning."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/freethought/": {"t": "Freethought", "s": "A movement for thinking independent of tradition, revelation, and dogma."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/friedrich-nietzsche/": {"t": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "s": "German philosopher and philologist known for his critiques of religion, morality, and truth."}, "https://codexery.com/fringe-season-1-episodes/e/fringe-season-1-episodes/the-same-old-story/": {"t": "The Same Old Story", "s": "A newborn ages to death; Fringe investigates pituitary removals."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/moscow-state-university/": {"t": "Moscow State University", "s": "Russia's oldest university, a center of learning and controversy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/moscow-state-university.webp", "c": "Suicasmo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ivan-turgenev/": {"t": "Ivan Turgenev", "s": "Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/fyodor-dostoevsky/": {"t": "Fyodor Dostoevsky", "s": "Russian novelist and philosopher of the human condition"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/anton-chekhov/": {"t": "Anton Chekhov", "s": "Russian playwright and short story writer, physician by profession.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/anton-chekhov.webp", "c": "Brücke-Osteuropa · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexander-pushkin/": {"t": "Alexander Pushkin", "s": "Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era, considered the greatest Russian poet and founder of modern Russian literature."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/eugene-onegin/": {"t": "Eugene Onegin", "s": "A verse novel by Alexander Pushkin, a classical example of the modern genre.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/img/novels-and-epics/eugene-onegin.webp", "c": "JohnnysNewCar · via Wikipedia: Eugene Onegin · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/alexander-herzen/": {"t": "Alexander Herzen", "s": "Russian writer and precursor of socialism and agrarian populism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/alexander-herzen.webp", "c": "Ге Николай Николаевич (1831 -1894) · via Wikipedia: Alexander Herzen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/social-realism/": {"t": "Social realism", "s": "Art movement critiquing socio-political conditions of the working class."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/humorism/": {"t": "Humorism", "s": "An ancient medical theory of four bodily fluids whose balance was thought to determine health and temperament."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/satire/": {"t": "Satire", "s": "A genre using ridicule to expose societal flaws."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin/": {"t": "Mikhail Bakunin", "s": "Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin.webp", "c": "chrisaliv · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cancer/e/cancer/cancer/": {"t": "Cancer", "s": "A group of diseases involving uncontrolled cell growth with potential to spread."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/thyroid/": {"t": "Thyroid", "s": "Butterfly-shaped gland regulating metabolism and calcium balance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/img/physiology-and-medicine/thyroid.webp", "c": "Mikael Häggström , M.D. Author info - Reusing images - Conflicts of interest: No · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/jules-verne/": {"t": "Jules Verne", "s": "French novelist, poet, and playwright; creator of the Voyages extraordinaires."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/psychological-trauma/": {"t": "Psychological trauma", "s": "An emotional response to severe distressing events, studied in psychotraumatology."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/homosexuality/": {"t": "Homosexuality", "s": "A natural variation in human sexuality, documented across history and species."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/gymnasium-school/": {"t": "Gymnasium (school)", "s": "European secondary school preparing students for university."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/journalism/": {"t": "Journalism", "s": "Journalism informs society through verified reports on events and ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-novels-and-plays/e/notable-novels-and-plays/wide-sargasso-sea/": {"t": "Wide Sargasso Sea", "s": "Wide Sargasso Sea is a 1966 novel by Jean Rhys, best known as her final novel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-novels-and-plays/img/notable-novels-and-plays/wide-sargasso-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jean Rhys · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/dominica/": {"t": "Dominica", "s": "An island republic with volcanic landscapes and a Kalinago heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/jane-eyre/": {"t": "Jane Eyre", "s": "A novel by the English writer Charlotte Brontë, published under her pen name \"Currer Bell\" on 19 October 1847.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/img/novels-and-epics/jane-eyre.