{"https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland/": {"t": "Invasion of Poland", "s": "Joint invasion that started World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland.webp", "c": "The National Archives UK · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moravia/": {"t": "Moravia", "s": "A historical land in the east of the Czech Republic, named after the Morava river."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility/": {"t": "Nobility", "s": "Hereditary social class ranked below royalty, with varied privileges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/nobility.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/cavalry/": {"t": "Cavalry", "s": "Mounted warriors who dominated battlefields until the 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/dnieper/": {"t": "Dnieper", "s": "Major transboundary river of Eastern Europe, vital to Ukraine's economy."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-von-manstein/": {"t": "Erich von Manstein", "s": "German field marshal convicted of war crimes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-von-manstein.webp", "c": "Lutz Koch · CC BY-SA 3.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/cardiovascular-disease/": {"t": "Cardiovascular disease", "s": "Cardiovascular disease is the top global killer, largely preventable."}, "https://codexery.com/occupational-diseases/e/occupational-diseases/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/": {"t": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease", "s": "A progressive lung disease causing breathing difficulty and airflow obstruction."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/italian-campaign-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Italian campaign (World War II)", "s": "Allied and Axis operations in Italy, 1943–1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/italian-campaign-world-war-ii.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/mississippi/": {"t": "Mississippi", "s": "State in the Southeastern and Deep South regions of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/mississippi.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire/": {"t": "First French Empire", "s": "Empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, dominating early 19th-century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/toulouse/": {"t": "Toulouse", "s": "The Pink City"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/normandy/": {"t": "Normandy", "s": "The historic homeland of the Normans, spanning mainland France and the Channel Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-urbino/": {"t": "Duchy of Urbino", "s": "The Duchy of Urbino was an independent state in early modern central Italy, covering what is now the northern half of the Marche region."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-florence/": {"t": "Republic of Florence", "s": "A medieval and early modern state centered on Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance and home of the florin."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/lorenzo-de-medici/": {"t": "Lorenzo de' Medici", "s": "Italian statesman and foremost patron of Renaissance culture."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/super-smash-bros-fighters/e/super-smash-bros-fighters/little-mac/": {"t": "Little Mac", "s": "The underdog boxer who packs a STAR Punch."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/democratic-party-united-states/": {"t": "Democratic Party (United States)", "s": "World's oldest active political party, center to center-left."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/mexican-american-war/": {"t": "Mexican–American War", "s": "The Mexican–American War, known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, was an invasion of Mexico by "}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/virginia/": {"t": "Virginia", "s": "First permanent English colony in the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/robert-e-lee/": {"t": "Robert E. Lee", "s": "Confederate general who led the Army of Northern Virginia."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rio-grande/": {"t": "Rio Grande", "s": "The Rio Grande: a vital, arid-land river forming the U.S.-Mexico border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rio-grande.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rio Grande · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/dysentery/": {"t": "Dysentery", "s": "A diarrheal disease causing bloody stools, often from poor sanitation."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/malaria/": {"t": "Malaria", "s": "Mosquito-borne parasitic disease causing fever, anemia, and death."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/cascade-range/": {"t": "Cascade Range", "s": "A major mountain range of western North America, part of the Pacific Ring of Fire and home to iconic volcanoes and national parks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/img/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/cascade-range.webp", "c": "Dllu · via Wikipedia: Cascade Range · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/ulysses-s-grant/": {"t": "Ulysses S. Grant", "s": "18th U.S. President and Commanding General of the Union Army"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-jersey/": {"t": "New Jersey", "s": "Most densely populated U.S. state, hub of biopharmaceutical innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-courts/e/legal-systems-and-courts/court-martial/": {"t": "Court-martial", "s": "A military court for trying armed forces members and war crimes."