{"https://codexery.com/regional-musics/e/regional-musics/music-of-egypt/": {"t": "Music of Egypt", "s": "Egyptian music shaped ancient and modern Middle Eastern and European traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-movements/e/film-history-and-movements/cinema-of-egypt/": {"t": "Cinema of Egypt", "s": "Egyptian cinema is a pioneer in African and Arab film industries."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/oud/": {"t": "Oud", "s": "A fretless pear-shaped lute from the Middle East."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/classical-music/": {"t": "Classical music", "s": "Western art music tradition emphasizing formality and polyphony."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/rock-and-roll/": {"t": "Rock and roll", "s": "Genre of popular music evolving in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s."}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/umm-kulthum/": {"t": "Umm Kulthum", "s": "Egyptian singer and actress known as The Voice of Egypt, the Arab world's most celebrated 20th-century voice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/umm-kulthum.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Umm Kulthum · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/e/performers-and-entertainers/fairuz/": {"t": "Fairuz", "s": "Lebanese singer and symbol of modern Lebanon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/img/performers-and-entertainers/fairuz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fairuz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/art-music/": {"t": "Art music", "s": "Music of high phonoaesthetic value, often contrasted with vernacular music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/art-music.webp", "c": "Savonnerie manufactory · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/genesis-1/e/genesis-1/in-seven-days/": {"t": "In Seven Days", "s": "A piano concerto recounting the Biblical creation narrative.", "i": "https://codexery.com/genesis-1/img/genesis-1/in-seven-days.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: In Seven Days · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky/": {"t": "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky", "s": "The Romantic-era Russian behind Swan Lake, The Nutcracker and the 1812 Overture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-composition/": {"t": "Musical composition", "s": "The art of creating original musical works."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/simon-rattle/": {"t": "Simon Rattle", "s": "British conductor who led the Berlin Philharmonic from 2002 to 2018."}, "https://codexery.com/bbc-cymru-wales-television-shows/e/bbc-cymru-wales-television-shows/bbc-young-musician/": {"t": "BBC Young Musician", "s": "Biennial BBC competition for young UK musicians."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/igor-stravinsky/": {"t": "Igor Stravinsky", "s": "Russian composer whose ballets for Diaghilev reshaped twentieth-century classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/igor-stravinsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/american-instrumental-musical-groups/e/american-instrumental-musical-groups/los-angeles-philharmonic/": {"t": "Los Angeles Philharmonic", "s": "American orchestra based in Los Angeles, founded in 1919.", "i": "https://codexery.com/american-instrumental-musical-groups/img/american-instrumental-musical-groups/los-angeles-philharmonic.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Los Angeles Philharmonic · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/mario-lanza/": {"t": "Mario Lanza", "s": "American tenor and Hollywood film star of the 1940s and 1950s."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/luciano-pavarotti/": {"t": "Luciano Pavarotti", "s": "Italian operatic tenor and member of the Three Tenors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/luciano-pavarotti.webp", "c": "Kingkongphoto & www.celebrity-photos.com from Laurel  Maryland, USA · via Wikipedia: Luciano Pavarotti · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/modena/": {"t": "Modena", "s": "City in Emilia-Romagna known for luxury cars and balsamic vinegar."}, "https://codexery.com/british-opera-companies/e/british-opera-companies/glyndebourne-festival-opera/": {"t": "Glyndebourne Festival Opera", "s": "Annual opera festival at a country house in East Sussex.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-opera-companies/img/british-opera-companies/glyndebourne-festival-opera.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Glyndebourne Festival Opera · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/charles-gounod/": {"t": "Charles Gounod", "s": "French Romantic composer of Faust and Roméo et Juliette.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/charles-gounod.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charles Gounod · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/anna-netrebko/": {"t": "Anna Netrebko", "s": "Russian soprano who rose to global fame after her 2002 Salzburg Festival performance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/img/opera-singers/anna-netrebko.webp", "c": "Manfred Werner (Tsui) · via Wikipedia: Anna Netrebko · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/jules-massenet/": {"t": "Jules Massenet", "s": "French composer of operas, several premiered by the Opéra-Comique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/jules-massenet.webp", "c": "Eugène Pirou (1841-1909). Photographer\nRestored by Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Jules Massenet · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/victor-hugo/": {"t": "Victor Hugo", "s": "French Romantic author and political activist."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/alban-berg/": {"t": "Alban Berg", "s": "Austrian composer of the Second Viennese School, known for blending Romantic lyricism with twelve-tone technique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/alban-berg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alban Berg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/20th-century-classical-music/": {"t": "20th-century classical music", "s": "A century of unprecedented stylistic diversity in Western art music."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/anton-webern/": {"t": "Anton Webern", "s": "Austrian composer of radical atonal and twelve-tone music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/anton-webern.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Anton Webern · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/b-la-bart-k/": {"t": "Béla Bartók", "s": "Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/witold-lutos-awski/": {"t": "Witold Lutosławski", "s": "Polish composer and conductor of 20th-century classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/img/classical-and-opera/witold-lutos-awski.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Witold Lutosławski · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/luciano-berio/": {"t": "Luciano Berio", "s": "Italian composer known for experimental works and electronic music."}, "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/e/deutsche-grammophon-artists/claudio-abbado/": {"t": "Claudio Abbado", "s": "Italian conductor, music director of La Scala and the Berlin Philharmonic, founder of the Lucerne Festival Orchestra.