{"/e/economic-concepts-and-models/cost/": {"t": "Cost", "s": "Cost is the metric of resources expended in production or decision-making."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economics/": {"t": "Economics", "s": "Social science studying production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economics.webp", "c": "Pk0001 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/derivative-finance/": {"t": "Derivative (finance)", "s": "A derivative is a contract whose value depends on the performance of an underlying asset."}, "https://codexery.com/food/e/food/sugar/": {"t": "Sugar", "s": "A class of sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates used in food."}, "https://codexery.com/food/e/food/rice/": {"t": "Rice", "s": "Staple grain for over half the world's population."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petroleum/": {"t": "Petroleum", "s": "A fossil fuel central to modern industry and climate change."}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-and-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/maize/": {"t": "Maize", "s": "Domesticated grass staple, key to global food and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/stereo/": {"t": "STEREO", "s": "Two spacecraft providing stereoscopic views of the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/electricity-market/": {"t": "Electricity market", "s": "System for buying and selling electricity through an electrical grid."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/commodity-market/": {"t": "Commodity market", "s": "Markets trading primary-sector goods and their derivatives."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/economic-equilibrium/": {"t": "Economic equilibrium", "s": "A balanced state where supply and demand forces 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"https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/forward-contract/": {"t": "Forward contract", "s": "A non-standardized contract to buy or sell an asset at a future date."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/option-finance/": {"t": "Option (finance)", "s": "A contract giving the right, not obligation, to trade an asset."}, "https://codexery.com/stock-markets-finance/e/stock-markets-and-finance/swap-finance/": {"t": "Swap (finance)", "s": "Derivative exchanging cash flows based on an agreed formula."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sumer/": {"t": "Sumer", "s": "Earliest known civilization, emerging in southern Mesopotamia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/sumer.webp", "c": "Original: Phirosiberia Derivative: باسم · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/ubs/": {"t": "UBS", "s": "Swiss multinational 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"https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/goldman-sachs/": {"t": "Goldman Sachs", "s": "American multinational investment bank founded in 1869."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/consumption-economics/": {"t": "Consumption (economics)", "s": "Use of resources to fulfill present needs and desires."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/the-wealth-of-nations/": {"t": "The Wealth of Nations", "s": "A foundational treatise on political economy and wealth generation."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori/": {"t": "A priori and a posteriori", "s": "Two categories of knowledge: independent of experience (a priori) or dependent on empirical evidence (a posteriori).", "i": 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Grant", "s": "18th U.S. President and Commanding General of the Union Army"}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/consumer/": {"t": "Consumer", "s": "Consumers purchase goods and services for personal use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/consumer.webp", "c": "RCraig09 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/distribution-economics/": {"t": "Distribution (economics)", "s": "Distribution studies how output and income are allocated in an economy."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/economic-system/": {"t": "Economic system", "s": "System of production, allocation, and distribution within an economy."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/externality/": {"t": "Externality", "s": "Unpriced cost or benefit to an uninvolved third party.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/externality.webp", "c": "Kohsheen Sharma · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/economies-of-scale/": {"t": "Economies of scale", "s": "Cost advantages obtained by enterprises due to their scale of operation."}, "https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/e/companies-and-conglomerates/delta-air-lines/": {"t": "Delta Air Lines", "s": "Major U.S.", "i": "https://codexery.com/companies-and-conglomerates/img/companies-and-conglomerates/delta-air-lines.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Korean Air · see source"}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/elasticity-economics/": {"t": "Elasticity (economics)", "s": "Measuring responsiveness in economics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/elasticity-economics.webp", "c": "Cross_elasticity_of_demand_complements.svg : Wykis derivative work: Mcsenia819 ( · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/productivity/": {"t": "Productivity", "s": "Productivity measures efficiency of production as output per input.