{"https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/economic-system/": {"t": "Economic system", "s": "System of production, allocation, and distribution within an economy."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economic-policy/": {"t": "Economic policy", "s": "Government actions shaping taxation, spending, money, and regulation."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/colonialism/": {"t": "Colonialism", "s": "Practice of domination over a territory and its people."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/foreign-exchange-reserves/": {"t": "Foreign exchange reserves", "s": "Reserve assets held by central banks to manage currency and payments."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/genoa/": {"t": "Genoa", "s": "Capital of Liguria and historic maritime republic on the Gulf of Genoa."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/empiricism/": {"t": "Empiricism", "s": "Knowledge derives from sensory experience and empirical evidence."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/elizabethan-era/": {"t": "Elizabethan era", "s": "The golden age of English history under Queen Elizabeth I."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elizabeth-i/": {"t": "Elizabeth I", "s": "The Virgin Queen who presided over the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · 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decrees granting offices, rights, or titles."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/consumption-economics/": {"t": "Consumption (economics)", "s": "Use of resources to fulfill present needs and desires."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/physiocracy/": {"t": "Physiocracy", "s": "18th-century French economic theory emphasizing agriculture as sole wealth source."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Tom Lemmens · via Wikipedia: Flanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economics/": {"t": "Economics", "s": "Social science studying production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economics.webp", "c": "Pk0001 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economic-growth/": {"t": "Economic growth", "s": "Economic growth is the increase in the quantity and quality of goods and services a society produces, measured by real GDP or GDP per capita.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economic-growth.webp", "c": "DavidMCEddy · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/inflation/": {"t": "Inflation", "s": "An increase in the average price of goods and services."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/unemployment/": {"t": "Unemployment", "s": "Unemployment is the state of being without work while seeking it."}, 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"Service (economics)", "s": "Intangible acts performed for value, consumed at delivery."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/factors-of-production/": {"t": "Factors of production", "s": "The resources used to produce goods and services.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/factors-of-production.webp", "c": "Alexander Hamilton Church · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/economic-model/": {"t": "Economic model", "s": "Theoretical construct representing economic processes via variables and relationships."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/planned-economy/": {"t": "Planned economy", "s": "Economic system using plans for investment, production, and allocation."}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/private-property/": {"t": "Private property", "s": "Legal concept of non-governmental ownership foundational to capitalism."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/laissez-faire/": {"t": "Laissez-faire", "s": "Economic doctrine advocating minimal government intervention in markets."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/welfare-state/": {"t": "Welfare state", "s": "Government protecting economic and social well-being through equal opportunity and public responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/public-policy/": {"t": "Public policy", "s": "Public policy is the sum of government's direct and indirect activities."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/uruk/": {"t": "Uruk", "s": "Ancient Sumerian city, largest urban area of its time."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ebla/": {"t": "Ebla", "s": "Early Syrian kingdom with a vast trading network and cuneiform archive."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia/": {"t": "Phoenicia", "s": "Ancient Semitic maritime traders who spread the alphabet across the Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia.webp", "c": "Kordas, based on Alvaro's work · via Wikipedia: Phoenicia · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-etruscans/": {"t": "The Etruscans", "s": "Ancient Italian civilization of city-states with a distinct language and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/diocletian/": {"t": "Diocletian", "s": "Roman emperor who stabilized the empire, initiated the Tetrarchy, and abdicated voluntarily."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/feudalism/": {"t": "Feudalism", "s": "A system of land-for-service obligations in medieval Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-fall-of-the-western-roman-empire/": {"t": "The Fall of the Western Roman Empire", "s": "Loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/medieval-commune/": {"t": "Medieval commune", "s": "Sworn urban alliances for mutual defense and self-governance."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/murray-bookchin/": {"t": "Murray Bookchin", "s": "American social theorist who developed social ecology and communalism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/alexander-hamilton/": {"t": "Alexander Hamilton", "s": "", "i": "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/img/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/alexander-hamilton.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/henry-clay/": {"t": "Henry Clay", "s": "The Great Compromiser and architect of the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/protectionism/": {"t": "Protectionism", "s": "Economic policy restricting imports to protect domestic industries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/protectionism.webp", "c": "John Atkinson Hobson · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/r-h-tawney/": {"t": "R. H. Tawney", "s": "English economic historian, Christian socialist, and adult education advocate."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/labour-party-uk/": {"t": "Labour Party (UK)", "s": "Centre-left UK party governing since 2024.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/labour-party-uk.webp", "c": "TL · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/e/catholic-popes-and-cardinals/pope-francis/": {"t": "Pope Francis", "s": "First Latin American pope, known for humility and reform.", "i": "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/img/catholic-popes-and-cardinals/pope-francis.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pope Francis · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/monetary-policy/": {"t": "Monetary policy", "s": "Central bank policy affecting money, credit, and economic activity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/img/economic-and-social-concepts/monetary-policy.webp", "c": "Federalreserve · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/central-bank/": {"t": "Central bank", "s": "A financial institution managing monetary policy and ensuring banking stability."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/fiat-money/": {"t": "Fiat money", "s": "Government-issued currency not backed by a commodity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/fiat-money.webp", "c": "Frizzers · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/karl-marx/": {"t": "Karl Marx", "s": "German philosopher and revolutionary socialist who developed Marxism."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/globalization/": {"t": "Globalization", "s": "Process of increasing global interdependence and integration."