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/img/deutsche-grammophon-artists/claudio-abbado.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claudio Abbado · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven/": {"t": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "s": "German composer whose work bridged Classical and Romantic eras.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven.webp", "c": "Joseph Karl Stieler · via Wikipedia: Ludwig van Beethoven · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/leo-jan-ek/": {"t": "Leoš Janáček", "s": "Czech composer who fused Moravian folk music with modern speech melodies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/leo-jan-ek.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Leoš Janáček · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/robert-schumann/": {"t": "Robert Schumann", "s": "German Romantic composer, pianist, and music critic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/robert-schumann.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Schumann · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/orchestra/": {"t": "Orchestra", "s": "Large instrumental ensemble central to classical and romantic music."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-9-beethoven/": {"t": "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)", "s": "The Symphony No."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bratislava/": {"t": "Bratislava", "s": "Capital of Slovakia, historic coronation city of Hungarian kings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bratislava.webp", "c": "Lukáš Perný · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/latakia/": {"t": "Latakia", "s": "Principal port city of Syria and historic Laodicea ad Mare."}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/balalaika/": {"t": "Balalaika", "s": "Russian triangular stringed instrument used in folk music and orchestras."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-double-bass/": {"t": "The Double bass", "s": "Largest and lowest-pitched chordophone in the modern symphony orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladikavkaz/": {"t": "Vladikavkaz", "s": "Capital of North Ossetia–Alania, at the foothills of the Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/grozny/": {"t": "Grozny", "s": "The fearsome fortress on the Sunzha, oil heart of the Caucasus."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/fairy-tale/": {"t": "Fairy tale", "s": "A short folklore story featuring magic and mythical beings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/img/narrative-techniques-and-genres/fairy-tale.webp", "c": "Tchamnarodrigue · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fakelore/e/fakelore/smuglyanka/": {"t": "Smuglyanka", "s": "A Russian song about a dark-skinned partisan girl."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/modest-mussorgsky/": {"t": "Modest Mussorgsky", "s": "Russian composer of The Five, innovator of national music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/modest-mussorgsky.webp", "c": "Self-scanned · via Wikipedia: Modest Mussorgsky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-trumpet/": {"t": "The Trumpet", "s": "A brass instrument used in music and signaling since antiquity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-trumpet.webp", "c": "hpgruesen · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/piccolo-trumpet/": {"t": "Piccolo trumpet", "s": "Smallest trumpet, one octave higher than standard B♭."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music/": {"t": "Baroque music", "s": "Baroque music formalized common-practice tonality and saw the creation of the modern orchestra.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music.webp", "c": "U. S. Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-inventions/e/turkish-inventions/military-band/": {"t": "Military band", "s": "Military bands provide ceremonial music and battlefield communication."}, "https://codexery.com/record-labels-based-in-paris/e/record-labels-based-in-paris/erato-records/": {"t": "Erato Records", "s": "French classical label founded in 1953, revived under Warner."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/chamber-music/": {"t": "Chamber music", "s": "Classical music for small ensembles, one performer per part."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-concerto-grieg/": {"t": "Piano Concerto (Grieg)", "s": "Grieg's only piano concerto, completed at age 24."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/sviatoslav-richter/": {"t": "Sviatoslav Richter", "s": "Soviet and Russian classical pianist praised for depth of interpretations, virtuoso technique, and vast repertoire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/sviatoslav-richter.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sviatoslav Richter · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/e/deutsche-grammophon-artists/g-za-anda/": {"t": "Géza Anda", "s": "Swiss-Hungarian pianist celebrated for Mozart and Bartók interpretations."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/paul-hindemith/": {"t": "Paul Hindemith", "s": "German and American composer, music theorist, teacher, violist, and conductor; advocate of the Neue Sachlichkeit style."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/benjamin-britten/": {"t": "Benjamin Britten", "s": "English composer, conductor, and pianist (1913–1976)"}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-founders-of-populated/e/mythological-founders-of-populated-places/dido/": {"t": "Dido", "s": "Legendary founder and first queen of Carthage."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/hector-berlioz/": {"t": "Hector Berlioz", "s": "French romantic composer, conductor and critic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/hector-berlioz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of works by Hector Berlioz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/gustav-mahler/": {"t": "Gustav Mahler", "s": "Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer and conductor", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/gustav-mahler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gustav Mahler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edward-elgar/": {"t": "Edward Elgar", "s": "English composer of orchestral and choral works."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/bed-ich-smetana/": {"t": "Bedřich Smetana", "s": "Father of Czech music, composer of The Bartered Bride and Má vlast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/bed-ich-smetana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bedřich Smetana · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/george-frideric-handel/": {"t": "George Frideric Handel", "s": "German-British Baroque composer known for operas, oratorios, and anthems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/george-frideric-handel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Frideric Handel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/henry-purcell/": {"t": "Henry Purcell", "s": "English Baroque composer and organist of the middle Baroque era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/henry-purcell.