}, "https://codexery.com/european-literary-masters/e/european-literary-masters/mile-zola/": {"t": "Émile Zola", "s": "French novelist and naturalist who championed justice in the Dreyfus affair."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/agnosticism/": {"t": "Agnosticism", "s": "A stance questioning the existence of God or the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/picardy/": {"t": "Picardy", "s": "Historical territory in northern France, never a duchy or principality."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/saladin/": {"t": "Saladin", "s": "Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty and sultan of Egypt and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/eleanor-of-aquitaine/": {"t": "Eleanor of Aquitaine", "s": "Duchess of Aquitaine, queen of France and England, and powerful medieval ruler."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/holy-land/": {"t": "Holy Land", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members worldwide as of 2026."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-jerusalem-1187/": {"t": "Siege of Jerusalem (1187)", "s": "The 1187 siege of Jerusalem ended with a negotiated surrender, limited bloodshed, and the restoration of Muslim holy sites."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-acre-1189-1191/": {"t": "Siege of Acre (1189–1191)", "s": "A pivotal siege of the Third Crusade, where Crusaders besieged Acre from August 1189 to July 1191, ultimately achieving a key victory."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-order-of-assassins/": {"t": "The Order of Assassins", "s": "The Nizari Isma'ili order of assassins that terrorized the medieval Levant."}, "https://codexery.com/archaeological-sites-in-israel/e/sites/sepphoris/": {"t": "Sepphoris", "s": "Ancient Galilean city with diverse cultural and religious layers."}, "https://codexery.com/azerbaijani-cuisine/e/azerbaijani-cuisine/rose-water/": {"t": "Rose water", "s": "A fragrant by-product of rose oil distillation used worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/paul-von-hindenburg/": {"t": "Paul von Hindenburg", "s": "German military officer and statesman, President of Germany from 1925 to 1934."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/republic-of-china-1912-1949/": {"t": "Republic of China (1912–1949)", "s": "First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/pomerania/": {"t": "Pomerania", "s": "A historical Baltic region split between Poland and Germany, known for its coastal lowlands, lakes, and islands."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-trotsky/": {"t": "Leon Trotsky", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/elbe/": {"t": "Elbe", "s": "One of the major rivers of Central Europe, flowing from the Giant Mountains to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/elbe.webp", "c": "Roy Zuo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-china/e/national-parks-of-china/mount-lu/": {"t": "Mount Lu", "s": "A sacred mountain and UNESCO World Heritage Site in China."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Largest Asian war of the 20th century, intertwined with World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Unknown photographer, Ministry of the Navy · via Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pope-alexander-vi/": {"t": "Pope Alexander VI", "s": "The controversial Renaissance pope from the Borgia family."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/french-wars-of-religion/": {"t": "French Wars of Religion", "s": "The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars fought between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots from 1562 to 1598.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/french-wars-of-religion.webp", "c": "Edward Baines · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/henry-iii-of-france/": {"t": "Henry III of France", "s": "King of France and Poland, assassinated during the Wars of Religion."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/champagne-ardenne/": {"t": "Champagne-Ardenne", "s": "Former French region known for Champagne wine and agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/christopher-marlowe/": {"t": "Christopher Marlowe", "s": "Elizabethan playwright and poet, first to achieve critical reputation for blank verse"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexandre-dumas/": {"t": "Alexandre Dumas", "s": "French writer of historical adventure serials.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/alexandre-dumas.webp", "c": "Nadar · via Wikipedia: Alexandre Dumas · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns/": {"t": "Camille Saint-Saëns", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and musical prodigy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Camille Saint-Saëns · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/injuries/e/injuries/gunshot-wound/": {"t": "Gunshot wound", "s": "A penetrating injury from a firearm projectile with variable severity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/kyoto/": {"t": "Kyoto", "s": "The thousand-year capital of Japan, where imperial history and cultural heritage endure."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/sendai/": {"t": "Sendai", "s": "Capital of Miyagi Prefecture and largest city in Tōhoku."}, "https://codexery.com/film-directors/e/film-directors/takeshi-kitano/": {"t": "Takeshi Kitano", "s": "Japanese comedian, actor, and filmmaker known for deadpan style."}, "https://codexery.com/anime-and-manga-about-witchcraft/e/anime-and-manga-about-witchcraft/hell-girl/": {"t": "Hell Girl", "s": "A supernatural system lets people send enemies to Hell."