{"https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/e/battery-inventors/alessandro-volta/": {"t": "Alessandro Volta", "s": "Italian physicist who invented the electric battery and discovered methane."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-power/": {"t": "Electric power", "s": "Electric power is the rate of electrical energy transfer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-power.webp", "c": "Alan O'Dowd · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrochemical-cell/": {"t": "Electrochemical cell", "s": "Device converting chemical energy to electrical energy or vice versa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrochemical-cell.webp", "c": "Benchmark Mineral Intelligence (2025) – with minor processing by Our World in Da · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/redox/": {"t": "Redox", "s": "Chemical reactions where oxidation states change via electron or atom transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/primary-battery/": {"t": "Primary battery", "s": "A non-rechargeable galvanic cell for single-use applications."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/disposable-product/": {"t": "Disposable product", "s": "Products designed for single use, then recycled or discarded."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrode/": {"t": "Electrode", "s": "Electrodes are conductors contacting nonmetallic circuit parts in cells."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/rechargeable-battery/": {"t": "Rechargeable battery", "s": "Rechargeable batteries can be charged, discharged, and recharged many times.", "i": "https://codexery.com/battery-types/img/battery-types/rechargeable-battery.webp", "c": "WaxPhilosophic · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/lead-acid-battery/": {"t": "Lead–acid battery", "s": "First rechargeable battery, still widely used for surge currents."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/automotive-battery/": {"t": "Automotive battery", "s": "Rechargeable battery for starting, lighting, and ignition in motor vehicles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/battery-types/img/battery-types/automotive-battery.webp", "c": "Mliu92 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/benjamin-franklin/": {"t": "Benjamin Franklin", "s": "Founding Father, scientist, inventor, and diplomat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/benjamin-franklin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Benjamin Franklin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/voltaic-pile/": {"t": "Voltaic pile", "s": "The first battery to provide continuous electric current."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/michael-faraday/": {"t": "Michael Faraday", "s": "English pioneer of electromagnetism and electrochemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/daniell-cell/": {"t": "Daniell cell", "s": "Historical electrochemical cell that defined the volt."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/e/battery-inventors/john-frederic-daniell/": {"t": "John Frederic Daniell", "s": "English chemist and physicist who invented the Daniell cell.", "i": "https://codexery.com/battery-inventors/img/battery-inventors/john-frederic-daniell.webp", "c": "W. Newton & G. Gladwin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/telegraph-keys-and-codes/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/electrical-telegraph/": {"t": "Electrical telegraph", "s": "First electrical telecommunications system, used from the 1840s."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/dry-cell/": {"t": "Dry cell", "s": "A paste-electrolyte battery enabling portable devices without spillage."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrolyte/": {"t": "Electrolyte", "s": "Substance conducting electricity through ion movement, vital in biology and technology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/electrolyte.webp", "c": "Ajay Kumar Chaurasiya · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telegraph/": {"t": "Telegraph", "s": "Long-distance text transmission using symbolic codes, not physical exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/sodium-sulfur-battery/": {"t": "Sodium–sulfur battery", "s": "Molten-salt battery using liquid sodium and sulfur for stationary storage."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/wind-power/": {"t": "Wind power", "s": "Wind power converts wind energy into electricity via turbines."}, "/e/electrical-systems/electricity-generation/": {"t": "Electricity generation", "s": "Transforming primary energy into usable electric power."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-current/": {"t": "Electric current", "s": "Flow of charged particles through a conductor or space."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/electric-motor/": {"t": "Electric motor", "s": "Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy via magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/solar-power/": {"t": "Solar power", "s": "Conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaics or concentrated solar power."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electromagnetism/": {"t": "Electromagnetism", "s": "One of four fundamental forces governing atomic and molecular interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electric-charge/": {"t": "Electric charge", "s": "Electric charge is a quantized property causing electromagnetic force."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrostatic-induction/": {"t": "Electrostatic induction", "s": "Redistribution of charge in an object by nearby charges."