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/productivity.webp", "c": "Monsieur Fou · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/mercantilism/": {"t": "Mercantilism", "s": "Economic policy maximizing exports and state power through trade regulation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/vilfredo-pareto/": {"t": "Vilfredo Pareto", "s": "Italian polymath who introduced Pareto efficiency and the Pareto principle."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/globalization/": {"t": "Globalization", "s": "Process of increasing global interdependence and integration."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/retail/": {"t": "Retail", "s": "The final link in the supply chain from producers to consumers."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/roman-law/": {"t": "Roman law", "s": "The legal system of ancient Rome, spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence and influencing much of Western and Eastern European law."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/common-law/": {"t": "Common law", "s": "Judge-made legal system originating in medieval England."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/luca-pacioli/": {"t": "Luca Pacioli", "s": "Father of accounting and bookkeeping, Franciscan friar, and collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/rate-of-return/": {"t": "Rate of return", "s": "A measure of investment gain or loss over time."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/sales/": {"t": "Sales", "s": "Sales is the exchange of goods or services for value."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines/e/magazines/consumer-reports/": {"t": "Consumer Reports", "s": "Independent testing, advocacy, and consumer protection since 1936.", "i": "https://codexery.com/magazines/img/magazines/consumer-reports.webp", "c": "Consumer Reports, Inc. · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/clinical-psychology/": {"t": "Clinical psychology", "s": "Integration of science and practice to relieve psychological distress.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/img/mental-health-and-psychology/clinical-psychology.webp", "c": "Aasif14 · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/belief/": {"t": "Belief", "s": "A subjective attitude that something is true.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/belief.webp", "c": "Hagai Agmon-Snir حچاي اچمون-سنير חגי אגמון-שניר · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/abraham-maslow/": {"t": "Abraham Maslow", "s": "Psychologist who argued humans no longer have instincts."}, "https://codexery.com/internet-culture-and-platforms/e/internet-culture-and-platforms/wechat/": {"t": "WeChat", "s": "China's super-app for messaging, payments, and more."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/tencent/": {"t": "Tencent", "s": "Chinese tech conglomerate, world's largest video game vendor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/tencent.webp", "c": "Charlie fong · via Wikipedia: Tencent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/goods/": {"t": "Goods", "s": "Goods are scarce items providing utility, classified by excludability and rivalry."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/cost-of-living/": {"t": "Cost of living", "s": "Cost of living measures the expense of a given standard of living."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/salary/": {"t": "Salary", "s": "Periodic payment from employer to employee, often 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Bureau of Pensions. 1849-1930 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/graphs-and-data-visualization/e/graphs-and-data-visualization/time-series/": {"t": "Time series", "s": "A sequence of data points ordered chronologically.", "i": "https://codexery.com/graphs-and-data-visualization/img/graphs-and-data-visualization/time-series.webp", "c": "HilberTraum · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/milton-friedman/": {"t": "Milton Friedman", "s": "American economist and Nobel laureate who championed monetarism and free-market policies."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/franco-modigliani/": {"t": "Franco Modigliani", "s": "Italian-American economist and Nobel laureate known for the life-cycle hypothesis, Modigliani–Miller theorem, and NIRU concept."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/microeconomics/": {"t": "Microeconomics", "s": "Branch of economics studying individual decision-making and resource allocation."}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/property/": {"t": "Property", "s": "Property is a system of rights over valuable things."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/cost-benefit-analysis/": {"t": "Cost–benefit analysis", "s": "Systematic approach to estimating strengths and weaknesses of alternatives."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/price/": {"t": "Price", "s": "Price is payment for goods or services, shaped by supply and demand."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/economic-surplus/": {"t": "Economic surplus", "s": "Measure of consumer and producer benefit from market exchange."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/factors-of-production/": {"t": "Factors of production", "s": "The resources used to produce goods and services.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/factors-of-production.webp", "c": "Alexander Hamilton Church · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/profit-maximization/": {"t": "Profit maximization", "s": "Process of setting output to maximize total profit."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/competition-economics/": {"t": "Competition (economics)", "s": "Rivalry among firms to obtain limited goods by varying price, product, promotion, and place.