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/imperial-examination/": {"t": "Imperial examination", "s": "The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China, selecting bureaucrats by merit from the Sui dynasty until its abolition in 19", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/imperial-examination.webp", "c": "Francisco Anzola · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/three-departments-and-six-ministries/": {"t": "Three Departments and Six Ministries", "s": "Primary administrative structure in imperial China from Sui to Yuan."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/shandong.webp", "c": "Mary Harrsch · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/tianjin/": {"t": "Tianjin", "s": "A dual-core port city on the Hai River and Bohai Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/manchu-people/": {"t": "Manchu people", "s": "Tungusic people who founded the Qing dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jinzhou/": {"t": "Jinzhou", "s": "Strategic coastal city in Liaoning, site of key Civil War battles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/img/cities-starting-with-j/jinzhou.webp", "c": "亀井玆明 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/shanhai-pass/": {"t": "Shanhai Pass", "s": "Fortified gateway at the eastern end of the Great Wall, commanding the narrowest choke point of the Liaoxi Corridor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/shanhai-pass.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Shanhai Pass · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/guan-yu/": {"t": "Guan Yu", "s": "A peerless-bearded general of the late Eastern Han, revered as a god of loyalty and martial courage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/guan-yu.webp", "c": "UnknownUnknown , uploaded by Tiangong83 on zh.wikipedia · via Wikipedia: Guan Yu · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/shunzhi-emperor/": {"t": "Shunzhi Emperor", "s": "Second Qing emperor and first to rule China proper.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/img/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/shunzhi-emperor.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Shunzhi Emperor · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nanjing/": {"t": "Nanjing", "s": "Southern Capital on the Yangtze"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/jiangnan/": {"t": "Jiangnan", "s": "The prosperous lands south of the Yangtze River, cradle of Wu culture and historic capitals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/jiangnan.webp", "c": "Judgefloro · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yangtze/": {"t": "Yangtze", "s": "Longest river in China, third-longest in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/norfolk/": {"t": "Norfolk", "s": "A ceremonial county in East Anglia, known for its rural landscapes, medieval churches, and the Broads."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/french-revolutionary-wars/": {"t": "French Revolutionary Wars", "s": "The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major military conflicts sparked by the French Revolution, lasting from 1792 to 1802."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/corsica/": {"t": "Corsica", "s": "Mediterranean island, French region with growing nationalist movement."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/robert-walpole/": {"t": "Robert Walpole", "s": "The de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain, serving from 1721 to 1742."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/kent/": {"t": "Kent", "s": "The Garden of England"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/tobago/": {"t": "Tobago", "s": "An island of resilient beauty and rich heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-ocean-floor-features/e/physical-and-ocean-floor-features/north-pole/": {"t": "North Pole", "s": "Northernmost point on Earth, located in the Arctic Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/pirates/e/pirates/port-royal/": {"t": "Port Royal", "s": "Once the wickedest city on Earth, now a quiet fishing village with a pirate past.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pirates/img/pirates/port-royal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Port Royal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/savannah-georgia/": {"t": "Savannah, Georgia", "s": "Georgia's first city, a historic port and cultural gem.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/savannah-georgia.webp", "c": "Department of Commerce. Bureau of Public Roads. 8/20/1949-4/1/1967 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/quebec/": {"t": "Quebec", "s": "Canada's largest province, heart of Francophone culture in North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/quebec.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/newfoundland-island/": {"t": "Newfoundland (island)", "s": "Large Canadian island, site of Norse settlement and England's oldest colony."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/parliament-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "s": "Supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/battle-of-liberty-place/": {"t": "Battle of Liberty Place", "s": "An attempted insurrection by the White League against Reconstruction-era Louisiana government in 1874."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/st-augustine-florida/": {"t": "St. Augustine, Florida", "s": "Oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the contiguous U.S.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/st-augustine-florida.webp", "c": "Uncredited · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/veracruz-city/": {"t": "Veracruz (city)", "s": "Mexico's oldest, largest, and historically most significant port city."