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/voltage/": {"t": "Voltage", "s": "Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/faraday-s-law-of-induction/": {"t": "Faraday's law of induction", "s": "Law describing how changing magnetic fields induce electric currents."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromotive-force/": {"t": "Electromotive force", "s": "Energy per charge driving electric current, not a physical force."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/direct-current/": {"t": "Direct current", "s": "Direct current flows in one constant direction."}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventors/e/hungarian-inventors/nyos-jedlik/": {"t": "Ányos Jedlik", "s": "Hungarian inventor and priest, pioneer of the dynamo and electric motor."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/e/inventors-and-engineers/werner-von-siemens/": {"t": "Werner von Siemens", "s": "German engineer who founded Siemens and pioneered electric transport.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/img/inventors-and-engineers/werner-von-siemens.webp", "c": "Adolf von Hildebrand · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-everyday-objects/e/inventors-of-everyday-objects/charles-wheatstone/": {"t": "Charles Wheatstone", "s": "English physicist and inventor known for the Wheatstone bridge (originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie), the English concertina, the stereoscope, and the", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors-of-everyday-objects/img/inventors-of-everyday-objects/charles-wheatstone.webp", "c": "Peter Trimming · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/alternating-current/": {"t": "Alternating current", "s": "Electric current that reverses direction and enables efficient power transmission."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-inventions/e/italian-inventions/electroplating/": {"t": "Electroplating", "s": "Italian chemist invented electroplating in 1805 using Volta's pile."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/humphry-davy/": {"t": "Humphry Davy", "s": "British chemist and inventor of the Davy lamp, pioneer of electrochemistry"}, "/e/electrical-systems/electric-battery/": {"t": "Electric battery", "s": "Device converting chemical energy to electrical power via cells."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/ceramic/": {"t": "Ceramic", "s": "Hard, brittle, heat-resistant materials made from fired inorganic substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/img/construction-and-materials/ceramic.webp", "c": "Goterrestrial · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/plastic/": {"t": "Plastic", "s": "Synthetic materials defined by plasticity, widely used since the early 20th century."}, "/e/electrical-systems/incandescent-light-bulb/": {"t": "Incandescent light bulb", "s": "Electric light producing illumination by Joule heating a filament."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/semiconductor/": {"t": "Semiconductor", "s": "Materials with conductivity between conductors and insulators."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/candle/": {"t": "Candle", "s": "Ancient source of light, now used for symbolism and ambiance."}, "https://codexery.com/scottish-inventions/e/scottish-inventions/coal-gas-lighting/": {"t": "Coal-gas lighting", "s": "Coal-gas lighting illuminated cities from the early 1800s onward."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/oil-lamp/": {"t": "Oil lamp", "s": "Ancient lighting device using liquid fuel and a wick."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/thomas-edison/": {"t": "Thomas Edison", "s": "The Wizard of Menlo Park who lit up the world", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/thomas-edison.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Thomas Edison · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/general-electric/": {"t": "General Electric", "s": "American conglomerate formed from Edison and Thomson-Houston merger in 1892."}, "/e/electrical-systems/light-emitting-diode/": {"t": "Light-emitting diode", "s": "Semiconductor device converting electricity into light via electroluminescence."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/e/inventors-and-engineers/shuji-nakamura/": {"t": "Shuji Nakamura", "s": "Co-inventor of the blue LED and Nobel laureate in physics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors-and-engineers/img/inventors-and-engineers/shuji-nakamura.webp", "c": "Glenn Beltz · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/philips/": {"t": "Philips", "s": "Dutch health technology firm, former electronics and lighting giant."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/noble-gas/": {"t": "Noble gas", "s": "Group 18 elements with full valence shells and low reactivity."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/air-conditioning/": {"t": "Air conditioning", "s": "Cooling the world, from ancient passive designs to modern electric systems."}, "/e/electrical-systems/electric-power-transmission/": {"t": "Electric power transmission", "s": "Bulk movement of electrical energy from generation to substations."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/transformer/": {"t": "Transformer", "s": "Passive component that transfers electrical energy via electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/economies-of-scale/": {"t": "Economies of scale", "s": "Cost advantages obtained by enterprises due to their scale of operation."