{"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/horace/": {"t": "Horace", "s": "Leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/poets-of-the-ancient-world/e/poets-of-the-ancient-world/bacchylides/": {"t": "Bacchylides", "s": "Greek lyric poet, one of the Nine Lyric Poets, known for clarity and simplicity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/poets-of-the-ancient-world/img/poets-of-the-ancient-world/bacchylides.webp", "c": "Bacchylides · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-actium/": {"t": "Battle of Actium", "s": "Naval battle that ended the Roman Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-kidnapped-people/e/mythological-kidnapped-people/europa-consort-of-zeus/": {"t": "Europa (consort of Zeus)", "s": "Phoenician princess abducted by Zeus, mother of Minos.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mythological-kidnapped-people/img/mythological-kidnapped-people/europa-consort-of-zeus.webp", "c": "Wikifrits · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/mark-antony/": {"t": "Mark Antony", "s": "Roman politician and general who helped transform the Republic into the Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/mark-antony.webp", "c": "Byzantium565 · via Wikipedia: Mark Antony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hannibal/": {"t": "Hannibal", "s": "Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps and fought Rome in the Second Punic War."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/eclogues/": {"t": "Eclogues", "s": "Virgil's first major work, blending pastoral song with political turmoil."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/catullus/": {"t": "Catullus", "s": "Latin neoteric poet of the late Roman Republic"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/seneca-the-younger/": {"t": "Seneca the Younger", "s": "Stoic philosopher, dramatist, and advisor to Nero"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-medieval-poets/e/classical-and-medieval-poets/ludovico-ariosto/": {"t": "Ludovico Ariosto", "s": "Poet of chivalric satire and the humanist smile", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-medieval-poets/img/classical-and-medieval-poets/ludovico-ariosto.webp", "c": "Lungoleno · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "/e/epic-poetry-and-myth/morgante/": {"t": "Morgante", "s": "Italian romantic epic about a giant who follows Orlando."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/song-of-roland/": {"t": "Song of Roland", "s": "The oldest surviving major work of French literature, an epic of betrayal and martyrdom."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/late-middle-ages/": {"t": "Late Middle Ages", "s": "Crisis and transformation in 14th–15th century Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/roland/": {"t": "Roland", "s": "Frankish commander whose death inspired epic tales of chivalry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/roland.webp", "c": "Archimatth · via Wikipedia: Roland · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charlemagne/": {"t": "Charlemagne", "s": "Father of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elizabeth-i/": {"t": "Elizabeth I", "s": "The Virgin Queen who presided over the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/humanism/": {"t": "Humanism", "s": "A philosophy centered on human agency, reason, and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edmund-spenser/": {"t": "Edmund Spenser", "s": "English poet, author of The Faerie Queene", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/edmund-spenser.webp", "c": "English School / Unidentified painter · via Wikipedia: Edmund Spenser · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fictional-fairies/e/fictional-fairies/the-faerie-queene/": {"t": "The Faerie Queene", "s": "An allegorical epic poem by Edmund Spenser."}, "https://codexery.com/british-literary-classics/e/british-literary-classics/much-ado-about-nothing/": {"t": "Much Ado About Nothing", "s": "A comedy of trickery, gossip, and romantic pairings in Messina.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-literary-classics/img/british-literary-classics/much-ado-about-nothing.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Much Ado About Nothing · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lord-byron/": {"t": "Lord Byron", "s": "British Romantic poet and satirist, known for Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/lord-byron.webp", "c": "Thomas Phillips · via Wikipedia: Lord Byron · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/film-theater/e/film-and-theater/lope-de-vega/": {"t": "Lope de Vega", "s": "The Phoenix of Wits: Lope de Vega, master of Spain's Golden Age theatre."