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Jane Eyre · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lord-byron/": {"t": "Lord Byron", "s": "British Romantic poet and satirist, known for Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/lord-byron.webp", "c": "Thomas Phillips · via Wikipedia: Lord Byron · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/john-milton/": {"t": "John Milton", "s": "English poet, polemicist, and civil servant; author of Paradise Lost"}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/gulliver-s-travels/": {"t": "Gulliver's Travels", "s": "Jonathan Swift's 1726 satire following Lemuel Gulliver to Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa and the Houyhnhnms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/img/novels-and-epics/gulliver-s-travels.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gulliver's Travels · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe/": {"t": "Robinson Crusoe", "s": "Fictional castaway who inspired the Robinsonade genre.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/robinson-crusoe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robinson Crusoe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/roseau/": {"t": "Roseau", "s": "Capital and largest city of Dominica, historic port and colonial center."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/t-s-eliot/": {"t": "T. S. Eliot", "s": "Anglo-Catholic poet linked to the broader Catholic literary revival."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/new-statesman/": {"t": "New Statesman", "s": "A British left-wing political and literary weekly since 1913.", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/new-statesman.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Statesman · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/radetzky-march/": {"t": "Radetzky March", "s": "March composed by Johann Strauss Sr. for a military victory."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-depictions-of-franz-joseph-i/e/cultural-depictions-of-franz-joseph-i-of-austria/radetzky-march-novel/": {"t": "Radetzky March (novel)", "s": "A family saga mirroring the Habsburg Empire's decline."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/ostend/": {"t": "Ostend", "s": "Belgian coastal city and historic harbour on the North Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss/": {"t": "Anschluss", "s": "Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/rutger-hauer/": {"t": "Rutger Hauer", "s": "Dutch actor known for Blade Runner, Golden Globe winner, and knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/natural-environment/": {"t": "Natural environment", "s": "The natural world includes all living and non-living things occurring without human artifice."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/short-story/": {"t": "Short story", "s": "A brief prose narrative evoking a single effect or mood."}, "https://codexery.com/drama/e/drama/play-theatre/": {"t": "Play (theatre)", "s": "A scripted theatrical performance for a live audience."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/stream-of-consciousness/": {"t": "Stream of consciousness", "s": "A narrative mode depicting the flow of a character's thoughts."}, "https://codexery.com/drama/e/drama/monologue/": {"t": "Monologue", "s": "A single character's extended speech in drama."}, "https://codexery.com/european-literary-masters/e/european-literary-masters/thomas-mann/": {"t": "Thomas Mann", "s": "Nobel laureate and chronicler of the European soul", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-literary-masters/img/european-literary-masters/thomas-mann.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky/": {"t": "Maxim Gorky", "s": "Russian and Soviet writer, journalist, and socialist advocate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/maxim-gorky.webp", "c": "Herman Mishkin · via Wikipedia: Maxim Gorky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/hermann-hesse/": {"t": "Hermann Hesse", "s": "German-Swiss poet and novelist, winner of the 1946 Nobel Prize in Literature."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernest-hemingway/": {"t": "Ernest Hemingway", "s": "American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist known for his economical style and adventurous life."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-major-fiction/e/novels-and-major-fiction/hunger-hamsun-novel/": {"t": "Hunger (Hamsun novel)", "s": "A novel of psychological decay and urban hunger."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-goebbels/": {"t": "Joseph Goebbels", "s": "Nazi propagandist and Reich Minister of Propaganda."}, "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/e/persian-and-central-asian-poets/bj-rnstjerne-bj-rnson/": {"t": "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson", "s": "Norwegian writer, Nobel laureate, and national anthem lyricist."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-major-fiction/e/novels-and-major-fiction/journey-to-the-end-of-the-night/": {"t": "Journey to the End of the Night", "s": "Louis-Ferdinand Céline’s first novel, Journey to the End of the Night, was published in 1932."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/north/": {"t": "North", "s": "One of the four cardinal directions, opposite south."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/normandy/": {"t": "Normandy", "s": "The historic homeland of the Normans, spanning mainland France and the Channel Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/tinnitus/": {"t": "Tinnitus", "s": "A condition of hearing sounds without an external source, often linked to hearing loss."}, "https://codexery.com/figures-of-infamy-and-espionage/e/figures-of-infamy-and-espionage/mata-hari/": {"t": "Mata Hari", "s": "Dutch exotic dancer executed as a spy in World War I."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/colonialism/": {"t": "Colonialism", "s": "Practice of domination over a territory and its people."