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/george-westinghouse/": {"t": "George Westinghouse", "s": "Inventor of the railway air brake and AC power pioneer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/george-westinghouse.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Westinghouse · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/electricity-market/": {"t": "Electricity market", "s": "System for buying and selling electricity through an electrical grid."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/dutch-inventions/e/dutch-inventions/electrical-capacitor/": {"t": "Electrical capacitor", "s": "Passive component storing electrical energy via separated conductors."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/three-phase-electric-power/": {"t": "Three-phase electric power", "s": "Standard AC system for global power generation and distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/oscilloscope/": {"t": "Oscilloscope", "s": "Electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying voltages as a function of time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/oscilloscope.webp", "c": "Leif Jørgensen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/ground-electricity/": {"t": "Ground (electricity)", "s": "A reference point for voltage and a safety path for current."}, "/e/electrical-systems/electric-power-distribution/": {"t": "Electric power distribution", "s": "Final stage delivering electricity from transmission to end users."}, "/e/electrical-systems/electrical-grid/": {"t": "Electrical grid", "s": "Interconnected network delivering electricity from producers to consumers."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electrical-resistance-and-conductance/": {"t": "Electrical resistance and conductance", "s": "Fundamental electrical properties quantifying opposition and ease of current flow."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/skin-effect/": {"t": "Skin effect", "s": "AC current concentrates near a conductor's surface, increasing resistance."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/capacitance/": {"t": "Capacitance", "s": "Capacitance is the ability to store electric charge."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/distributed-generation/": {"t": "Distributed generation", "s": "Decentralized power generation and storage close to the load."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/ac-motor/": {"t": "AC motor", "s": "AC motors convert alternating current into rotational or linear motion."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-conductor/": {"t": "Electrical conductor", "s": "Material enabling electric current flow via charge carriers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-conductor.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/electrical-systems/electrical-connector/": {"t": "Electrical connector", "s": "Electromechanical devices joining electrical circuits via conductors."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-software/e/computing-and-software/printed-circuit-board/": {"t": "Printed circuit board", "s": "Laminated board connecting electronic components via etched copper traces."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/tin/": {"t": "Tin", "s": "A soft, silvery-white post-transition metal with the largest number of stable isotopes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/img/chemical-elements/tin.webp", "c": "Farmers' Trading Company · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/insulator-electricity/": {"t": "Insulator (electricity)", "s": "Material that resists electric current flow."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/natural-rubber/": {"t": "Natural rubber", "s": "Natural rubber is a stretchy, waterproof polymer from tree latex."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polyethylene/": {"t": "Polyethylene", "s": "Polyethylene is the most commonly produced plastic worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-field/": {"t": "Electromagnetic field", "s": "A physical field combining electric and magnetic influences."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/power-supply/": {"t": "Power supply", "s": "Device converting electric current to power electrical loads."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-electronics/e/radio-electronics/electromagnetic-shielding/": {"t": "Electromagnetic shielding", "s": "Barriers of conductive or magnetic material reduce or redirect electromagnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/marble-video-games/e/marble-video-games/pinout/": {"t": "PinOut", "s": "A pinball game where the play field extends endlessly upward."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity/": {"t": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity", "s": "Resistivity measures opposition to current; conductivity is its reciprocal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity.webp", "c": "Wolff, F.A.; Dellinger, J.H. · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/nickel/": {"t": "Nickel", "s": "Silvery-white metal, ferromagnetic, key to stainless steel and batteries."}, "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/e/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/corrosion/": {"t": "Corrosion", "s": "Natural process converting refined metals into stable oxides.