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Henry Purcell · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claudio-monteverdi/": {"t": "Claudio Monteverdi", "s": "Italian composer and pioneer of opera, bridging Renaissance and Baroque."}, "https://codexery.com/british-opera-companies/e/british-opera-companies/scottish-opera/": {"t": "Scottish Opera", "s": "Scotland's national opera company, founded in 1962.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-opera-companies/img/british-opera-companies/scottish-opera.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Scottish Opera · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/": {"t": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "s": "Classical composer and child prodigy who completed over 800 works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss/": {"t": "Richard Strauss", "s": "German composer and conductor of tone poems and operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss.webp", "c": "Joseph Gaylord Gessford · via Wikipedia: Richard Strauss · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/der-rosenkavalier/": {"t": "Der Rosenkavalier", "s": "Comic opera by Richard Strauss with libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/der-rosenkavalier.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Der Rosenkavalier · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/operas-based-on-classical-mythology/e/operas-based-on-classical-mythology/ariadne-auf-naxos/": {"t": "Ariadne auf Naxos", "s": "An opera combining commedia dell'arte and opera seria."}, "https://codexery.com/operas-set-in-mythological-places/e/operas-set-in-mythological-places/idomeneo/": {"t": "Idomeneo", "s": "Mozart's first mature opera, set on Crete after the Trojan War."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/william-walton/": {"t": "William Walton", "s": "English composer of classical genres, from film scores to opera.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/william-walton.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: William Walton · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/operas-based-on-classical-mythology/e/operas-based-on-classical-mythology/alceste-gluck/": {"t": "Alceste (Gluck)", "s": "Gluck's reform opera based on Euripides' Alcestis."}, "https://codexery.com/british-opera-companies/e/british-opera-companies/english-national-opera/": {"t": "English National Opera", "s": "London opera company performing all works in English.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-opera-companies/img/british-opera-companies/english-national-opera.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English National Opera · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/venus/e/venus/l-incoronazione-di-poppea/": {"t": "L'incoronazione di Poppea", "s": "Monteverdi's final opera, based on historical figures and events."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/ralph-vaughan-williams/": {"t": "Ralph Vaughan Williams", "s": "English composer who broke from German-dominated style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/ralph-vaughan-williams.webp", "c": "E. O. Hoppé · via Wikipedia: Ralph Vaughan Williams · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/e/performers-and-entertainers/dietrich-fischer-dieskau/": {"t": "Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau", "s": "German lyric baritone renowned for Lieder and vast recorded repertoire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/performers-and-entertainers/img/performers-and-entertainers/dietrich-fischer-dieskau.webp", "c": "Eric Koch for Anefo · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johannes-brahms/": {"t": "Johannes Brahms", "s": "German composer, pianist, and conductor of the mid-Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johannes-brahms.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Brahms · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/universal-music-group/e/universal-music-group/emi-classics/": {"t": "EMI Classics", "s": "Classical label unifying EMI's global releases under one brand."}, "/e/emi-classics-and-virgin-classics-artists/qigang-chen/": {"t": "Qigang Chen", "s": "Chinese-born French composer and last student of Olivier Messiaen."}, "https://codexery.com/itv-original-programming/e/itv-original-programming/classic-brit-awards/": {"t": "Classic Brit Awards", "s": "Annual UK awards for classical and crossover music."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/joseph-haydn/": {"t": "Joseph Haydn", "s": "Father of the Symphony and String Quartet", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/joseph-haydn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Joseph Haydn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/e/deutsche-grammophon-artists/bbc-symphony-orchestra/": {"t": "BBC Symphony Orchestra", "s": "London's first permanent salaried orchestra, principal broadcast orchestra of the BBC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/img/deutsche-grammophon-artists/bbc-symphony-orchestra.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: BBC Symphony Orchestra · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/george-gershwin/": {"t": "George Gershwin", "s": "American composer and pianist of jazz, popular, and classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/early-music-orchestras/e/early-music-orchestras/the-english-concert/": {"t": "The English Concert", "s": "Period-instrument baroque orchestra founded by Trevor Pinnock in 1972."}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/natural-trumpet/": {"t": "Natural trumpet", "s": "A valveless brass instrument playing only the harmonic series."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/e/jazz-innovators/dizzy-gillespie/": {"t": "Dizzy Gillespie", "s": "Trumpeter and bebop pioneer who reshaped modern jazz.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/img/jazz-innovators/dizzy-gillespie.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dizzy Gillespie · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/e/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/trevor-pinnock/": {"t": "Trevor Pinnock", "s": "Harpsichordist and conductor who helped found The English Concert.", "i": "https://codexery.com/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/img/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/trevor-pinnock.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Trevor Pinnock · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/post-bop-jazz-musicians/e/post-bop-jazz-musicians/wynton-marsalis/": {"t": "Wynton Marsalis", "s": "Trumpeter, composer, educator, and jazz advocate."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/e/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/richard-rodney-bennett/": {"t": "Richard Rodney Bennett", "s": "English composer and pianist known for versatility across classical, jazz, and film."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/minimalism/": {"t": "Minimalism", "s": "Art reduced to essentials, focusing on the object and viewer's experience."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/east-riding-of-yorkshire/": {"t": "East Riding of Yorkshire", "s": "A historic county in Yorkshire and the Humber region of England."