{"/e/part-1/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electric-charge/": {"t": "Electric charge", "s": "Electric charge is a quantized property causing electromagnetic force."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/coulomb-s-law/": {"t": "Coulomb's law", "s": "Law describing electrostatic force between charged particles."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-peripherals/e/part-1/photocopier/": {"t": "Photocopier", "s": "A machine that copies documents using xerography or other technologies."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/part-1/displacement-geometry/": {"t": "Displacement (geometry)", "s": "Vector representing shortest distance and direction of motion."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/part-1/superposition-principle/": {"t": "Superposition principle", "s": "Net response equals sum of individual responses in linear systems."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electric-flux/": {"t": "Electric flux", "s": "Electric flux measures the electric field crossing a surface.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/part-1/electric-flux.webp", "c": "Maschen · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/faraday-s-law-of-induction/": {"t": "Faraday's law of induction", "s": "Law describing how changing magnetic fields induce electric currents."}, "/e/part-1/magnetostatics/": {"t": "Magnetostatics", "s": "Study of magnetic fields with steady, non-changing currents."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electric-potential/": {"t": "Electric potential", "s": "Scalar field giving electric potential energy per unit charge."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/joule/": {"t": "Joule", "s": "English physicist whose work led to the SI unit of energy."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electric-potential-energy/": {"t": "Electric potential energy", "s": "Potential energy from conservative Coulomb forces in charge configurations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/part-1/electric-potential-energy.webp", "c": "Inductiveload · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electrical-conductor/": {"t": "Electrical conductor", "s": "Material enabling electric current flow via charge carriers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/part-1/electrical-conductor.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electrostatic-induction/": {"t": "Electrostatic induction", "s": "Redistribution of charge in an object by nearby charges."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/dielectric/": {"t": "Dielectric", "s": "An electrical insulator that stores energy through polarisation."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromagnet/": {"t": "Electromagnet", "s": "Electromagnet produces magnetic field via electric current."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/part-1/electric-motor/": {"t": "Electric motor", "s": "Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy via magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/part-1/electric-generator/": {"t": "Electric generator", "s": "Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for external circuits."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-inventions/e/part-1/ac-transformer/": {"t": "AC transformer", "s": "Passive component transferring energy via electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/computer-storage/e/part-1/hard-disk-drive/": {"t": "Hard disk drive", "s": "Electro-mechanical magnetic storage device with rotating platters and moving heads."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/part-1/crystallite/": {"t": "Crystallite", "s": "Small crystals that form the grains of most solid materials."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/part-1/hysteresis/": {"t": "Hysteresis", "s": "History-dependent behavior observed across many natural and artificial systems."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/metalloid/": {"t": "Metalloid", "s": "Elements with properties between metals and nonmetals."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/part-1/silicon/": {"t": "Silicon", "s": "The semiconductor element that shapes the modern world."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/part-1/phosphorus/": {"t": "Phosphorus", "s": "The element that glows, burns, and sustains life."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/lanthanide/": {"t": "Lanthanide", "s": "15 metallic elements from lanthanum to lutetium, filling 4f orbitals."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/part-1/cubic-crystal-system/": {"t": "Cubic crystal system", "s": "A crystal system with a cubic unit cell, common in minerals and metals."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/kelvin/": {"t": "Kelvin", "s": "British scientist who developed the absolute temperature scale."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/fermion/": {"t": "Fermion", "s": "Subatomic particles with half-integer spin obeying Pauli exclusion."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/part-1/ruthenium/": {"t": "Ruthenium", "s": "Ruthenium is the chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electric-current/": {"t": "Electric current", "s": "Flow of charged particles through a conductor or space."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/spin-physics/": {"t": "Spin (physics)", "s": "Intrinsic quantized angular momentum of elementary particles."}, "/e/part-1/lorentz-force/": {"t": "Lorentz force", "s": "Force on a charged particle by electric and magnetic fields."}, "/e/part-1/radio-wave/": {"t": "Radio wave", "s": "Electromagnetic waves with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetism/": {"t": "Electromagnetism", "s": "One of four fundamental forces governing atomic and molecular interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-induction/": {"t": "Electromagnetic induction", "s": "Production of emf across a conductor in a changing magnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/part-1/electrical-engineering/": {"t": "Electrical engineering", "s": "Discipline studying and applying electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism."}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/part-1/inductor/": {"t": "Inductor", "s": "Passive component that stores energy in a magnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/hall-effect/": {"t": "Hall effect", "s": "Transverse voltage from current and perpendicular magnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/part-1/geophysics/": {"t": "Geophysics", "s": "The physical science of Earth and planetary processes"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/part-1/earth-s-magnetic-field/": {"t": "Earth's magnetic field", "s": "Earth's magnetic field, generated by a geodynamo in the outer core, protects the planet from solar wind and cosmic rays."