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/img/electrochemistry-and-surface-chemistry/corrosion.webp", "c": "Engr Hafiza Maida · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/e/rf-connectors-and-coax/bnc-connector/": {"t": "BNC connector", "s": "A miniature bayonet-lock RF connector for coaxial cable.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rf-connectors-and-coax/img/rf-connectors-and-coax/bnc-connector.webp", "c": "Raimond Spekking · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/computer-peripherals/e/computer-peripherals/adapter-computing/": {"t": "Adapter (computing)", "s": "A device or software linking incompatible components for data transmission.", "i": "https://codexery.com/computer-peripherals/img/computer-peripherals/adapter-computing.webp", "c": "Runner1616 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/vibration/": {"t": "Vibration", "s": "Oscillation of matter about an equilibrium point."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dielectric/": {"t": "Dielectric", "s": "An electrical insulator that stores energy through polarisation."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/computer-engineering/": {"t": "Computer engineering", "s": "Engineering branch specializing in computer hardware and software integration."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/systems-engineering/": {"t": "Systems engineering", "s": "Interdisciplinary field for designing and managing complex systems."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/power-engineering/": {"t": "Power engineering", "s": "The subfield of electrical engineering focused on generating, transmitting, distributing, and utilizing electric power."}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/communication-and-media/telecommunications/": {"t": "Telecommunications", "s": "Transmission of information over distance 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{"t": "Photonics", "s": "Branch of optics applying light in photon form across technologies."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/nanotechnology/": {"t": "Nanotechnology", "s": "Manipulating matter at the nanoscale for new materials and devices."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/professional-certification/": {"t": "Professional certification", "s": "Third-party attestation of an individual's professional knowledge and experience."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-induction/": {"t": "Electromagnetic induction", "s": "Production of emf across a conductor in a changing magnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/integrated-circuit/": {"t": "Integrated circuit", "s": "Compact electronic circuits on a semiconductor chip revolutionized modern technology."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/mos-capacitor/": {"t": "MOS capacitor", "s": "Core structure enabling the MOSFET and modern integrated circuits."}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-thumb/e/rules-of-thumb/moore-s-law/": {"t": "Moore's law", "s": "Observation that transistor density doubles roughly every two years."}, "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/e/microprocessors/microprocessor/": {"t": "Microprocessor", "s": "A single-chip CPU that revolutionized computing through integration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/microprocessors/img/microprocessors/microprocessor.webp", "c": "Piotr433 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/e/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/intel-4004/": {"t": "Intel 4004", "s": "First commercial single-chip CPU, using MOS silicon gate technology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/img/intel-and-amd-microprocessors/intel-4004.webp", "c": "Original: Appaloosa Vector: Racecar56 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, 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"https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/fossil-fuel/": {"t": "Fossil fuel", "s": "Non-renewable energy source formed from prehistoric organic matter."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/nuclear-power/": {"t": "Nuclear power", "s": "Nuclear reactions produce electricity via fission, decay, or fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/geothermal-power/": {"t": "Geothermal power", "s": "Renewable electricity from Earth's internal heat."}, "/e/electrical-systems/electrical-cable/": {"t": "Electrical cable", "s": "Assembly of wires for conducting electric current."}, "/e/electrical-systems/distribution-board/": {"t": "Distribution board", "s": "Central panel dividing power into protected subsidiary circuits."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mica/": {"t": "Mica", "s": "Micas are silicate minerals with perfect basal cleavage."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/split-phase-electric-power/": {"t": "Split-phase electric power", "s": "A three-wire single-phase system reducing conductor material."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/zinc/": {"t": "Zinc", "s": "The essential trace element with a shiny blue whitish appearance."}, "https://codexery.com/rodents-and-small-mammals/e/rodents-and-small-mammals/tree-squirrel/": {"t": "Tree squirrel", "s": "Arboreal members of the squirrel family found worldwide except Antarctica and Oceania."}, "https://codexery.com/swiss-inventions/e/swiss-inventions/pumped-storage-hydroelectricity/": {"t": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity", "s": "Storing energy by pumping water uphill for later power generation."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nuclear-fission/": {"t": "Nuclear fission", "s": "Nuclear fission splits atomic nuclei, releasing vast energy."