}, "https://codexery.com/south-african-jazz-musicians/e/south-african-jazz-musicians/johnny-dyani/": {"t": "Johnny Dyani", "s": "South African jazz bassist and Blue Notes member."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/john-cage/": {"t": "John Cage", "s": "American composer known for 4′33″ and chance-controlled music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/john-cage.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Cage · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/e/electronic-and-experimental/morton-feldman/": {"t": "Morton Feldman", "s": "American composer and exponent of indeterminacy in music."}, "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/e/electronic-and-experimental/brian-eno/": {"t": "Brian Eno", "s": "English musician and producer who pioneered ambient music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/img/electronic-and-experimental/brian-eno.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Brian Eno · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/e/electronic-and-experimental/aphex-twin/": {"t": "Aphex Twin", "s": "British electronic musician and DJ, influential in IDM.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/img/electronic-and-experimental/aphex-twin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aphex Twin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/harmony-music/": {"t": "Harmony (music)", "s": "Harmony combines sounds to create musical ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/pop-rock-solo-artists/e/pop-and-rock-solo-artists/tom-waits/": {"t": "Tom Waits", "s": "American singer-songwriter known for his gravelly voice and lyrics about society's underbelly."}, "https://codexery.com/british-comedy-musical-groups/e/british-comedy-musical-groups/portsmouth-sinfonia/": {"t": "Portsmouth Sinfonia", "s": "An orchestra that described itself as the 'world's worst orchestra', open to anyone including those who could not play music."}, "https://codexery.com/dancers-and-choreographers/e/dancers-and-choreographers/merce-cunningham/": {"t": "Merce Cunningham", "s": "American dancer and choreographer who transformed modern dance."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-musical-groups/e/medieval-musical-groups/hilliard-ensemble/": {"t": "Hilliard Ensemble", "s": "British male vocal quartet originally devoted to early music, active 1974–2014."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-baritone-saxophonists/e/jazz-baritone-saxophonists/harry-carney/": {"t": "Harry Carney", "s": "Longest-serving member of the Duke Ellington Orchestra.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jazz-baritone-saxophonists/img/jazz-baritone-saxophonists/harry-carney.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Harry Carney · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-baritone-saxophonists/e/jazz-baritone-saxophonists/john-surman/": {"t": "John Surman", "s": "English jazz multi-instrumentalist and composer of free and modal jazz.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jazz-baritone-saxophonists/img/jazz-baritone-saxophonists/john-surman.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Surman · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/marcel-duchamp/": {"t": "Marcel Duchamp", "s": "French artist who created readymades as an antidote to retinal art."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/man-ray/": {"t": "Man Ray", "s": "American-born, French-naturalized artist known for Dada, Surrealism, and rayographs."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/umberto-eco/": {"t": "Umberto Eco", "s": "Italian medievalist, semiotician, and novelist of The Name of the Rose."}, "https://codexery.com/business-magnates-tycoons/e/business-magnates-and-tycoons/aristotle-onassis/": {"t": "Aristotle Onassis", "s": "Greek-Argentine shipping magnate who built the world's largest private fleet."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi/": {"t": "Giuseppe Verdi", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Giuseppe Verdi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/giacomo-puccini/": {"t": "Giacomo Puccini", "s": "Italian composer of La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly, and Turandot."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/renata-tebaldi/": {"t": "Renata Tebaldi", "s": "Italian lirico-spinto soprano, star of La Scala and the Met.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/img/opera-singers/renata-tebaldi.webp", "c": "ITID srl · via Wikipedia: Renata Tebaldi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/leonard-bernstein/": {"t": "Leonard Bernstein", "s": "First American-born conductor to receive international acclaim.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/leonard-bernstein.webp", "c": "Jack Mitchell · via Wikipedia: Leonard Bernstein · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/timbre/": {"t": "Timbre", "s": "Timbre distinguishes sounds by source, even at same pitch and volume."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber/": {"t": "Carl Maria von Weber", "s": "German composer crucial to German Romantic opera.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber.webp", "c": "Caroline Bardua · via Wikipedia: Carl Maria von Weber · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-depictions-of-harun-al-rashid/e/cultural-depictions-of-harun-al-rashid/oberon-weber/": {"t": "Oberon (Weber)", "s": "Weber's final opera, premiered in London in 1826."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/cavalleria-rusticana/": {"t": "Cavalleria rusticana", "s": "A verismo masterpiece of love, betrayal, and Easter morning in Sicily.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/cavalleria-rusticana.webp", "c": "Unknown · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-violin/": {"t": "The Violin", "s": "A 2005 Mexican drama film directed by Francisco Vargas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-violin.webp", "c": "unknown, released with CC0 license by Smithsonian · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/e/deutsche-grammophon-artists/martha-argerich/": {"t": "Martha Argerich", "s": "Argentine pianist renowned for virtuosity and collaborative performances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/img/deutsche-grammophon-artists/martha-argerich.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Martha Argerich · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/maurice-ravel/": {"t": "Maurice Ravel", "s": "French composer known for Boléro and masterful orchestration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/maurice-ravel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maurice Ravel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/franz-schubert/": {"t": "Franz Schubert", "s": "Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn/": {"t": "Felix Mendelssohn", "s": "German Romantic composer who revived Bach and wrote the 'Wedding March'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Felix Mendelssohn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/isaac-stern/": {"t": "Isaac Stern", "s": "American violinist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/isaac-stern.webp", "c": "PBS · via Wikipedia: Isaac Stern · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/george-enescu/": {"t": "George Enescu", "s": "Romanian composer, violinist, conductor and teacher, seen as his country's greatest musician.