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/santa-fe-new-mexico/": {"t": "Santa Fe, New Mexico", "s": "Oldest state capital in the U.S., founded in 1610.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/santa-fe-new-mexico.webp", "c": "Netherzone · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/p-g-t-beauregard/": {"t": "P. G. T. Beauregard", "s": "Confederate general who started the Civil War at Fort Sumter", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/p-g-t-beauregard.webp", "c": "Mathew Benjamin Brady · via Wikipedia: P. G. T. Beauregard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/great-northern-war/": {"t": "Great Northern War", "s": "A war that ended Swedish dominance and elevated Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war/": {"t": "Seven Years' War", "s": "Global war that reshaped European and colonial power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war.webp", "c": "Blaue Max · via Wikipedia: Seven Years' War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/leopold-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Penultimate Holy Roman Emperor; abolished capital punishment in Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/livonia/": {"t": "Livonia", "s": "Historical region shaped by crusades, German rule, and Baltic conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/scotland/": {"t": "Scotland", "s": "A country of ancient kingdoms, rugged highlands, and deep lochs."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/alsace/": {"t": "Alsace", "s": "A border region blending German and French cultures, historically contested."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-saxony/": {"t": "Electorate of Saxony", "s": "A key electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, centered on Saxe-Wittenberg."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-czech-republ/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-czech-republic/kutn-hora/": {"t": "Kutná Hora", "s": "Historic silver-mining town with UNESCO-listed centre."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Enlightened absolutist whose reforms faced opposition and partial failure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor.webp", "c": "After Willem Jacob Herreyns / Antoine Cardon · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/croatia/": {"t": "Croatia", "s": "A country in Central and Southeastern Europe on the Adriatic Sea, with a rich history and a modern high-income economy."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/governor/": {"t": "Governor", "s": "Administrative leader and head of a political region."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/john-lothrop-motley/": {"t": "John Lothrop Motley", "s": "American historian and diplomat who wrote on the Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/eighty-years-war/": {"t": "Eighty Years' War", "s": "The Eighty Years' War: A struggle for independence and religious freedom in the Habsburg Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-milan/": {"t": "Duchy of Milan", "s": "A major Renaissance state contested by Habsburgs and France."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/benedictines/": {"t": "Benedictines", "s": "Oldest Latin Church order, following the Rule of Saint Benedict."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mary-i/": {"t": "Mary I", "s": "The first queen regnant of England, known for her attempt to reverse the English Reformation and the Marian persecutions."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-inventions/e/spanish-inventions/tercio/": {"t": "Tercio", "s": "Elite infantry unit of the Spanish Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/henry-ii-of-france/": {"t": "Henry II of France", "s": "King of France who died from a jousting wound."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/italian-peninsula/": {"t": "Italian Peninsula", "s": "Boot-shaped peninsula comprising much of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/iconoclasm/": {"t": "Iconoclasm", "s": "The belief in the importance of destroying icons and images, often for religious or political reasons."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/huguenots/": {"t": "Huguenots", "s": "French Protestants of the Reformed tradition, persecuted and exiled under Louis XIV."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a 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liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/maximilien-robespierre/": {"t": "Maximilien Robespierre", "s": "Radical Jacobin leader and key figure of the French Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/burgundy/": {"t": "Burgundy", "s": "Historical region in France, known for its wine and medieval power."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/marquis-de-lafayette/": {"t": "Marquis de Lafayette", "s": "Hero of the Two Worlds: French aristocrat who fought for American independence and French liberty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/marquis-de-lafayette.webp", "c": "Joseph-Désiré Court · via Wikipedia: Marquis de Lafayette · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/jean-paul-marat/": {"t": "Jean-Paul Marat", "s": "Radical journalist and martyr of the French Revolution"}, "https://codexery.com/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/e/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/jacques-nicolas-billaud-varenne/": {"t": "Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne", "s": "French revolutionary lawyer and architect of the Reign of Terror."