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/don-quixote/": {"t": "Don Quixote", "s": "A novel about a man who becomes a knight-errant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/img/novels-and-epics/don-quixote.webp", "c": "Juan de la Cuesta · via Wikipedia: Don Quixote · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/walter-scott/": {"t": "Walter Scott", "s": "Scottish novelist, poet, and historian; creator of the Waverley novels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/walter-scott.webp", "c": "Thomas Lawrence · via Wikipedia: Walter Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/virginia-woolf/": {"t": "Virginia Woolf", "s": "English modernist writer, feminist essayist."}, "https://codexery.com/poets-and-lyricists/e/poets-and-lyricists/osip-mandelstam/": {"t": "Osip Mandelstam", "s": "Russian and Soviet poet, Acmeist, died in a transit camp."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jorge-luis-borges/": {"t": "Jorge Luis Borges", "s": "Argentine writer who renovated the language of fiction."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lu-s-de-cam-es/": {"t": "Luís de Camões", "s": "Portuguese poet, author of the epic Os Lusíadas."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/the-aeneid/": {"t": "The Aeneid", "s": "Latin epic poem linking Troy to Rome's founding."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama/": {"t": "Vasco da Gama", "s": "The Portuguese explorer who opened the sea route to India", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/homer/": {"t": "Homer", "s": "Ancient Greek poet traditionally credited with the Iliad and the Odyssey"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/the-iliad/": {"t": "The Iliad", "s": "Ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer, central to classical philology."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/the-odyssey/": {"t": "The Odyssey", "s": "Ancient Greek epic of Odysseus's perilous homecoming journey."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/quintus-sertorius/": {"t": "Quintus Sertorius", "s": "The rebel ruler of Hispania who defied Sulla and outlasted his enemies for a decade.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/quintus-sertorius.webp", "c": "Bolskan (Espagne ; atelier monétaire). Atelier monétaire · via Wikipedia: Quintus Sertorius · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/textiles-in-folklore/e/textiles-in-folklore/parcae/": {"t": "Parcae", "s": "Roman goddesses who spun, measured, and cut the thread of life."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-castile/": {"t": "Kingdom of Castile", "s": "Medieval Iberian kingdom that expanded southward and united with León."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/dionysus/": {"t": "Dionysus", "s": "God of wine, theatre, and ecstatic liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/thetis/": {"t": "Thetis", "s": "Sea nymph and mother of Achilles in Greek myth."}, "https://codexery.com/mermaids/e/mermaids/siren-mythology/": {"t": "Siren (mythology)", "s": "Female beings whose alluring voices lured sailors to their doom."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/odysseus/": {"t": "Odysseus", "s": "The cunning king of Ithaca, hero of Homer's Odyssey."}, "https://codexery.com/aphrodite/e/aphrodite/venus-mythology/": {"t": "Venus (mythology)", "s": "Roman goddess of love, beauty, desire, and ancestral mother of Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope/": {"t": "Cape of Good Hope", "s": "Rocky headland on the Cape Peninsula, key to the Cape Route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope.webp", "c": "Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/afonso-i-of-portugal/": {"t": "Afonso I of Portugal", "s": "First king of Portugal, founder of the kingdom and key figure in the Reconquista."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/ganges/": {"t": "Ganges", "s": "The Ganges: sacred lifeline of India and Bangladesh, second-largest river system by discharge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/ganges.webp", "c": "Picture Prefect ! · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/crux/": {"t": "Crux", "s": "The smallest but most distinctive constellation of the southern sky."}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/scurvy/": {"t": "Scurvy", "s": "A vitamin C deficiency disease historically fatal on long sea voyages."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/e/portuguese-inventions/caravel/": {"t": "Caravel", "s": "A small, fast, windward-sailing ship of Iberian exploration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/img/portuguese-inventions/caravel.webp", "c": "Farid mernissi · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-swordfighters/e/mythological-swordfighters/gawain/": {"t": "Gawain", "s": "A Knight of the Round Table, known for courtesy, strength, and a tragic fall."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/provence/": {"t": "Provence", "s": "A southeastern French region with Roman origins and lasting cultural identity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/provence.