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/george-enescu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Enescu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/good-friday/": {"t": "Good Friday", "s": "Christian holy day commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/notre-dame-de-paris/": {"t": "Notre-Dame de Paris", "s": "Medieval Gothic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in Paris.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/notre-dame-de-paris.webp", "c": "Jebulon · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-and-television-orchestras/e/radio-and-television-orchestras/rai-national-symphony-orchestra/": {"t": "RAI National Symphony Orchestra", "s": "Italian radio orchestra formed from four historic RAI ensembles."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-and-television-orchestras/e/radio-and-television-orchestras/swedish-radio-symphony-orchestra/": {"t": "Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra", "s": "Swedish radio orchestra based in Stockholm, broadcasting on P2."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-and-television-orchestras/e/radio-and-television-orchestras/danish-national-symphony-orchestra/": {"t": "Danish National Symphony Orchestra", "s": "Principal orchestra of Danish Broadcasting Corporation."}, "https://codexery.com/philadelphia-76ers/e/stadiums/philadelphia/": {"t": "Philadelphia", "s": "The gritty, soulful city where the Sixers legacy is forged in fire and celebrated with unmatched passion."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/gala-i/": {"t": "Galați", "s": "Danube port city and Romania's largest steel producer."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldavia/": {"t": "Moldavia", "s": "Historical principality that united with Wallachia to form Romania."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bucharest/": {"t": "Bucharest", "s": "Capital and largest city of Romania, historically called 'Paris of the East'."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/josquin-des-prez/": {"t": "Josquin des Prez", "s": "Franco-Flemish composer central to Renaissance polyphony.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/josquin-des-prez.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Josquin des Prez · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/herbert-von-karajan/": {"t": "Herbert von Karajan", "s": "Austrian conductor, Berlin Philharmonic leader for 34 years.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/herbert-von-karajan.webp", "c": "Bilsen, Joop van / Anefo, derivative work Lämpel · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-and-television-orchestras/e/radio-and-television-orchestras/orchestre-national-de-france/": {"t": "Orchestre National de France", "s": "French radio symphony orchestra founded in 1934."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/discrimination/": {"t": "Discrimination", "s": "Unjustified distinctions depriving people of rights or opportunities."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/anton-bruckner/": {"t": "Anton Bruckner", "s": "Austrian composer and organist of expansive symphonies and sacred works."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/mumbai/": {"t": "Mumbai", "s": "Financial and entertainment capital of India, built on seven islands."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-inventions/e/indian-inventions/indian-classical-music/": {"t": "Indian classical music", "s": "Classical music of the Indian subcontinent with two major traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-classical-musicians/e/indian-classical-musicians/zakir-hussain-musician/": {"t": "Zakir Hussain (musician)", "s": "The tabla maestro who bridged Indian classical and global music."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution/": {"t": "Cultural Revolution", "s": "A sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong from 1966 to 1976.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution.webp", "c": "闫恩铭／Enming Yan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/olivier-messiaen/": {"t": "Olivier Messiaen", "s": "French composer, organist, and ornithologist of the 20th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/olivier-messiaen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Olivier Messiaen · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/king-s-college-chapel-cambridge/": {"t": "King's College Chapel, Cambridge", "s": "A masterpiece of Perpendicular Gothic architecture and home to the world's largest fan vault.", "i": "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/img/notable-buildings-and-monuments/king-s-college-chapel-cambridge.webp", "c": "Christian Richardt · via Wikipedia: King's College Chapel, Cambridge · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/edward-vi/": {"t": "Edward VI", "s": "King of England and Ireland, first Protestant monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elizabeth-i/": {"t": "Elizabeth I", "s": "The Virgin Queen who presided over the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/oliver-cromwell/": {"t": "Oliver Cromwell", "s": "Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland"}, "https://codexery.com/choir-schools-in-england/e/choir-schools-in-england/king-s-college-school-cambridge/": {"t": "King's College School, Cambridge", "s": "Preparatory school for King's College Choir choristers."}, "https://codexery.com/choristers-of-the-choir-of-king-s/e/choristers-of-the-choir-of-king-s-college-cambridge/roy-goodman/": {"t": "Roy Goodman", "s": "English conductor and violinist known for early music and the 1963 Miserere."}, "https://codexery.com/universal-music-group/e/universal-music-group/decca-records/": {"t": "Decca Records", "s": "British-American label known for technical innovation and diverse catalogues."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-piano/": {"t": "The Piano", "s": "A haunting, unpredictable tale of love and sex told from a woman's point of view.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-piano.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux/": {"t": "Bordeaux", "s": "Port city and world capital of wine in southwestern France.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux.webp", "c": "David.J Janssen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/napoli/e/culture/naples/": {"t": "Naples", "s": "Ancient Greek colony and historic capital of southern Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/teatro-di-san-carlo/": {"t": "Teatro di San Carlo", "s": "The Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, Italy, was originally called the Real Teatro di San Carlo by the Bourbon monarchy, but is now simply known as the Teatro di S", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/teatro-di-san-carlo.webp", "c": "Carlo Raso · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns/": {"t": "Camille Saint-Saëns", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and musical prodigy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Camille Saint-Saëns · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/claude-debussy/": {"t": "Claude Debussy", "s": "French composer who rejected the term Impressionist but shaped modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/claude-debussy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Debussy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/erik-satie/": {"t": "Erik Satie", "s": "French composer and pianist"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/isaac-alb-niz/": {"t": "Isaac Albéniz", "s": "Spanish virtuoso composer of piano works with folk idioms."