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/kinetic-energy/": {"t": "Kinetic energy", "s": "Energy of motion, quantified as ½mv² in classical mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/gas-fired-power-plant/": {"t": "Gas-fired power plant", "s": "Burns natural gas to generate electricity; major emitter."}, "https://codexery.com/irish-inventors/e/irish-inventors/charles-algernon-parsons/": {"t": "Charles Algernon Parsons", "s": "Anglo-Irish engineer who invented the modern steam turbine."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/lenz-s-law/": {"t": "Lenz's law", "s": "Induced current opposes the change in magnetic flux."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/inductance/": {"t": "Inductance", "s": "Inductance opposes changes in electric current via electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/potential-energy/": {"t": "Potential energy", "s": "Energy stored in an object's position or configuration."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/work-physics/": {"t": "Work (physics)", "s": "Energy transferred by force along a displacement."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/hysteresis/": {"t": "Hysteresis", "s": "History-dependent behavior observed across many natural and artificial systems."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/eddy-current/": {"t": "Eddy current", "s": "Loops of current induced by changing magnetic fields in conductors."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/torus/": {"t": "Torus", "s": "A surface of revolution shaped like a doughnut."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/visible-spectrum/": {"t": "Visible spectrum", "s": "The range of electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/marconi-company/": {"t": "Marconi Company", "s": "Pioneer of wireless communication and mass media broadcasting."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/infrared/": {"t": "Infrared", "s": "Invisible electromagnetic radiation between visible light and microwaves."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/hiroshi-amano/": {"t": "Hiroshi Amano", "s": "Co-inventor of the blue LED and Nobel laureate in physics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/img/amateur-radio-people/hiroshi-amano.webp", "c": "Amano_Houko · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sensory-systems/e/sensory-systems/color-vision/": {"t": "Color vision", "s": "Color vision enables perception of light frequency differences."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiance/": {"t": "Radiance", "s": "Radiance measures radiant flux per solid angle per projected area."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/diamond/": {"t": "Diamond", "s": "A metastable carbon allotrope with extreme hardness and thermal conductivity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/diamond.webp", "c": "Blackout Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/primary-color/": {"t": "Primary color", "s": "Primary colors are the basis for mixing a gamut of colors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/primary-color.webp", "c": "Fons Heijnsbroek · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/polish-inventions/e/polish-inventions/czochralski-method/": {"t": "Czochralski method", "s": "A crystal growth method for semiconductors and gemstones."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/europium/": {"t": "Europium", "s": "Rare-earth element known for phosphorescence and divalent chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/sapphire/": {"t": "Sapphire", "s": "A precious gemstone variety of corundum, third-hardest mineral after diamond and moissanite.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/sapphire.webp", "c": "Chip Clark, Smithsonian staff · via Wikipedia: Sapphire · Public domain"}, "/e/electrical-systems/electric-light/": {"t": "Electric light", "s": "An electrical device producing light from electricity."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/joule-heating/": {"t": "Joule heating", "s": "Electric current through a conductor generates heat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/joule-heating.webp", "c": "Acosta.eu · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scottish-inventions/e/scottish-inventions/drummond-light/": {"t": "Drummond Light", "s": "A non-electric stage light adapted by Thomas Drummond in 1826."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/iridium/": {"t": "Iridium", "s": "Iridium is a chemical element with the symbol Ir and atomic number 77."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/tunisia/": {"t": "Tunisia", "s": "A North African crossroads of ancient civilizations and modern aspirations."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldova/": {"t": "Moldova", "s": "Landlocked Eastern European parliamentary republic with a rich history and EU candidate status."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/northern-ireland/": {"t": "Northern Ireland", "s": "The main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland, part of the BBC national regions."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/zealand/": {"t": "Zealand", "s": "Five southernmost groups of New Zealand outlying islands, collectively a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/siemens/": {"t": "Siemens", "s": "European engineering giant with roots in telegraphy and industrial automation."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/energy-demand-management/": {"t": "Energy demand management", "s": "Modifying consumer energy demand to balance grid and reduce costs."