}, "https://codexery.com/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/e/social-reformers-and-humanitarians/jacques-h-bert/": {"t": "Jacques Hébert", "s": "French journalist and radical voice of the sans-culottes."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/outlaw/": {"t": "Outlaw", "s": "A person declared outside the protection of the law."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau/": {"t": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "s": "Genevan philosopher whose ideas shaped modern political and educational thought.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/jean-jacques-rousseau.webp", "c": "Allan Ramsay · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/crete/": {"t": "Crete", "s": "Largest Greek island, centre of Minoan civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/parthenon/": {"t": "Parthenon", "s": "Former temple on the Athenian Acropolis dedicated to Athena."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/euboea/": {"t": "Euboea", "s": "Second-largest Greek island, historically important for trade and colonization."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/doge-s-palace/": {"t": "Doge's Palace", "s": "Venetian Gothic palace, former residence of the Doge, now a museum.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/img/notable-buildings-and-monuments/doge-s-palace.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Molo (Genoa) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/godparent/": {"t": "Godparent", "s": "Christian sponsor for a child's baptism and spiritual guidance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/godparent.webp", "c": "U. A. Saarinen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-i-of-great-britain/": {"t": "George I of Great Britain", "s": "First Hanoverian king of Great Britain and Ireland."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/dublin/": {"t": "Dublin", "s": "Capital of Ireland, city of the black pool and the hurdled ford."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jonathan-swift/": {"t": "Jonathan Swift", "s": "Anglo-Irish satirist and author of Gulliver's Travels."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/prince-william-duke-of-cumberland/": {"t": "Prince William, Duke of Cumberland", "s": "Third son of George II, victor at Culloden, and known as 'Butcher' Cumberland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/prince-william-duke-of-cumberland.webp", "c": "Joshua Reynolds · via Wikipedia: Prince William, Duke of Cumberland · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/louis-xv/": {"t": "Louis XV", "s": "King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774; second longest reign in French history."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/international-relations/": {"t": "International relations", "s": "Academic discipline studying relations among states and international actors."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-yorktown/": {"t": "Siege of Yorktown", "s": "The decisive 1781 siege that ended the American Revolutionary War."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/auvergne/": {"t": "Auvergne", "s": "Central French region of volcanoes, Arverni heritage, and agriculture."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/capital-punishment/": {"t": "Capital punishment", "s": "State-sanctioned killing as punishment for misconduct."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/j-f-c-fuller/": {"t": "J. F. C. Fuller", "s": "British officer, theorist of mechanized war, and fascist activist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/j-f-c-fuller.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: J. F. C. Fuller · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/armoured-warfare/": {"t": "Armoured warfare", "s": "Armoured warfare restored manoeuvre to battle after trench warfare stalemate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/armoured-warfare.webp", "c": "Министерство обороны РФ · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/surrey/": {"t": "Surrey", "s": "A historic county in South East England with dense woodland."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/italian-wars/": {"t": "Italian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts driven by French–Habsburg rivalry in Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-castile/": {"t": "Kingdom of Castile", "s": "Medieval Iberian kingdom that expanded southward and united with León."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-aragon/": {"t": "Kingdom of Aragon", "s": "Medieval kingdom that formed the nucleus of modern Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/encomienda/": {"t": "Encomienda", "s": "A Spanish labor system that entrusts conquered peoples to conquerors."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-viii-of-france/": {"t": "Charles VIII of France", "s": "King of France who invaded Italy and married Anne of Brittany."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xii/": {"t": "Louis XII", "s": "King of France who reduced taxes and reformed law."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/cephalonia/": {"t": "Cephalonia", "s": "Largest Ionian island with ancient city-states and strategic history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/bernard-montgomery/": {"t": "Bernard Montgomery", "s": "The victor of El Alamein who led Allied ground forces from D-Day to the German surrender."