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/part-1/mining-engineering/": {"t": "Mining engineering", "s": "Mining engineering extracts minerals and manages all mine phases."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/part-1/transmission-line/": {"t": "Transmission line", "s": "A structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves with minimal reflections and losses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/part-1/transmission-line.webp", "c": "Thebezaliel · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/vacuum-permeability/": {"t": "Vacuum permeability", "s": "Physical constant quantifying magnetic field strength induced by electric current in vacuum."}, "https://codexery.com/seafood/e/part-1/squid/": {"t": "Squid", "s": "Squid are intelligent, jet-propelled predators of the open ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/synchrotron-radiation/": {"t": "Synchrotron radiation", "s": "Radiation from relativistic charged particles accelerated perpendicular to velocity."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/fluid-dynamics/": {"t": "Fluid dynamics", "s": "Study of fluid flow, including liquids and gases."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/tesla-unit/": {"t": "Tesla (unit)", "s": "SI unit of magnetic flux density, named after Nikola Tesla."}, "/e/part-1/maxwell-s-equations/": {"t": "Maxwell's equations", "s": "Coupled equations describing electric and magnetic field generation."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/classical-mechanics/": {"t": "Classical mechanics", "s": "Theory of forces and motion for macroscopic objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/part-1/classical-mechanics.webp", "c": "David, but not Hilbert · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/part-1/phase-matter/": {"t": "Phase (matter)", "s": "A phase is a uniform region of material in a thermodynamic system."}, "/e/part-1/ferromagnetism/": {"t": "Ferromagnetism", "s": "Strongest type of magnetism, enabling permanent magnets and many technologies."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/nickel/": {"t": "Nickel", "s": "Silvery-white metal, ferromagnetic, key to stainless steel and batteries."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electric-field/": {"t": "Electric field", "s": "Electric fields arise from charges and exert forces on other charges."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-field/": {"t": "Electromagnetic field", "s": "A physical field combining electric and magnetic influences."}, "/e/part-1/electrostatics/": {"t": "Electrostatics", "s": "Branch of physics studying stationary electric charges and their forces."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/alternating-current/": {"t": "Alternating current", "s": "Electric current that reverses direction and enables efficient power transmission."}, "/e/part-1/photon/": {"t": "Photon", "s": "Elementary particle and quantum of the electromagnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/spacetime/": {"t": "Spacetime", "s": "A four-dimensional continuum fusing space and time."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/particle-physics/": {"t": "Particle physics", "s": "Study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/gravity/": {"t": "Gravity", "s": "Gravity is the fundamental attraction between objects with mass.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/part-1/gravity.webp", "c": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Nicoguaro · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/quantum-electrodynamics/": {"t": "Quantum electrodynamics", "s": "Relativistic quantum field theory of light and matter interaction."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/vacuum-permittivity/": {"t": "Vacuum permittivity", "s": "Fundamental constant quantifying vacuum's response to electric fields."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electric-displacement-field/": {"t": "Electric displacement field", "s": "Auxiliary vector field in Maxwell's equations combining electric field and polarization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/part-1/electric-displacement-field.webp", "c": "Modified by user:Guy vandegrift · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/dipole/": {"t": "Dipole", "s": "Electromagnetic phenomenon with electric and magnetic forms."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-wave-equation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic wave equation", "s": "Equation describing electromagnetic wave propagation through space or media."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/part-1/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "/e/part-1/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromotive-force/": {"t": "Electromotive force", "s": "Energy per charge driving electric current, not a physical force."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/work-physics/": {"t": "Work (physics)", "s": "Energy transferred by force along a displacement."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/kinetic-energy/": {"t": "Kinetic energy", "s": "Energy of motion, quantified as ½mv² in classical mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/algebra/e/part-1/norm-mathematics/": {"t": "Norm (mathematics)", "s": "A function measuring vector length in a normed space."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/newton-unit/": {"t": "Newton (unit)", "s": "SI unit of force, named after Isaac Newton."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/part-1/coordinate-system/": {"t": "Coordinate system", "s": "A system using numbers to determine positions in space."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Frame of reference", "s": "Abstract coordinate system for describing physical space and motion."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/lorentz-factor/": {"t": "Lorentz factor", "s": "Dimensionless factor quantifying relativistic time dilation and length contraction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/img/part-1/lorentz-factor.webp", "c": "Jean Louis Van Belle - Ghent University / Vectorization: Mrmw · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/part-1/galilean-transformation/": {"t": "Galilean transformation", "s": "Transforms coordinates between frames in uniform relative motion."