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/": {"t": "Caliphate", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate.webp", "c": "أبو العباس · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/good-friday/": {"t": "Good Friday", "s": "Christian holy day commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/oral-tradition/": {"t": "Oral tradition", "s": "A vital medium of human communication across generations."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/ludwig-ii-of-bavaria/": {"t": "Ludwig II of Bavaria", "s": "Bavarian king known for fairy-tale castles and disputed death."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/sulla/": {"t": "Sulla", "s": "Roman general and dictator who marched on Rome and reformed the republic", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/sulla.webp", "c": "CNG · via Wikipedia: Sulla · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/cato-the-younger/": {"t": "Cato the Younger", "s": "Conservative senator who opposed Caesar and died for the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/characters-in-epic-poems/e/characters-in-epic-poems/erichtho/": {"t": "Erichtho", "s": "Legendary Thessalian witch and necromancer in Roman literature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/characters-in-epic-poems/img/characters-in-epic-poems/erichtho.webp", "c": "John Hamilton Mortimer · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/ovid/": {"t": "Ovid", "s": "Roman poet exiled for a poem and a mistake."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/martyr/": {"t": "Martyr", "s": "A witness who suffers death for a religious or political cause."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/human-sacrifice/": {"t": "Human sacrifice", "s": "Ritual killing to appease gods or serve rulers."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "/e/epic-poetry-and-myth/sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight/": {"t": "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", "s": "A late 14th-century Arthurian romance combining beheading game and exchange of winnings."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/middle-english/": {"t": "Middle English", "s": "Middle English was the language of England after the Norman Conquest.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/middle-english.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle English · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/rhyme/": {"t": "Rhyme", "s": "A repetition of similar sounds in final stressed syllables."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-medieval-poets/e/classical-and-medieval-poets/gawain-poet/": {"t": "Gawain Poet", "s": "Anonymous author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and three other poems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-medieval-poets/img/classical-and-medieval-poets/gawain-poet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gawain Poet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/geoffrey-chaucer/": {"t": "Geoffrey Chaucer", "s": "Father of English literature and poet of The Canterbury Tales"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/the-canterbury-tales/": {"t": "The Canterbury Tales", "s": "A collection of tales told by pilgrims on a journey."}, "https://codexery.com/folklore-and-mythic-heroes/e/folklore-and-mythic-heroes/robin-hood/": {"t": "Robin Hood", "s": "Legendary English outlaw and folk hero."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/worcestershire/": {"t": "Worcestershire", "s": "Historic county in the West Midlands of England."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/herefordshire/": {"t": "Herefordshire", "s": "A rural county in the Welsh Marches, known for cider and the River Wye."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/evidence/": {"t": "Evidence", "s": "Evidence supports propositions, varying across fields and theories."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/john-wycliffe/": {"t": "John Wycliffe", "s": "English scholastic philosopher and reformer, precursor to Protestantism"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/peasants-revolt/": {"t": "Peasants' Revolt", "s": "Major English uprising in 1381, best documented revolt of the period."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/heresy/": {"t": "Heresy", "s": "A belief or theory strongly at variance with established religious doctrines, often met with censure."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/william-caxton/": {"t": "William Caxton", "s": "First English printer, translator, and promoter of Chancery Standard.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/william-caxton.webp", "c": "Raoul Lefèvre / William Caxton · via Wikipedia: William Caxton · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/limbo/e/characters/purgatory/": {"t": "Purgatory", "s": "Intermediate state of purification after death in Catholic theology."