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/francisco-pizarro/": {"t": "Francisco Pizarro", "s": "Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/francisco-pizarro.webp", "c": "Amable-Paul Coutan · via Wikipedia: Francisco Pizarro · Public domain"}, "/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/fernando-lvarez-de-toledo-3rd-duke-of-alba/": {"t": "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba", "s": "Spanish military officer, statesman and diplomat, often considered the most effective general of his generation."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/niccol-machiavelli/": {"t": "Niccolò Machiavelli", "s": "Florentine political philosopher who sought to describe political life rationally.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/niccol-machiavelli.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Renaissance · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington/": {"t": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington", "s": "British field marshal and prime minister who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Nicholas II", "s": "Last Emperor of Russia, abdicated in 1917, executed in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Nicholas I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia known for autocratic rule, territorial expansion, and suppression of dissent."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/russian-far-east/": {"t": "Russian Far East", "s": "The easternmost part of Russia and Asia, coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878/": {"t": "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)", "s": "War that freed Balkan states and shifted Black Sea power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war/": {"t": "Russo-Japanese War", "s": "War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Imperial Instituto Artistico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-romanov/": {"t": "House of Romanov", "s": "They achieved prominence after Anastasia Romanovna married Ivan the Terrible, the first crowned tsar of all Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/sergei-witte/": {"t": "Sergei Witte", "s": "First prime minister of the Russian Empire and architect of its industrialization and 1905 constitutional reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/consanguinity/": {"t": "Consanguinity", "s": "Blood relationship affecting marriage, inheritance, and genetic risk."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-van/": {"t": "Lake Van", "s": "Turkey's largest lake, a saline endorheic body in the Armenian highlands."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/ulama/": {"t": "Ulama", "s": "Guardians and interpreters of Islamic doctrine and law."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mogilev/": {"t": "Mogilev", "s": "City on the Dnieper, third-largest in Belarus."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-insurgent-leaders/e/revolutionaries-and-insurgent-leaders/pyotr-wrangel/": {"t": "Pyotr Wrangel", "s": "Last commander of the White Army in the Russian Civil War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-insurgent-leaders/img/revolutionaries-and-insurgent-leaders/pyotr-wrangel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pyotr Wrangel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/maurice-prince-of-orange/": {"t": "Maurice, Prince of Orange", "s": "Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic and foremost military strategist of his age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/maurice-prince-of-orange.webp", "c": "School of Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt · via Wikipedia: Maurice, Prince of Orange · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-thirty-years-war/": {"t": "The Thirty Years' War", "s": "A devastating Central European conflict driven by religion and dynastic rivalry."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy/": {"t": "Absolute monarchy", "s": "Sovereign power unchecked by constitution or legislature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/absolute-monarchy.webp", "c": "Nicolai Abildgaard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hesse/": {"t": "Hesse", "s": "Landlocked German state, financial centre Frankfurt, named after the Chatti tribe."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/peace-of-westphalia/": {"t": "Peace of Westphalia", "s": "The Peace of Westphalia, known in German as the Westfälischer Friede, refers to two separate peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of "}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-ii-of-england/": {"t": "James II of England", "s": "Last Catholic monarch deposed in the Glorious Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/oliver-cromwell/": {"t": "Oliver Cromwell", "s": "Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/john-of-austria/": {"t": "John of Austria", "s": "Admiral of the Holy League at Lepanto", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/img/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/john-of-austria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Austria-Hungary · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity/": {"t": "Reformed Christianity", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism emphasizing the sovereignty of God and covenant theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity.webp", "c": "Toby Hudson based on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics · CC BY-SA 3.0 au"}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/franco-dutch-war/": {"t": "Franco-Dutch War", "s": "A European conflict from 1672 to 1678 between France and the Dutch Republic, marked by the Rampjaar and the Peace of Nijmegen."