}, "/e/electrical-systems/dynamic-demand-electric-power/": {"t": "Dynamic demand (electric power)", "s": "Semi-passive technology balancing grid load via frequency monitoring."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/peak-demand/": {"t": "Peak demand", "s": "Highest electrical power demand over a specified period."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/elasticity-economics/": {"t": "Elasticity (economics)", "s": "Measuring responsiveness in economics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/elasticity-economics.webp", "c": "Cross_elasticity_of_demand_complements.svg : Wykis derivative work: Mcsenia819 ( · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/refrigeration/": {"t": "Refrigeration", "s": "Artificial cooling that transformed food preservation and human settlement."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/circuit-breaker/": {"t": "Circuit breaker", "s": "Resettable safety device that interrupts overcurrent to protect circuits."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/sheet-metal/": {"t": "Sheet metal", "s": "Metal formed into thin, flat pieces by industrial processes."}, "/e/electrical-systems/electrical-wiring/": {"t": "Electrical wiring", "s": "Electrical wiring systems power buildings under varied safety and environmental codes."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/housing-furniture/e/housing-and-furniture/closet/": {"t": "Closet", "s": "An enclosed space with a door for storage, especially clothes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/housing-furniture/img/housing-and-furniture/closet.webp", "c": "Laurel Stvan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/base-load/": {"t": "Base load", "s": "Minimum grid demand met by unvarying or flexible generation."}, "https://codexery.com/british-inventions/e/british-inventions/centrifugal-governor/": {"t": "Centrifugal governor", "s": "A feedback device regulating engine speed via centrifugal force."}, "/e/electrical-systems/demand-response/": {"t": "Demand response", "s": "Technology-enabled economic rationing system for electric power supply."}, "/e/electrical-systems/droop-speed-control/": {"t": "Droop speed control", "s": "Control mode reducing generator power as line frequency increases."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/peaking-power-plant/": {"t": "Peaking power plant", "s": "Power plants that run only during periods of highest electricity demand."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/black-start/": {"t": "Black start", "s": "Restoring power generation without external grid support."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/electrical-fault/": {"t": "Electrical fault", "s": "A defect causing abnormal electric current in power systems."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metalworking/": {"t": "Metalworking", "s": "Shaping metals from prehistory to modern precision industry."}, "/e/electrical-systems/electric-power-system/": {"t": "Electric power system", "s": "A network supplying, transferring, and using electric power."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electrical-impedance/": {"t": "Electrical impedance", "s": "Opposition to alternating current combining resistance and reactance."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/amplitude/": {"t": "Amplitude", "s": "Amplitude measures wave magnitude across multiple definitions."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematical-logic-and-computation/e/mathematical-logic-and-computation/algorithm/": {"t": "Algorithm", "s": "A finite sequence of logical instructions for solving problems."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electrical-network/": {"t": "Electrical network", "s": "Interconnection of electrical components forming circuits or networks."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/water-wheel/": {"t": "Water wheel", "s": "Machine converting water flow into rotary mechanical power."}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventors/e/hungarian-inventors/ott-bl-thy/": {"t": "Ottó Bláthy", "s": "Hungarian electrical engineer and co-inventor of the transformer."}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventors/e/hungarian-inventors/k-roly-zipernowsky/": {"t": "Károly Zipernowsky", "s": "Hungarian electrical engineer who co-invented the transformer."}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventors/e/hungarian-inventors/miksa-d-ri/": {"t": "Miksa Déri", "s": "Hungarian electrical engineer and co-developer of the closed iron core transformer."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/nikola-tesla/": {"t": "Nikola Tesla", "s": "Serbian-American inventor of the modern AC electricity system.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/nikola-tesla.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nikola Tesla · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/induction-motor/": {"t": "Induction motor", "s": "An AC motor that creates torque solely by electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/niagara-falls/": {"t": "Niagara Falls", "s": "Thundering waters at the border of Canada and the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/img/other-geographic-features/niagara-falls.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Niagara Falls · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/selenium/": {"t": "Selenium", "s": "Essential trace element and semiconductor discovered in 1817."}}