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/enrique-granados/": {"t": "Enrique Granados", "s": "Spanish and Catalan composer and pianist, known for Goyescas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/enrique-granados.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Enrique Granados · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/manuel-de-falla/": {"t": "Manuel de Falla", "s": "Spanish composer and pianist of the first half of the 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/franz-liszt/": {"t": "Franz Liszt", "s": "Hungarian composer and pianist of the Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/franz-liszt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Franz Liszt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/elisabeth-schwarzkopf/": {"t": "Elisabeth Schwarzkopf", "s": "German-born Austro-British lyric soprano, renowned for lieder and opera.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/img/opera-singers/elisabeth-schwarzkopf.webp", "c": "Max Albert Wyss · via Wikipedia: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf · CC BY 2.5 ch"}, "https://codexery.com/tour-de-france/e/culture/champs-lys-es/": {"t": "Champs-Élysées", "s": "Paris's grand avenue, from the Concorde to the Arc de Triomphe, where the Tour ends."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gioachino-rossini/": {"t": "Gioachino Rossini", "s": "Italian composer of 39 operas who retired from large-scale work in his thirties."}, "/e/emi-classics-and-virgin-classics-artists/thomas-ad-s/": {"t": "Thomas Adès", "s": "British composer, pianist and conductor of contemporary classical music."}, "/e/emi-classics-and-virgin-classics-artists/choir-of-king-s-college-cambridge/": {"t": "Choir of King's College, Cambridge", "s": "English Anglican choir known for its Christmas Eve broadcasts."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/kent/": {"t": "Kent", "s": "The Garden of England"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey/": {"t": "Westminster Abbey", "s": "A royal peculiar and national Valhalla.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Westminster Abbey · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-marfan-syndrome/e/people-with-marfan-syndrome/john-tavener/": {"t": "John Tavener", "s": "English composer of choral religious works, known for The Protecting Veil."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/harrison-birtwistle/": {"t": "Harrison Birtwistle", "s": "English composer of myth-based operas and theatrical works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/harrison-birtwistle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Harrison Birtwistle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/peter-maxwell-davies/": {"t": "Peter Maxwell Davies", "s": "English composer and conductor, Master of the Queen's Music from 2004"}, "https://codexery.com/early-music-orchestras/e/early-music-orchestras/academy-of-ancient-music/": {"t": "Academy of Ancient Music", "s": "Period-instrument orchestra reviving 18th-century music."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-cello/": {"t": "The Cello", "s": "Bowed string instrument of the violin family, second largest in orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony/": {"t": "Sony", "s": "Japanese conglomerate known for electronics and entertainment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony.webp", "c": "Akonnchiroll · via Wikipedia: Sony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/emi-classics-and-virgin-classics-artists/jacqueline-du-pr/": {"t": "Jacqueline du Pré", "s": "British cellist renowned for her Elgar Cello Concerto recordings."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/mstislav-rostropovich/": {"t": "Mstislav Rostropovich", "s": "Cellist who expanded the repertoire and championed human rights.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/mstislav-rostropovich.webp", "c": "Vladimir Vyatkin / Владимир Вяткин · via Wikipedia: Mstislav Rostropovich · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/angel-records-artists/e/angel-records-artists/roger-norrington/": {"t": "Roger Norrington", "s": "English conductor of historically informed baroque, classical, and romantic music."}, "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/e/deutsche-grammophon-artists/amadeus-quartet/": {"t": "Amadeus Quartet", "s": "String quartet founded in 1947, disbanded in 1987.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/img/deutsche-grammophon-artists/amadeus-quartet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amadeus Quartet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/krystian-zimerman/": {"t": "Krystian Zimerman", "s": "Polish concert pianist, conductor and pedagogue, winner of the 1975 International Chopin Piano Competition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/krystian-zimerman.webp", "c": "Bartłomiej Barczyk · via Wikipedia: Krystian Zimerman · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/karlheinz-stockhausen/": {"t": "Karlheinz Stockhausen", "s": "German composer and pioneer of electronic music (1928–2007)"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/osaka/": {"t": "Osaka", "s": "Japan's historic commercial hub and a major global financial center."}, "/e/emi-classics-and-virgin-classics-artists/maria-callas/": {"t": "Maria Callas", "s": "La Divina: the defining soprano of the 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/francis-poulenc/": {"t": "Francis Poulenc", "s": "French composer and pianist."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/joan-sutherland/": {"t": "Joan Sutherland", "s": "Australian soprano who revived bel canto and was called La Stupenda."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/montserrat-caball/": {"t": "Montserrat Caballé", "s": "The Spanish soprano renowned for her pure, powerful voice and exquisite pianissimo."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-magic-flute/": {"t": "The Magic Flute", "s": "Mozart's last opera, a Singspiel with spoken dialogue."}, "https://codexery.com/film-theater/e/film-and-theater/pl-cido-domingo/": {"t": "Plácido Domingo", "s": "Spanish tenor, conductor, and administrator of wide renown."}, "https://codexery.com/traditional-alternative-medicine/e/traditional-and-alternative-medicine/alternative-medicine/": {"t": "Alternative medicine", "s": "Practices claiming healing effects without scientific evidence or plausibility.", "i": "https://codexery.com/traditional-alternative-medicine/img/traditional-and-alternative-medicine/alternative-medicine.webp", "c": "FBenjr123 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-marriage-of-figaro/": {"t": "The Marriage of Figaro", "s": "The Marriage of Figaro (Italian: Le nozze di Figaro, pronounced [le ˈnɔttse di ˈfiːɡaro]), K."}, "https://codexery.com/theatre-and-performance/e/theatre-and-performance/my-fair-lady/": {"t": "My Fair Lady", "s": "A musical of transformation and wit, based on Shaw's Pygmalion."