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/samuel-pepys/": {"t": "Samuel Pepys", "s": "English diarist and naval administrator of the Stuart Restoration", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/samuel-pepys.webp", "c": "John Hayls · via Wikipedia: Samuel Pepys · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/william-tyndale/": {"t": "William Tyndale", "s": "English biblical scholar and translator executed for heresy."}, "https://codexery.com/women-poets-and-journalists/e/women-poets-and-journalists/anne-bradstreet/": {"t": "Anne Bradstreet", "s": "First published poet in England's North American colonies."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/attila/": {"t": "Attila", "s": "Ruler of the Huns from 434 to 453, known as the Scourge of God."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dante-alighieri/": {"t": "Dante Alighieri", "s": "Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the vernacular."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "/e/epic-poetry-and-myth/divine-comedy/": {"t": "Divine Comedy", "s": "An allegorical journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven."}, "https://codexery.com/limbo/e/characters/inferno-dante/": {"t": "Inferno (Dante)", "s": "First part of Dante's Divine Comedy, depicting a journey through Hell.", "i": "https://codexery.com/limbo/img/characters/inferno-dante.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Inferno (Dante) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/southern-hemisphere/": {"t": "Southern Hemisphere", "s": "The Southern Hemisphere is Earth's southern half, mostly ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/garden-of-eden/": {"t": "Garden of Eden", "s": "Biblical paradise of Adam and Eve, source of four rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/excommunication/": {"t": "Excommunication", "s": "Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure limiting membership and communion."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/meteorology/": {"t": "Meteorology", "s": "Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomy/e/ancient-greek-astronomy/spherical-earth/": {"t": "Spherical Earth", "s": "Earth is approximately spherical, confirmed by ancient and modern science."}, "https://codexery.com/constellations/e/constellations/libra-constellation/": {"t": "Libra (constellation)", "s": "Libra is a faint zodiac constellation representing weighing scales."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/christian-cross/": {"t": "Christian cross", "s": "Symbol of Christianity, representing the crucifixion of Jesus."}, "https://codexery.com/seven-deadly-sins/e/characters/acedia/": {"t": "Acedia", "s": "A historical term for listlessness, from ancient Greece to modern psychology."}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/humility/": {"t": "Humility", "s": "Humility is having an accurate opinion of oneself, not low self-opinion."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/lord-s-prayer/": {"t": "Lord's Prayer", "s": "Central Christian prayer attributed to Jesus, with two gospel versions."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/performing-arts-and-crafts/illuminated-manuscript/": {"t": "Illuminated manuscript", "s": "Decorated texts from late antiquity to the Renaissance"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/hermes/": {"t": "Hermes", "s": "Herald of the gods, protector of travelers, and guide of souls."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-psalms/": {"t": "Book of Psalms", "s": "Anthology of Hebrew hymns, central to Jewish and Christian liturgy."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/romance/": {"t": "Romance", "s": "A multifaceted concept of love with varied and contradictory definitions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/christine-de-pizan/": {"t": "Christine de Pizan", "s": "Italian-born French court writer and early feminist author", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/christine-de-pizan.webp", "c": "The original uploader was Kelson at French Wikipedia. · via Wikipedia: Christine de Pizan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/c-s-lewis/": {"t": "C. S. Lewis", "s": "Author of The Chronicles of Narnia and Christian apologist"}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-burgundy/": {"t": "Duchy of Burgundy", "s": "A medieval duchy of the Kingdom of France, ruled by dukes from 918, later a core of the Burgundian State."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/performing-arts-and-crafts/miniature-illuminated-manuscript/": {"t": "Miniature (illuminated manuscript)", "s": "Small illustrations decorating ancient and medieval illuminated manuscripts."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/sonnet/": {"t": "Sonnet", "s": "A fourteen-line poetic form originating in 13th-century Sicily."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/omar-khayyam/": {"t": "Omar Khayyam", "s": "Persian poet and polymath who revolutionized algebra and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/pre-raphaelite-brotherhood/": {"t": "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood", "s": "English reform movement rejecting Raphael's influence for medieval detail.