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/e/pioneers-of-medicine/ignaz-semmelweis/": {"t": "Ignaz Semmelweis", "s": "Hungarian doctor who proved hand washing reduced childbed fever.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-medicine/img/pioneers-of-medicine/ignaz-semmelweis.webp", "c": "OTFW , Berlin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/vichy-france/": {"t": "Vichy France", "s": "French rump state headed by Philippe Pétain during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/aneurysm/": {"t": "Aneurysm", "s": "An abnormal bulging of a blood vessel wall due to a weak spot."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/marcel-proust/": {"t": "Marcel Proust", "s": "French novelist who pioneered stream of consciousness."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/jean-paul-sartre/": {"t": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "s": "French existentialist philosopher, political activist, and writer"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-camus/": {"t": "Albert Camus", "s": "French philosopher and Nobel laureate, key figure in absurdism."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/arequipa/": {"t": "Arequipa", "s": "Second most populous city in Peru and its Legal Capital."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/bolivia/": {"t": "Bolivia", "s": "A landlocked South American nation with diverse geography and a rich indigenous heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/cochabamba/": {"t": "Cochabamba", "s": "City of Eternal Spring"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/lima/": {"t": "Lima", "s": "Capital and largest city of Peru, political and cultural center."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/prostitution/": {"t": "Prostitution", "s": "Sex work involving payment for sexual activity, with varied legal statuses worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/gabriel-garc-a-m-rquez/": {"t": "Gabriel García Márquez", "s": "Colombian writer and journalist, Nobel laureate in literature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/gabriel-garc-a-m-rquez.webp", "c": "Jose Lara · via Wikipedia: Gabriel García Márquez · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/king-s-college-london/": {"t": "King's College London", "s": "Founded 1829; founding college of University of London."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/hebrew-university-of-jerusalem/": {"t": "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "s": "Second-oldest Israeli university, co-founded by Einstein and Weizmann.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/hebrew-university-of-jerusalem.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/andes/": {"t": "Andes", "s": "Longest continental mountain range, forming western backbone of South America."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paul-gauguin/": {"t": "Paul Gauguin", "s": "French Post-Impressionist known for vivid color and Synthetist style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/paul-gauguin.webp", "c": "Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel · via Wikipedia: Paul Gauguin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/gustave-flaubert/": {"t": "Gustave Flaubert", "s": "The martyr of style and father of literary realism."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/artist-s-book/": {"t": "Artist's book", "s": "Artists' books use the book form as a medium of art."}, "https://codexery.com/mythographers/e/mythographers/roland-barthes/": {"t": "Roland Barthes", "s": "French theorist of signs, myth, and authorship."}, "https://codexery.com/prague-spring/e/prague-spring/the-unbearable-lightness-of-being/": {"t": "The Unbearable Lightness of Being", "s": "A novel of love, infidelity, and philosophy set during the Prague Spring."}, "https://codexery.com/prague-spring/e/prague-spring/communist-party-of-czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Communist Party of Czechoslovakia", "s": "Ruling Marxist–Leninist party of Czechoslovakia from 1948 to 1989."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/arnold-schoenberg/": {"t": "Arnold Schoenberg", "s": "Austrian-American composer."}, "https://codexery.com/prague-spring/e/prague-spring/warsaw-pact-invasion-of-czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia", "s": "Four Warsaw Pact states invaded Czechoslovakia to end the Prague Spring."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/prague-spring/": {"t": "Prague Spring", "s": "A period of liberalization crushed by Warsaw Pact invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/v-clav-havel/": {"t": "Václav Havel", "s": "Czech dissident, playwright, and post-communist president.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/v-clav-havel.webp", "c": "Kingkongphoto & www.celebrity-photos.com from Laurel  Maryland, USA · via Wikipedia: Václav Havel · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "/e/european-modernists/robert-musil/": {"t": "Robert Musil", "s": "Austrian modernist novelist and philosophical writer."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/vladimir-mayakovsky/": {"t": "Vladimir Mayakovsky", "s": "Russian Futurist poet and playwright who navigated revolution, censorship, and acclaim.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/vladimir-mayakovsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Mayakovsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/journalists-broadcasters/e/journalists-and-broadcasters/julius-fu-k-journalist/": {"t": "Julius Fučík (journalist)", "s": "Czech journalist and resistance figure executed by Nazis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/miguel-de-cervantes/": {"t": "Miguel de Cervantes", "s": "Spanish writer, author of Don Quixote, first modern novel."