}, "/e/emi-classics-and-virgin-classics-artists/natalie-dessay/": {"t": "Natalie Dessay", "s": "French soprano known for coloratura and bel canto roles."}, "https://codexery.com/operas-based-on-classical-mythology/e/operas-based-on-classical-mythology/ascanio-in-alba/": {"t": "Ascanio in Alba", "s": "Mozart's pastoral opera for a royal wedding."}, "https://codexery.com/operas-based-on-classical-mythology/e/operas-based-on-classical-mythology/die-gyptische-helena/": {"t": "Die ägyptische Helena", "s": "Strauss and Hofmannsthal's opera reimagines Helen of Troy's myth."}, "https://codexery.com/angels-in-popular-culture/e/angels-in-popular-culture/hansel-and-gretel-opera/": {"t": "Hansel and Gretel (opera)", "s": "A fairy-tale opera by Engelbert Humperdinck, premiered in 1893."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/don-giovanni/": {"t": "Don Giovanni", "s": "Mozart and Da Ponte's opera about a libertine's supernatural downfall.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/don-giovanni.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Don Giovanni · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/requiem-mozart/": {"t": "Requiem (Mozart)", "s": "Mozart's unfinished Requiem, completed by Süssmayr and others, features a Tuba mirum movement introduced by an unaccompanied solo trombone."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/nikolaus-harnoncourt/": {"t": "Nikolaus Harnoncourt", "s": "Austrian conductor and pioneer of historically informed performance."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi/": {"t": "Antonio Vivaldi", "s": "Baroque composer, violinist, and impresario of Venice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Antonio Vivaldi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/oscar-wilde/": {"t": "Oscar Wilde", "s": "Irish author, poet and playwright; key figure in Aestheticism; known for The Picture of Dorian Gray and his society comedies."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/the-tempest/": {"t": "The Tempest", "s": "A tale of magic, betrayal, and forgiveness on a remote island."}, "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/ruth-bader-ginsburg/": {"t": "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "s": "Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1993 to 2020.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/ruth-bader-ginsburg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ruth Bader Ginsburg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/hans-hotter/": {"t": "Hans Hotter", "s": "German bass-baritone famed for his Wotan and Strauss collaborations."}, "https://codexery.com/commedia-dell-arte/e/commedia-dell-arte/pagliacci/": {"t": "Pagliacci", "s": "An opera about clowns who bring tragedy to the stage."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/die-meistersinger-von-n-rnberg/": {"t": "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg", "s": "Wagner's only mature comedy, set in historical Nuremberg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/die-meistersinger-von-n-rnberg.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/orestes/e/orestes/elektra-opera/": {"t": "Elektra (opera)", "s": "A one-act opera by Richard Strauss based on Greek myth."}, "https://codexery.com/nbc-original-programming/e/nbc-original-programming/the-bell-telephone-hour/": {"t": "The Bell Telephone Hour", "s": "Concert series showcasing classical and Broadway music on radio and television."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/natalie-wood/": {"t": "Natalie Wood", "s": "From child star to acclaimed leading lady"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/moli-re/": {"t": "Molière", "s": "French playwright, actor, and poet, master of comedy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/moli-re.webp", "c": "Pierre Mignard I · via Wikipedia: Molière · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/e/film-and-theater-icons/roman-polanski/": {"t": "Roman Polanski", "s": "Award-winning filmmaker and fugitive from U.S. justice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/film-and-theater-icons/img/film-and-theater-icons/roman-polanski.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Roman Polanski · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/e/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/william-christie-musician/": {"t": "William Christie (musician)", "s": "Founder of Les Arts Florissants and Baroque music specialist."}, "https://codexery.com/genesis-creation-narrative/e/genesis-creation-narrative/the-creation-haydn/": {"t": "The Creation (Haydn)", "s": "Oratorio by Joseph Haydn depicting the biblical creation."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/jonas-kaufmann/": {"t": "Jonas Kaufmann", "s": "German and Austrian tenor known for versatile repertoire."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/beniamino-gigli/": {"t": "Beniamino Gigli", "s": "Italian lyric tenor, rival to Caruso, famed for honey-toned voice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/img/opera-singers/beniamino-gigli.webp", "c": "UnknownUnknown · via Wikipedia: Beniamino Gigli · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/jos-carreras/": {"t": "José Carreras", "s": "Spanish operatic tenor, one of the Three Tenors, and humanitarian."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/catania/": {"t": "Catania", "s": "Second-largest Sicilian city by population, at the base of Mount Etna."}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/tenor/": {"t": "Tenor", "s": "The highest male chest-voice type, bridging countertenor and baritone."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/gaetano-donizetti/": {"t": "Gaetano Donizetti", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas, of which he wrote about 75 from 1816 to 1845.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/gaetano-donizetti.webp", "c": "Francesco Coghetti · via Wikipedia: Gaetano Donizetti · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/oderzo/": {"t": "Oderzo", "s": "Ancient Roman municipium and Byzantine stronghold in Veneto."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/kenya/": {"t": "Kenya", "s": "East African nation with ancient human origins and diverse landscapes."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/mombasa/": {"t": "Mombasa", "s": "Oldest city in Kenya, historic Indian Ocean trading hub."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/jussi-bj-rling/": {"t": "Jussi Björling", "s": "Swedish tenor ranked greatest singer of the 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/victoria-de-los-ngeles/": {"t": "Victoria de los Ángeles", "s": "Spanish lyric soprano from Barcelona admired for Mimì, Butterfly and Carmen, and a lifelong recitalist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/img/classical-and-opera/victoria-de-los-ngeles.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Victoria de los Ángeles · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/tito-gobbi/": {"t": "Tito Gobbi", "s": "Italian baritone with nearly 100 roles and international renown.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/img/classical-and-opera/tito-gobbi.webp", "c": "Allan warren · via Wikipedia: Tito Gobbi · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/leontyne-price/": {"t": "Leontyne Price", "s": "First African-American soprano to achieve international acclaim."