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements/img/art-movements/pre-raphaelite-brotherhood.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sufism/": {"t": "Sufism", "s": "The inward dimension of Islam, focusing on purification and direct experience of the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/al-ghazali/": {"t": "Al-Ghazali", "s": "Proof of Islam and renewer of the faith"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hajj/": {"t": "Hajj", "s": "Annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, a required religious duty."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/hedonism/": {"t": "Hedonism", "s": "Philosophical views prioritizing pleasure as central to value and motivation."}, "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/e/playwrights-and-dramatists/robert-graves/": {"t": "Robert Graves", "s": "English poet, novelist, and critic known for I, Claudius and The White Goddess.", "i": "https://codexery.com/playwrights-and-dramatists/img/playwrights-and-dramatists/robert-graves.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Robert Graves · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/e/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/voice-of-america/": {"t": "Voice of America", "s": "U.S. government-funded international broadcaster founded in 1942."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/e/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/paramahansa-yogananda/": {"t": "Paramahansa Yogananda", "s": "Indian monk who brought yoga and meditation to the West."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/": {"t": "Russian language", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/e/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce/": {"t": "James Joyce", "s": "Modernist prose master whose works center on Dublin and revolutionized literary style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/img/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Joyce · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/animals-in-chinese-mythology/e/animals-in-chinese-mythology/rat-zodiac/": {"t": "Rat (zodiac)", "s": "First animal of the Chinese zodiac, associated with midnight and winter."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/jami-al-tawarikh/": {"t": "Jami' al-tawarikh", "s": "First world history, produced in the Mongol Ilkhanate."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/housing-furniture/e/housing-and-furniture/yurt/": {"t": "Yurt", "s": "Portable round tent of Inner Asian nomads"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/ulaanbaatar/": {"t": "Ulaanbaatar", "s": "Coldest capital city; founded as a nomadic Buddhist monastery."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/saint-petersburg-state-university/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg State University", "s": "One of Russia's oldest universities, founded by Peter the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tibetan-buddhism/": {"t": "Tibetan Buddhism", "s": "Tibetan Buddhism: A Mahayana tradition preserving Indian tantric practices and native developments, with four major schools and a non-sectarian Rimé movement."}, "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/e/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/j-r-r-tolkien/": {"t": "J.R.R. Tolkien", "s": "English author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/img/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/j-r-r-tolkien.webp", "c": "James2813 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/iconic-characters/e/iconic-characters/guinevere/": {"t": "Guinevere", "s": "Queen of King Arthur, central to the legend's tragedy."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/yorkshire/": {"t": "Yorkshire", "s": "God's own country"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/fable/": {"t": "Fable", "s": "A moral tale with anthropomorphised characters, enduring across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/the-trojan-war/": {"t": "The Trojan War", "s": "Legendary Greek war against Troy, central to Homeric epics."}, "https://codexery.com/fictional-fairies/e/fictional-fairies/jack-in-the-green/": {"t": "Jack in the Green", "s": "English May Day folk figure in a foliage-covered frame."}, "https://codexery.com/european-folklore/e/european-folklore/english-folklore/": {"t": "English folklore", "s": "Myths and legends of England passed through generations."}, "https://codexery.com/european-folklore/e/european-folklore/brenin-llwyd/": {"t": "Brenin Llwyd", "s": "Silent, mist-cloaked figure that preys on mountain travellers."}, "https://codexery.com/oral-literature/e/oral-literature/oral-literature/": {"t": "Oral literature", "s": "Spoken literature transmitted orally across generations."