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/old-and-new-towns-of-edinburgh/": {"t": "Old and New Towns of Edinburgh", "s": "Medieval Old Town and Georgian New Town, a UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/southern-rhodesia/": {"t": "Southern Rhodesia", "s": "A self-governing British colony that became Rhodesia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/harare/": {"t": "Harare", "s": "Harare is the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe, serving as the nation's commercial and governmental hub."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Central Italian region, birthplace of the Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/american-broadcasting-company-science/e/american-broadcasting-company-science-fiction-dramas/flashforward/": {"t": "FlashForward", "s": "A global blackout reveals visions of the future."}, "https://codexery.com/rock-alternative/e/rock-and-alternative/sex-pistols/": {"t": "Sex Pistols", "s": "London punk band of 1975 that sparked the UK punk movement in under three years.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rock-alternative/img/rock-and-alternative/sex-pistols.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sex Pistols · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/british-dub-musical-groups/e/british-dub-musical-groups/public-image-ltd/": {"t": "Public Image Ltd", "s": "English post-punk band formed by John Lydon."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "s": "A medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of the modern Czech Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/ernst-mach/": {"t": "Ernst Mach", "s": "Austrian physicist and philosopher known for the Mach number and Mach's principle."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/rainer-maria-rilke/": {"t": "Rainer Maria Rilke", "s": "Austrian poet known for Duino Elegies and Sonnets to Orpheus"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/jean-le-rond-d-alembert/": {"t": "Jean Le Rond d'Alembert", "s": "French mathematician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/denis-diderot/": {"t": "Denis Diderot", "s": "Co-founder and chief editor of the Encyclopédie, a key figure of the Enlightenment."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/oswald-spengler/": {"t": "Oswald Spengler", "s": "German polymath who predicted the decline of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jorge-luis-borges/": {"t": "Jorge Luis Borges", "s": "Argentine writer who renovated the language of fiction."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/vi-a-del-mar/": {"t": "Viña del Mar", "s": "The Garden City of Chile's Pacific Coast"}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/valpara-so/": {"t": "Valparaíso", "s": "A historic port city on Chile's Pacific coast, known for its colorful hillside districts and UNESCO-listed quarter."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/augusto-pinochet/": {"t": "Augusto Pinochet", "s": "Chilean army officer and military dictator who ruled from 1973 to 1990"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dylan-thomas/": {"t": "Dylan Thomas", "s": "Welsh poet and writer known for 'Do not go gentle into that good night' and Under Milk Wood"}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/atheism/": {"t": "Atheism", "s": "Atheism is the absence or rejection of belief in deities."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/catalonia/": {"t": "Catalonia", "s": "An autonomous community in northeastern Spain with a distinct history and language."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/playboy/": {"t": "Playboy", "s": "American men's magazine that shaped the sexual revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/high-fantasy-novels/e/high-fantasy-novels/gormenghast-series/": {"t": "Gormenghast (series)", "s": "A decaying castle, rigid ritual, and a young earl's quest for freedom."}, "https://codexery.com/j-r-r-tolkien/e/j-r-r-tolkien/j-r-r-tolkien/": {"t": "J. R. R. Tolkien", "s": "English author and philologist who shaped modern fantasy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-dickens/": {"t": "Charles Dickens", "s": "The most famous celebrity of his era, Dickens pioneered serial publication and remains a literary giant."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/robert-louis-stevenson/": {"t": "Robert Louis Stevenson", "s": "Scottish novelist, poet, and travel writer, author of Treasure Island and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/robert-louis-stevenson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Moral Emblems · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/c-s-lewis/": {"t": "C. S. Lewis", "s": "Author of The Chronicles of Narnia and Christian apologist"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jiujiang/": {"t": "Jiujiang", "s": "Historic Yangtze port and Jiangxi's only international trade city.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/img/cities-starting-with-j/jiujiang.webp", "c": "Geoff Wong from Hong Kong · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-china/e/national-parks-of-china/mount-lu/": {"t": "Mount Lu", "s": "A sacred mountain and UNESCO World Heritage Site in China."