}, "https://codexery.com/universal-music-group/e/universal-music-group/casa-ricordi/": {"t": "Casa Ricordi", "s": "Italian music publisher of major 19th-century opera composers."}, "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/e/deutsche-grammophon-artists/ettore-bastianini/": {"t": "Ettore Bastianini", "s": "Italian baritone known for bel canto and Verdi roles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/img/deutsche-grammophon-artists/ettore-bastianini.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ettore Bastianini · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural/e/world/new-orleans-louisiana/": {"t": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "s": "The Crescent City on the Mississippi, where Creole culture, Voodoo and Mardi Gras grew up together.", "i": "https://codexery.com/supernatural/img/world/new-orleans-louisiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Orleans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/requiem-verdi/": {"t": "Requiem (Verdi)", "s": "Verdi's dramatic setting of the Catholic funeral mass, composed in memory of Alessandro Manzoni."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/rca-corporation/": {"t": "RCA Corporation", "s": "Pioneering American electronics and communications firm for over five decades."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/musical-theatre/": {"t": "Musical theatre", "s": "A theatrical form integrating song, dialogue, acting and dance."}, "/e/emi-classics-and-virgin-classics-artists/janet-baker/": {"t": "Janet Baker", "s": "English mezzo-soprano known for opera, concert, and lieder."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/john-eliot-gardiner/": {"t": "John Eliot Gardiner", "s": "English conductor known for period-instrument performances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/john-eliot-gardiner.webp", "c": "John_Eliot_Gardiner_at_rehearsal_in_Wroclaw.jpg: Maciej Schumacher (Goździelewski) · via Wikipedia: John Eliot Gardiner · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/e/deutsche-grammophon-artists/daniel-barenboim/": {"t": "Daniel Barenboim", "s": "Pianist, conductor, and advocate for Israeli-Palestinian dialogue.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deutsche-grammophon-artists/img/deutsche-grammophon-artists/daniel-barenboim.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Daniel Barenboim · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/pablo-casals/": {"t": "Pablo Casals", "s": "Catalan cellist who revived Bach's Cello Suites and opposed Franco.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/pablo-casals.webp", "c": "Bain News Service · via Wikipedia: Pablo Casals · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cedille-records-artists/e/cedille-records-artists/royal-philharmonic-orchestra/": {"t": "Royal Philharmonic Orchestra", "s": "British symphony orchestra founded in 1946 by Thomas Beecham."}, "https://codexery.com/emi-group-artists/e/emi-group-artists/philharmonia-orchestra/": {"t": "Philharmonia Orchestra", "s": "London orchestra founded by EMI producer Walter Legge in 1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emi-group-artists/img/emi-group-artists/philharmonia-orchestra.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Philharmonia Orchestra · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cedille-records-artists/e/cedille-records-artists/chicago-symphony-orchestra/": {"t": "Chicago Symphony Orchestra", "s": "One of the Big Five American orchestras, founded in 1891."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/frederic-chopin/": {"t": "Frederic Chopin", "s": "Polish composer and pianist of the early Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/frederic-chopin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Heart of Frédéric Chopin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/c-sar-franck/": {"t": "César Franck", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and teacher of lasting influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/c-sar-franck.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: César Franck · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/angel-records-artists/e/angel-records-artists/itzhak-perlman/": {"t": "Itzhak Perlman", "s": "Israeli-American violinist and conductor with 16 Grammy Awards."}, "https://codexery.com/angel-records-artists/e/angel-records-artists/pinchas-zukerman/": {"t": "Pinchas Zukerman", "s": "Israeli-American violinist, violist, and conductor."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/six-day-war/": {"t": "Six-Day War", "s": "In June 1967, a brief but intense conflict broke out between Israel and a coalition of Arab states—chiefly Egypt, Syria, and Jordan—lasting from the 5th to the "}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/western-wall/": {"t": "Western Wall", "s": "Ancient retaining wall of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/siena/": {"t": "Siena", "s": "Medieval Tuscan city with a historic centre and the Palio."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/covid-19/": {"t": "COVID-19", "s": "COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-athletics-venues/e/olympic-athletics-venues/santa-monica-california/": {"t": "Santa Monica, California", "s": "Coastal resort city in Los Angeles County, California.", "i": "https://codexery.com/olympic-athletics-venues/img/olympic-athletics-venues/santa-monica-california.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Santa Monica, California · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cedille-records-artists/e/cedille-records-artists/boston-symphony-orchestra/": {"t": "Boston Symphony Orchestra", "s": "American orchestra founded in 1881, one of the Big Five."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/medieval-music/": {"t": "Medieval music", "s": "First and longest major era of Western classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/e/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/christopher-hogwood/": {"t": "Christopher Hogwood", "s": "Founder of the Academy of Ancient Music and early music revivalist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/img/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/christopher-hogwood.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christopher Hogwood · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/e/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/david-munrow/": {"t": "David Munrow", "s": "British musician who revived medieval and renaissance music."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/e/founders-of-early-music-ensembles/mary-remnant/": {"t": "Mary Remnant", "s": "English medievalist and early music revivalist."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/voyager-1/": {"t": "Voyager 1", "s": "First spacecraft to enter interstellar space, launched in 1977."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/voyager-2/": {"t": "Voyager 2", "s": "Only spacecraft to visit Uranus and Neptune."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-sagan/": {"t": "Carl Sagan", "s": "American astronomer and influential science communicator."}}