[{"n": "Afonso III of Portugal", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/afonso-iii-of-portugal/", "s": "King of Portugal who completed the Reconquista and reformed governance."}, {"n": "Alfonso II of Aragon", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/alfonso-ii-of-aragon/", "s": "King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona, troubadour and patron of the arts."}, {"n": "Alfonso II of Asturias", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/alfonso-ii-of-asturias/", "s": "King of Asturias (791–842) who discovered the tomb of St. James and moved the capital to Oviedo."}, {"n": "Alfonso VII of León and Castile", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/alfonso-vii-of-le-n-and-castile/", "s": "King of León, Castile, and Galicia who claimed imperial rule over Spain."}, {"n": "Alfonso VI of León and Castile", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/alfonso-vi-of-le-n-and-castile/", "s": "King of León, Galicia, and Castile; conqueror of Toledo."}, {"n": "Alfonso X of Castile", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/alfonso-x-of-castile/", "s": "King of Castile, León and Galicia; patron of science and law."}, {"n": "Almanzor", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/almanzor/", "s": "Chamberlain who dominated Umayyad Córdoba and halted Christian advance."}, {"n": "Baldwin I of Jerusalem", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/baldwin-i-of-jerusalem/", "s": "First count of Edessa and king of Jerusalem."}, {"n": "Berengar I of Italy", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/berengar-i-of-italy/", "s": "King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor, opposed by many claimants."}, {"n": "Bolesław III Wrymouth", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/boles-aw-iii-wrymouth/", "s": "Duke who conquered Pomerania and divided Poland among his sons."}, {"n": "Béla IV of Hungary", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/b-la-iv-of-hungary/", "s": "King who rebuilt Hungary after the Mongol invasion."}, {"n": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/casimir-iv-jagiellon/", "s": "Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland."}, {"n": "Casimir I the Restorer", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/casimir-i-the-restorer/", "s": "Duke of Poland who restored unity after a period of chaos."}, {"n": "Charles III of Navarre", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-iii-of-navarre/", "s": "King of Navarre who restored stability and shifted policy toward Iberia."}, {"n": "Charles II of Navarre", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-ii-of-navarre/", "s": "King of Navarre who shifted alliances in the Hundred Years' War."}, {"n": "Charles IV of France", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-iv-of-france/", "s": "Last direct Capetian king, his death sparked succession disputes."}, {"n": "Charles I of Hungary", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-i-of-hungary/", "s": "King of Hungary who restored royal power and reformed the kingdom."}, {"n": "Charles VIII of France", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-viii-of-france/", "s": "King of France who invaded Italy and married Anne of Brittany."}, {"n": "Charles VII of France", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-vii-of-france/", "s": "King of France who ended the Hundred Years' War."}, {"n": "Charles VI of France", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-vi-of-france/", "s": "King of France whose mental illness shaped a turbulent reign."}, {"n": "Charles V of France", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-v-of-france/", "s": "King of France who reconquered territory from the English."}, {"n": "Charles the Bald", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-the-bald/", "s": "Carolingian emperor who secured West Francia through treaty and war."}, {"n": "Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/conrad-ii-holy-roman-emperor/", "s": "First Salian emperor who united Germany, Italy, and Burgundy."}, {"n": "Conrad IV of Germany", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/conrad-iv-of-germany/", "s": "Hohenstaufen king who ruled Germany, Sicily, and Jerusalem."}, {"n": "Constantine II of Scotland", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/constantine-ii-of-scotland/", "s": "Early King of Alba who abdicated to a monastery after a 43-year reign."}, {"n": "David I of Scotland", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/david-i-of-scotland/", "s": "King of Scotland from 1124 to 1153, known for the Davidian Revolution and his support of Empress Matilda."}, {"n": "Dafydd ap Llywelyn", "u": "/e/european-medieval-monarchs/dafydd-ap-llywelyn/", "s": "Prince of Gwynedd who fought Henry III and was called shield of Wales."}]