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/brandenburg/": {"t": "Brandenburg", "s": "Landlocked German state surrounding Berlin, core of historic Prussia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/prince-eugene-of-savoy/": {"t": "Prince Eugene of Savoy", "s": "Prince Eugene of Savoy: feldmarschall, diplomat, and one of the greatest military commanders of his era."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/prussia-region/": {"t": "Prussia (region)", "s": "Historical Baltic region, origin of the Prussian state."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-knights-templar/": {"t": "The Knights Templar", "s": "Medieval Catholic military order and early bankers."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/excommunication/": {"t": "Excommunication", "s": "Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure limiting membership and communion."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/john-churchill-1st-duke-of-marlborough/": {"t": "John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough", "s": "The general who never lost a battle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/john-churchill-1st-duke-of-marlborough.webp", "c": "Attributed to Michael Dahl · via Wikipedia: John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/jacobitism/": {"t": "Jacobitism", "s": "A political movement seeking restoration of the exiled House of Stuart after the Glorious Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/war-of-the-spanish-succession/": {"t": "War of the Spanish Succession", "s": "The war was driven by concerns over the balance of power, as the Spanish Empire, though weakened by decades of conflict, remained a prominent global force whose"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-i-of-england/": {"t": "Charles I of England", "s": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland executed after civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war/": {"t": "English Civil War", "s": "King versus Parliament: a revolution that beheaded a monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/walter-scott/": {"t": "Walter Scott", "s": "Scottish novelist, poet, and historian; creator of the Waverley novels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/walter-scott.webp", "c": "Thomas Lawrence · via Wikipedia: Walter Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/xenophon/": {"t": "Xenophon", "s": "Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian of the Ten Thousand"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/walter-raleigh/": {"t": "Walter Raleigh", "s": "English statesman, soldier, writer and explorer of the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/prince-rupert-of-the-rhine/": {"t": "Prince Rupert of the Rhine", "s": "Royalist cavalry commander, admiral, scientist, and colonial governor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/prince-rupert-of-the-rhine.webp", "c": "Peter Lely · via Wikipedia: Prince Rupert of the Rhine · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/presbyterianism/": {"t": "Presbyterianism", "s": "A Reformed Protestant tradition rooted in Scotland, emphasizing the sovereignty of God and governance by elders."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/river-tyne/": {"t": "River Tyne", "s": "River in North East England, historically vital for coal and shipbuilding."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/edinburgh-castle/": {"t": "Edinburgh Castle", "s": "Historic castle on Castle Rock, site of 26 recorded sieges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castles/img/castles/edinburgh-castle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Edinburgh Castle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-iii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who pursued lenient policies to end the Thirty Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/st-lawrence-river/": {"t": "St. Lawrence River", "s": "Major North American river connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/st-lawrence-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St. Lawrence River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-canada/e/world-heritage-sites-in-canada/quebec-city/": {"t": "Quebec City", "s": "One of the oldest European settlements in North America, and the only fortified city north of Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/cartagena-colombia/": {"t": "Cartagena, Colombia", "s": "Colonial port city and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Colombia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/cartagena-colombia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cartagena, Colombia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-ii-of-great-britain/": {"t": "George II of Great Britain", "s": "King of Great Britain and Ireland; last monarch to lead in battle."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/charles-edward-stuart/": {"t": "Charles Edward Stuart", "s": "Stuart claimant who led the failed Jacobite Rising of 1745."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/wiltshire/": {"t": "Wiltshire", "s": "Chalk downlands, ancient stone circles, and the land of the Moonrakers."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/amphibious-warfare/": {"t": "Amphibious warfare", "s": "Complex military maneuver requiring coordinated naval, ground, and air forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/amphibious-warfare.webp", "c": "Cpl. Nicholas Nohalty · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/montreal/": {"t": "Montreal", "s": "Montreal (French: Montréal) sits as Quebec’s biggest city, Canada’s second-largest, and North America’s eighth-largest."}}