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/najd/": {"t": "Najd", "s": "Central Arabian highland region, cradle of the House of Saud."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/tunisia/": {"t": "Tunisia", "s": "A North African crossroads of ancient civilizations and modern aspirations."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/fatimid-caliphate/": {"t": "Fatimid Caliphate", "s": "Isma'ili Shi'a caliphate spanning North Africa and West Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/fatalism/": {"t": "Fatalism", "s": "Belief that all events are predetermined and beyond human control."}, "https://codexery.com/deal-with-the-devil/e/deal-with-the-devil/s-mundr-fr-i/": {"t": "Sæmundr fróði", "s": "Icelandic priest and scholar who tricked the Devil."}, "https://codexery.com/vikings/e/characters/laxd-la-saga/": {"t": "Laxdæla saga", "s": "A 13th-century Icelandic saga of love, friendship, and enmity."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/wales/": {"t": "Wales", "s": "A country of mountains, coast, and ancient culture, part of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/moby-dick/": {"t": "Moby-Dick", "s": "Herman Melville’s 1851 novel Moby-Dick; or, The Whale follows the sailor Ishmael as he recounts Captain Ahab’s obsessive hunt for the white sperm whale that tor", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/moby-dick.webp", "c": "Herman Melville · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/literature-and-writers/e/literature-and-writers/thit-jensen/": {"t": "Thit Jensen", "s": "Danish novelist and early feminist."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/new-wave-music/": {"t": "New wave music", "s": "Pop-oriented genre branching from punk, popularized by MTV."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/walt-whitman/": {"t": "Walt Whitman", "s": "American poet, author of Leaves of Grass, wrote poems on Abraham Lincoln's death.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/walt-whitman.webp", "c": "George Collins Cox / Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Walt Whitman · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abraham-lincoln/": {"t": "Abraham Lincoln", "s": "16th president who led the Union through the Civil War and abolished slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/e/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/leaves-of-grass/": {"t": "Leaves of Grass", "s": "Leaves of Grass is a poetry collection by American poet Walt Whitman."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/head-of-state/": {"t": "Head of state", "s": "The public persona of a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/comedy-legends/e/comedy-legends/robin-williams/": {"t": "Robin Williams", "s": "The improvisational genius who brought laughter and depth to the screen.", "i": "https://codexery.com/comedy-legends/img/comedy-legends/robin-williams.webp", "c": "jasonshellen · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/the-rime-of-the-ancient-mariner/": {"t": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", "s": "A poem about a sailor's supernatural voyage and guilt."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-atlantic/": {"t": "The Atlantic", "s": "A literary magazine turned general-interest publication.", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/img/magazines-and-newspapers/the-atlantic.webp", "c": "PCN02WPS · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/horatio-nelson-1st-viscount-nelson/": {"t": "Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson", "s": "British admiral who secured decisive naval victories in the Napoleonic Wars."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mary-magdalene/": {"t": "Mary Magdalene", "s": "A prominent follower of Jesus, witness to his crucifixion and resurrection, and a historical figure venerated across Christian traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/crucifixion-of-jesus/": {"t": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "s": "Jesus was crucified by Romans in 1st-century Judaea."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franklin-d-roosevelt/": {"t": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "s": "32nd US president who led the nation through the Great Depression and World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/screen-legends/e/screen-legends/charles-laughton/": {"t": "Charles Laughton", "s": "From kings to monsters: the unforgettable screen legend."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/kurt-weill/": {"t": "Kurt Weill", "s": "German-born American composer of stage works and Gebrauchsmusik.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/img/classical-and-opera/kurt-weill.