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/newton-s-laws-of-motion/": {"t": "Newton's laws of motion", "s": "Three laws describing motion and force relationships."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/velocity/": {"t": "Velocity", "s": "A vector measure of speed with direction."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/length-contraction/": {"t": "Length contraction", "s": "A moving object's length is measured shorter than its proper length."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/relativity-of-simultaneity/": {"t": "Relativity of simultaneity", "s": "Distant simultaneity depends on the observer's reference frame."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/minkowski-spacetime/": {"t": "Minkowski spacetime", "s": "Four-dimensional model unifying space and time in special relativity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/img/part-1/minkowski-spacetime.webp", "c": "Simon Tyran, Vienna (Yukterez) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/part-1/poincar-group/": {"t": "Poincaré group", "s": "Isometry group of Minkowski spacetime, fundamental to special relativity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/img/part-1/poincar-group.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/part-1/henri-poincar/": {"t": "Henri Poincaré", "s": "French polymath and last universalist mathematician."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/inertial-frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Inertial frame of reference", "s": "Frame where objects obey inertia and laws are simplest."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/e/part-1/parameter/": {"t": "Parameter", "s": "A characteristic that helps define or classify a system."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/relativistic-doppler-effect/": {"t": "Relativistic Doppler effect", "s": "Relativistic modification of Doppler shift using special relativity."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/four-vector/": {"t": "Four-vector", "s": "A four-component vector transforming under Lorentz transformations in special relativity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/part-1/four-vector.webp", "c": "mapsproject · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/invariant-physics/": {"t": "Invariant (physics)", "s": "An observable unchanged under a transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/lenz-s-law/": {"t": "Lenz's law", "s": "Induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/part-1/amber/": {"t": "Amber", "s": "Fossilized tree resin valued since Neolithic times."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/direct-current/": {"t": "Direct current", "s": "Direct current flows in one constant direction."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/power-physics/": {"t": "Power (physics)", "s": "Power is the rate of energy transfer per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/amplitude/": {"t": "Amplitude", "s": "Amplitude measures wave magnitude across multiple definitions."}, "/e/part-1/polarization-waves/": {"t": "Polarization (waves)", "s": "Property of transverse waves specifying oscillation orientation."}, "/e/part-1/refraction/": {"t": "Refraction", "s": "Refraction redirects waves when they change speed between media."}, "/e/part-1/noise/": {"t": "Noise", "s": "Unwanted sound measured in decibels, regulated for health and environment."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-spectrum/": {"t": "Electromagnetic spectrum", "s": "The full range of electromagnetic radiation, from radio to gamma rays."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/part-1/hertz/": {"t": "Hertz", "s": "German physicist who proved electromagnetic waves exist."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum-part-2/e/part-1/microwave/": {"t": "Microwave", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation between radio waves and infrared, used widely in technology."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/part-1/astronomical-radio-source/": {"t": "Astronomical radio source", "s": "Objects in space emitting strong radio waves from extreme processes."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/part-1/ionosphere/": {"t": "Ionosphere", "s": "Ionized upper atmosphere enabling long-distance radio propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/part-1/line-of-sight-propagation/": {"t": "Line-of-sight propagation", "s": "Radio waves above 30 MHz travel in a direct visual path."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/part-1/international-telecommunication-union/": {"t": "International Telecommunication Union", "s": "Oldest UN agency, founded as International Telegraph Union in 1865."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/part-1/frequency-plan/": {"t": "Frequency plan", "s": "A band plan defines how a radio band is used and shared."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/guglielmo-marconi/": {"t": "Guglielmo Marconi", "s": "Creator of practical wireless telegraphy"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/part-1/phase-waves/": {"t": "Phase (waves)", "s": "Angle-like quantity representing the fraction of a cycle covered."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/part-1/dipole-antenna/": {"t": "Dipole antenna", "s": "One of the two simplest and most widely used antenna types."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/part-1/radio-propagation/": {"t": "Radio propagation", "s": "Radio waves travel via line-of-sight, ground wave, and skywave modes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/img/part-1/radio-propagation.webp", "c": "Mysid · Public domain"}, "/e/part-1/reflection-physics/": {"t": "Reflection (physics)", "s": "Wavefront returns into the original medium upon striking an interface."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/part-1/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)", "s": "Matter takes up photon energy, transforming it into internal energy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/part-1/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation.webp", "c": "Own work · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/headphones-mics-and-mice/e/part-1/microphone/": {"t": "Microphone", "s": "A transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/part-1/video-camera/": {"t": "Video camera", "s": "Optical instrument that captures video for live or recorded use."