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/tianjin/": {"t": "Tianjin", "s": "A dual-core port city on the Hai River and Bohai Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/trains/e/legendary-trains/the-trans-siberian-railway/": {"t": "The Trans-Siberian Railway", "s": "The longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to Vladivostok across eight time zones.", "i": "https://codexery.com/trains/img/legendary-trains/the-trans-siberian-railway.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/conscription/": {"t": "Conscription", "s": "Compulsory enlistment in national service, enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/glassblowing/": {"t": "Glassblowing", "s": "Glassblowing invented inflation of molten glass via blowpipe."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lewis-carroll/": {"t": "Lewis Carroll", "s": "English author, poet, mathematician, photographer, and Anglican deacon known for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and literary nonsense."}, "https://codexery.com/alice-s-adventures-in-wonderland/e/alice-s-adventures-in-wonderland/the-hunting-of-the-snark/": {"t": "The Hunting of the Snark", "s": "A crew hunts a creature that may be a deadly Boojum."}, "https://codexery.com/high-fantasy-television-series/e/high-fantasy-television-series/gormenghast-tv-serial/": {"t": "Gormenghast (TV serial)", "s": "BBC adaptation of Mervyn Peake's first two Gormenghast novels."}, "https://codexery.com/german-fantasy-novels/e/german-fantasy-novels/perfume-novel/": {"t": "Perfume (novel)", "s": "A perfumer's quest for the ultimate scent leads to murder."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bavaria/": {"t": "Bavaria", "s": "Largest German state, with a history from Celts to kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/frankfurter-allgemeine-zeitung/": {"t": "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", "s": "Zeitung für Deutschland"}, "https://codexery.com/news-media/e/news-media/der-spiegel/": {"t": "Der Spiegel", "s": "Hamburg's weekly news magazine, famed for investigative exposés since 1947.", "i": "https://codexery.com/news-media/img/news-media/der-spiegel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Der Spiegel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/english-language-fantasy-thriller-films/e/english-language-fantasy-thriller-films/perfume-the-story-of-a-murderer-film/": {"t": "Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film)", "s": "A psychological thriller about a murderer's quest for the perfect scent."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/auguste-rodin/": {"t": "Auguste Rodin", "s": "French sculptor considered founder of modern sculpture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claude-monet/": {"t": "Claude Monet", "s": "French painter and founder of Impressionism, precursor to modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/camille-pissarro/": {"t": "Camille Pissarro", "s": "Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paul-c-zanne/": {"t": "Paul Cézanne", "s": "French Post-Impressionist painter who bridged Impressionism and Cubism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/paul-c-zanne.webp", "c": "Unknown; Cézanne was born in 1839 and died in 1906 · via Wikipedia: Paul Cézanne · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/vincent-van-gogh/": {"t": "Vincent van Gogh", "s": "The tortured genius who changed art forever.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/vincent-van-gogh.webp", "c": "Vincent van Gogh · via Wikipedia: Vincent van Gogh · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/camille-claudel/": {"t": "Camille Claudel", "s": "French sculptor known for figurative works in bronze and marble", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/camille-claudel.webp", "c": "César · via Wikipedia: Camille Claudel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/aristide-maillol/": {"t": "Aristide Maillol", "s": "French Catalan sculptor, painter, and printmaker known for serene classical female figures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/aristide-maillol.webp", "c": "Alfred Kuhn (1885-1940) · via Wikipedia: Aristide Maillol · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/existential-crisis/": {"t": "Existential crisis", "s": "Inner conflict over life's meaning and identity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychology/img/psychology/existential-crisis.webp", "c": "AcidPanic · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/realism-arts/": {"t": "Realism (arts)", "s": "Truthful representation in art, from the mundane to the sublime."}, "https://codexery.com/drama/e/drama/comedy-of-manners/": {"t": "Comedy of manners", "s": "A satirical genre exposing social hypocrisies through witty dialogue."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/moli-re/": {"t": "Molière", "s": "French playwright, actor, and poet, master of comedy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/moli-re.webp", "c": "Pierre Mignard I · via Wikipedia: Molière · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/bertolt-brecht/": {"t": "Bertolt Brecht", "s": "German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/bertolt-brecht.webp", "c": "Kolbe, Jörg · via Wikipedia: Bertolt Brecht · CC BY-SA 3.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/political-correctness/": {"t": "Political correctness", "s": "Term for language avoiding offense, often used pejoratively."}, "https://codexery.com/1970s-british-documentary-television/e/1970s-british-documentary-television-series/omnibus-british-tv-programme/": {"t": "Omnibus (British TV programme)", "s": "Flagship arts documentary series from 1967 to 2003."}}