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/competition-economics.webp", "c": "Costcurve_-_Combined.png : The original uploader was Trampled at English Wikiped · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-models/consumer-price-index/": {"t": "Consumer price index", "s": "A statistical estimate of consumer price levels over time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/consumer-price-index.webp", "c": "Wikideas1 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/purchasing-power-parity/": {"t": "Purchasing power parity", "s": "Economic measure comparing currency purchasing power across countries."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/singapore/": {"t": "Singapore", "s": "The Lion City, a global hub of trade and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/sydney/": {"t": "Sydney", "s": "The Harbour City, capital of New South Wales and Australia's largest city."}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/prescription-drug/": {"t": "Prescription drug", "s": "Pharmaceutical drugs requiring a medical prescription for legal dispensation."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/sales-tax/": {"t": "Sales tax", "s": "A consumption tax collected at the point of sale."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/central-bank/": {"t": "Central bank", "s": "A financial institution managing monetary policy and ensuring banking stability."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/public-policy/": {"t": "Public policy", "s": "Public policy is the sum of government's direct and indirect activities."}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/pareto-efficiency/": {"t": "Pareto efficiency", "s": "No one can be better off without harming another."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/london-underground/": {"t": "London Underground", "s": "First new deep level tube stock since 1997; entered service 2009–2011."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/colorado-river/": {"t": "Colorado River", "s": "Major river of the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/colorado-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Colorado River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/aquarium-water-chemistry/e/aquarium-water-chemistry/water-quality/": {"t": "Water quality", "s": "Water quality assesses chemical, physical, and biological characteristics for intended use."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/e/probability-and-statistics/probability-theory/": {"t": "Probability theory", "s": "Mathematical study of randomness and uncertainty."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/monte-carlo-method/": {"t": "Monte Carlo method", "s": "Computational algorithms using repeated random sampling for numerical results."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/entropy-information-theory/": {"t": "Entropy (information theory)", "s": "Measure of average uncertainty in a random variable's outcomes."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/probability-density-function/": {"t": "Probability density function", "s": "A function giving relative probability per unit length for continuous variables."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/james-tobin/": {"t": "James Tobin", "s": "Keynesian economist, Nobel laureate, and architect of the Tobin tax."}, "https://codexery.com/economists-and-nobel-laureates/e/economists-and-nobel-laureates/arthur-cecil-pigou/": {"t": "Arthur Cecil Pigou", "s": "English economist who developed welfare economics and the concept of externality."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/john-stuart-mill/": {"t": "John Stuart Mill", "s": "English philosopher of liberalism."}, "https://codexery.com/stock-markets-finance/e/stock-markets-and-finance/shareholder/": {"t": "Shareholder", "s": "Legal owner of shares in a corporation."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/cheque/": {"t": "Cheque", "s": "A written order to pay money from an account."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/preferred-stock/": {"t": "Preferred stock", "s": "Hybrid security ranking between common stock and bonds."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/financial-statement/": {"t": "Financial statement", "s": "Formal records of financial activities and position."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/public-company/": {"t": "Public company", "s": "A company whose shares trade freely on public markets."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Government of the United Kingdom", "s": "Central executive authority of the United Kingdom.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-the-united-kingdom.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright c · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/credit-union/": {"t": "Credit union", "s": "Member-owned cooperatives offering banking services with a community focus."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/equity-finance/": {"t": "Equity (finance)", "s": "Ownership interest measured as assets minus liabilities."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/worker-cooperative/": {"t": "Worker cooperative", "s": "Worker-owned firms managed democratically by their members."}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/output-economics/": {"t": "Output (economics)", "s": "Output is the quantity and quality of goods or services produced."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic-revolution/": {"t": "Neolithic Revolution", "s": "The wide-scale transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement in the Neolithic 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