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kurt Weill · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/e/plays-and-drama/henry-v-play/": {"t": "Henry V (play)", "s": "Shakespeare's play about King Henry V and the Battle of Agincourt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plays-drama/img/plays-and-drama/henry-v-play.webp", "c": "Photo taken by Cowardly Lion · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/petrarch/": {"t": "Petrarch", "s": "Italian scholar and poet, father of Renaissance humanism"}, "https://codexery.com/stage-legends/e/stage-legends/edward-alleyn/": {"t": "Edward Alleyn", "s": "Foremost actor of the Elizabethan stage and founder of Dulwich College."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/couplet/": {"t": "Couplet", "s": "A pair of rhyming lines sharing the same metre."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/gunpowder-plot/": {"t": "Gunpowder Plot", "s": "The failed 1605 plot to blow up the House of Lords and kill King James I."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/oscar-wilde/": {"t": "Oscar Wilde", "s": "Irish author, poet and playwright; key figure in Aestheticism; known for The Picture of Dorian Gray and his society comedies."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/christopher-marlowe/": {"t": "Christopher Marlowe", "s": "Elizabethan playwright and poet, first to achieve critical reputation for blank verse"}, "https://codexery.com/dramatists-playwrights/e/dramatists-and-playwrights/ben-jonson/": {"t": "Ben Jonson", "s": "English playwright, poet and actor of the Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dramatists-playwrights/img/dramatists-and-playwrights/ben-jonson.webp", "c": "Ben Jonson · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/john-milton/": {"t": "John Milton", "s": "English poet, polemicist, and civil servant; author of Paradise Lost"}, "/e/epic-poetry-and-myth/shakespeare-s-sonnets/": {"t": "Shakespeare's sonnets", "s": "154 sonnets, five in plays, and a partial sonnet in Edward III."}, "/e/epic-poetry-and-myth/sonnet-20/": {"t": "Sonnet 20", "s": "A sonnet comparing the beloved's beauty to both genders."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/rainer-maria-rilke/": {"t": "Rainer Maria Rilke", "s": "Austrian poet known for Duino Elegies and Sonnets to Orpheus"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/german-language/": {"t": "German language", "s": "German, known natively as Deutsch (pronounced [dɔɪ̯tʃ]), belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family and is spoken primarily across"}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/duino-elegies/": {"t": "Duino Elegies", "s": "The Duino Elegies, a cycle of ten poems by Bohemian-Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke, are among the most celebrated works in German-language literature."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/psychological-trauma/": {"t": "Psychological trauma", "s": "An emotional response to severe distressing events, studied in psychotraumatology."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/conscription/": {"t": "Conscription", "s": "Compulsory enlistment in national service, enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/michelangelo/": {"t": "Michelangelo", "s": "Italian High Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/michelangelo.webp", "c": "Attributed to Daniele da Volterra · via Wikipedia: Michelangelo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-baudelaire/": {"t": "Charles Baudelaire", "s": "French poet who coined modernity and wrote Les Fleurs du mal."}, "https://codexery.com/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/e/poetry-collections-and-epic-poems/les-fleurs-du-mal/": {"t": "Les Fleurs du mal", "s": "A controversial volume of French poetry by Charles Baudelaire."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/st-phane-mallarm/": {"t": "Stéphane Mallarmé", "s": "French Symbolist poet whose work inspired early 20th-century avant-garde movements."}, "https://codexery.com/european-modernists/e/european-modernists/robert-musil/": {"t": "Robert Musil", "s": "Austrian modernist novelist and philosophical writer."}, "/e/epic-poetry-and-myth/purgatorio/": {"t": "Purgatorio", "s": "The second part of Dante's Divine Comedy, depicting the climb of Mount Purgatory."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/afterlife/": {"t": "Afterlife", "s": "Speculation on existence after death across religions and philosophies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/img/christian-theology/afterlife.webp", "c": "Dio2nd · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/medieval-philosophy/": {"t": "Medieval philosophy", "s": "Medieval philosophy integrated ancient thought with theological inquiry."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/hell-in-christianity/": {"t": "Hell in Christianity", "s": "Christian concept of divine judgment and separation from God."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/thomism/": {"t": "Thomism", "s": "The philosophical and theological legacy of Thomas Aquinas."