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/radio-frequency/": {"t": "Radio frequency", "s": "Oscillation rate enabling radio wave radiation and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/part-1/microprocessor/": {"t": "Microprocessor", "s": "A single-chip CPU that revolutionized computing through integration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/img/part-1/microprocessor.webp", "c": "Piotr433 · CC0"}, "/e/part-1/gamma-ray/": {"t": "Gamma ray", "s": "Penetrating electromagnetic radiation from nuclear decay and cosmic events."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/visible-spectrum/": {"t": "Visible spectrum", "s": "The range of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/terahertz-radiation/": {"t": "Terahertz radiation", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation bridging microwaves and infrared, with limited atmospheric range."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/radiation-pressure/": {"t": "Radiation pressure", "s": "Mechanical pressure from electromagnetic radiation momentum exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/wave/": {"t": "Wave", "s": "A propagating disturbance that transfers energy and information."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/part-1/william-herschel/": {"t": "William Herschel", "s": "Discoverer of Uranus and infrared radiation", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/part-1/william-herschel.webp", "c": "Lemuel Francis Abbott · via Wikipedia: William Herschel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/kitchentools/e/part-1/thermometer/": {"t": "Thermometer", "s": "A device that measures temperature, from ancient pneumatics to modern digital readouts."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars-part-4/e/part-1/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/part-1/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/part-1/molecule/": {"t": "Molecule", "s": "Group of atoms bonded together; fundamental unit of chemical compounds."}, 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{"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/part-1/weather-forecasting/": {"t": "Weather forecasting", "s": "Predicting the atmosphere: from ancient lore to modern science."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-spectrum/e/part-1/spectral-density/": {"t": "Spectral density", "s": "Distribution of signal power over frequency components."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/part-1/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography-part-2/e/part-1/thermographic-camera/": {"t": "Thermographic camera", "s": "A device that visualizes temperature by detecting 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Lewis", "s": "American physical chemist who proposed the covalent bond and coined the term 'photon'."}, "https://codexery.com/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/e/part-1/planck-constant/": {"t": "Planck constant", "s": "Fundamental constant linking energy and frequency in quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/part-1/electrolytic-cell/": {"t": "Electrolytic cell", "s": "An electrochemical cell using external voltage to drive non-spontaneous reactions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/part-1/electrolytic-cell.webp", "c": "Mdemyer · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/part-1/selenium/": {"t": "Selenium", "s": "Essential trace element and semiconductor discovered in 1817."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/part-1/rubidium/": {"t": "Rubidium", "s": "The deep red alkali metal discovered by flame spectroscopy."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/part-1/potassium/": {"t": "Potassium", "s": "Soft alkali metal essential to life and widely used in fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/part-1/thallium/": {"t": "Thallium", "s": "A toxic metal discovered via its green spectral line.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/part-1/thallium.webp", "c": "Speedpera · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/part-1/zinc/": {"t": "Zinc", "s": "The essential trace element with a shiny blue whitish appearance."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electrode/": {"t": "Electrode", "s": "Electrodes are conductors contacting nonmetallic circuit parts in cells."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/gauge-boson/": {"t": "Gauge boson", "s": "Force-carrying bosons that mediate fundamental interactions."}, "/e/part-1/photoelectric-effect/": {"t": "Photoelectric effect", "s": "Emission of electrons from materials caused by electromagnetic radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/particle/": {"t": "Particle", "s": "A particle is a separate part of a larger system."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/part-1/max-planck/": {"t": "Max Planck", "s": "German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/standard-model/": {"t": "Standard Model", "s": "Theory of three fundamental forces and elementary particles."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/quantum-field-theory/": {"t": "Quantum field theory", "s": "Framework combining field theory, relativity, and quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/e/part-1/probability-amplitude/": {"t": "Probability amplitude", "s": "Complex number whose square modulus gives probability density."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/age-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Age of the universe", "s": "Age of the universe is 13.8 billion years."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/pauli-exclusion-principle/": {"t": "Pauli exclusion principle", "s": "No two fermions can share identical quantum states."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/energy-momentum-relation/": {"t": "Energy–momentum relation", "s": "Relativistic equation linking energy, mass, and momentum.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/part-1/energy-momentum-relation.webp", "c": "Pietro Blaserna · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/ren-descartes/": {"t": "René Descartes", "s": "Father of modern philosophy and analytic geometry"}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/part-1/robert-hooke/": {"t": "Robert Hooke", "s": "English polymath and pioneer of microscopy", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/part-1/robert-hooke.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Hooke · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/part-1/christiaan-huygens/": {"t": "Christiaan Huygens", "s": "Dutch polymath who advanced optics, mechanics, and astronomy."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-four-potential/": {"t": "Electromagnetic four-potential", "s": "Relativistic four-vector combining electric and magnetic potentials."}}