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/summa-theologica/": {"t": "Summa Theologica", "s": "The best-known work of Thomas Aquinas, a compendium of Catholic theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-works/img/literary-works/summa-theologica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Five Ways (Aquinas) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/thomas-aquinas/": {"t": "Thomas Aquinas", "s": "Angelic Doctor and Universal Teacher", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/thomas-aquinas.webp", "c": "Maksim Sokolov (Maxergon) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/emotions/e/emotions/lust/": {"t": "Lust", "s": "Lust is intense desire improperly ordered against natural law."}, "https://codexery.com/seven-deadly-sins/e/characters/gluttony/": {"t": "Gluttony", "s": "Over-indulgence and over-consumption to the point of waste."}, "https://codexery.com/seven-deadly-sins/e/characters/greed/": {"t": "Greed", "s": "An insatiable desire for more than one needs or deserves."}, "https://codexery.com/seven-deadly-sins/e/characters/envy/": {"t": "Envy", "s": "Emotion of lacking another's quality or possession."}, "https://codexery.com/animals/e/mammals/african-lion/": {"t": "African Lion", "s": "The pride-living apex predator of Africa's grasslands and savannahs, listed as Vulnerable since 1996."}, "https://codexery.com/bigcats/e/big-cats/leopard/": {"t": "Leopard", "s": "The leopard (Panthera pardus) is a solitary, spotted big cat adapted to diverse habitats across Africa and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bigcats/img/big-cats/leopard.webp", "c": "Thomas Fuhrmann · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/mystery-crime-writers/e/mystery-and-crime-writers/dorothy-l-sayers/": {"t": "Dorothy L. Sayers", "s": "English crime novelist and one of the four Queens of Crime.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mystery-crime-writers/img/mystery-and-crime-writers/dorothy-l-sayers.webp", "c": "uncredited; published by Boni and Liveright in connexion with her 1925 release Whose Body · via Wikipedia: Dorothy L. Sayers · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/albertus-magnus/": {"t": "Albertus Magnus", "s": "Medieval philosopher, scientist, and Doctor of the Church who systematized Aristotle's works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/albertus-magnus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Magnus of Trani · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/nicomachean-ethics/": {"t": "Nicomachean Ethics", "s": "Aristotle's practical guide to achieving the good life."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/de-officiis/": {"t": "De Officiis", "s": "Cicero's treatise on moral duties and public behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/giambattista-vico/": {"t": "Giambattista Vico", "s": "Italian philosopher who founded the philosophy of history."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/william-blake/": {"t": "William Blake", "s": "English poet, painter, and printmaker of the Romantic Age", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/william-blake.webp", "c": "Thomas Phillips · via Wikipedia: William Blake · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/t-s-eliot/": {"t": "T. S. Eliot", "s": "Anglo-Catholic poet linked to the broader Catholic literary revival."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ezra-pound/": {"t": "Ezra Pound", "s": "American poet and critic, a major figure in early modernism, and a controversial collaborator in Fascist Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/samuel-beckett/": {"t": "Samuel Beckett", "s": "Irish playwright, novelist, and poet; key figure in the Theatre of the Absurd.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/samuel-beckett.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Samuel Beckett · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henry-wadsworth-longfellow/": {"t": "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow", "s": "American poet and educator, author of 'Paul Revere's Ride' and translator of Dante's Divine Comedy."}, "https://codexery.com/french-folklore/e/french-folklore/chanson-de-geste/": {"t": "Chanson de geste", "s": "Medieval epic poems sung in Old French, celebrating heroic deeds."}, "/e/epic-poetry-and-myth/orlando-furioso/": {"t": "Orlando Furioso", "s": "An Italian epic of chivalry, madness, and love, continuing Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/holy-land/": {"t": "Holy Land", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members worldwide as of 2026."}, "https://codexery.com/giants/e/giants/ferragut/": {"t": "Ferragut", "s": "Saracen paladin invulnerable except at the navel, slain by Roland."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/burlesque/": {"t": "Burlesque", "s": "A comedic form mocking serious works through caricature and ludicrous treatment."}, "/e/epic-poetry-and-myth/la-spagna/": {"t": "La Spagna", "s": "A 14th-century Italian epic of Charlemagne and Orlando."}}