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/government-spending/": {"t": "Government spending", "s": "Government spending drives fiscal policy and public goods provision."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/public-sector/": {"t": "Public sector", "s": "The part of the economy comprising public services and state-owned enterprises."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/recession/": {"t": "Recession", "s": "A broad decline in economic activity with no single official definition."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/unemployment-benefits/": {"t": "Unemployment benefits", "s": "Governmental payments to unemployed people, often conditional on job-seeking."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/capital-market/": {"t": "Capital market", "s": "A market for long-term debt and equity securities."}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/output-economics/": {"t": "Output (economics)", "s": "Output is the quantity and quality of goods or services produced."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/money-supply/": {"t": "Money supply", "s": "Total money held by the public, measured in narrow to broad aggregates."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/milton-friedman/": {"t": "Milton Friedman", "s": "American economist and Nobel laureate who championed monetarism and free-market policies."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/fiscal-policy/": {"t": "Fiscal policy", "s": "Government use of taxation and spending to influence the economy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/fiscal-policy.webp", "c": "Pramathanath Bandyopadhyay · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/interest-rate/": {"t": "Interest rate", "s": "Interest rates are the price of borrowing money."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/margaret-thatcher/": {"t": "Margaret Thatcher", "s": "First female UK Prime Minister, architect of Thatcherism."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/monetarism/": {"t": "Monetarism", "s": "Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/political-economy/": {"t": "Political economy", "s": "Interdisciplinary study of politics and economics."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/microeconomics/": {"t": "Microeconomics", "s": "Branch of economics studying individual decision-making and resource allocation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/thorstein-veblen/": {"t": "Thorstein Veblen", "s": "American economist and sociologist who coined 'conspicuous consumption' and founded institutional economics."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/carl-menger/": {"t": "Carl Menger", "s": "Founder of the Austrian school of economics."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/externality/": {"t": "Externality", "s": "Unpriced cost or benefit to an uninvolved third party.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/externality.webp", "c": "Kohsheen Sharma · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/david-ricardo/": {"t": "David Ricardo", "s": "Classical economist who championed free trade and comparative advantage."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/comparative-advantage/": {"t": "Comparative advantage", "s": "Comparative advantage explains trade gains from differing opportunity costs.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/comparative-advantage.webp", "c": "狩野大 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/distribution-economics/": {"t": "Distribution (economics)", "s": "Distribution studies how output and income are allocated in an economy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/john-stuart-mill/": {"t": "John Stuart Mill", "s": "English philosopher of liberalism."}, "https://codexery.com/economists-and-nobel-laureates/e/economists-and-nobel-laureates/arthur-cecil-pigou/": {"t": "Arthur Cecil Pigou", "s": "English economist who developed welfare economics and the concept of externality."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/vilfredo-pareto/": {"t": "Vilfredo Pareto", "s": "Italian polymath who introduced Pareto efficiency and the Pareto principle."}, "https://codexery.com/economists-and-economic-thinkers/e/economists-and-economic-thinkers/piero-sraffa/": {"t": "Piero Sraffa", "s": "Italian political economist who founded the neo-Ricardian school.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economists-and-economic-thinkers/img/economists-and-economic-thinkers/piero-sraffa.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Piero Sraffa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/the-wealth-of-nations/": {"t": "The Wealth of Nations", "s": "A foundational treatise on political economy and wealth generation."}, "/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/mercantilism/": {"t": "Mercantilism", "s": "Economic policy maximizing exports and state power through trade regulation."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/wu-wei/": {"t": "Wu wei", "s": "Ancient Chinese concept of non-doing or effortless action."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/enlightened-absolutism/": {"t": "Enlightened absolutism", "s": "Absolute monarchs ruling with Enlightenment ideals to enhance power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/enlightened-absolutism.webp", "c": "Grnrchst · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war/": {"t": "Seven Years' War", "s": "Global war that reshaped European and colonial power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war.webp", "c": "Blaue Max · via Wikipedia: Seven Years' War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/decentralization/": {"t": "Decentralization", "s": "Distribution of decision-making from central to smaller groups."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom/": {"t": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "s": "The final dynasty of ancient Egypt, blending Greek and Egyptian cultures for nearly three centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/inca-empire/": {"t": "Inca Empire", "s": "Largest pre-Columbian empire, centered in the Andes."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-trotsky/": {"t": "Leon Trotsky", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/political-science/": {"t": "Political science", "s": "Empirical study of politics, governance, and power."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/tunisia/": {"t": "Tunisia", "s": "A North African crossroads of ancient civilizations and modern aspirations."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historian/": {"t": "Historian", "s": "Scholar who studies and writes about the past.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historian.webp", "c": "Anasuyas · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun/": {"t": "Ibn Khaldun", "s": "Arab scholar and forerunner of modern social sciences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun.webp", "c": "Reda Kerbush · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/muqaddimah/": {"t": "Muqaddimah", "s": "The Muqaddimah (Arabic: مقدّمة, meaning \"the introduction\") is a 14th-century Arabic treatise covering historiography, sociology, and the philosophy of history,"}, "https://codexery.com/economists-and-economic-thinkers/e/economists-and-economic-thinkers/richard-cantillon/": {"t": "Richard Cantillon", "s": "Irish-French banker and economist; author of the first complete economics treatise.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economists-and-economic-thinkers/img/economists-and-economic-thinkers/richard-cantillon.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Cantillon · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/henry-george/": {"t": "Henry George", "s": "American political economist and journalist, author of Progress and Poverty"}, 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"https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/working-time/": {"t": "Working time", "s": "Paid labor period regulated by law, varying globally."}, "https://codexery.com/economy-of-ancient-rome/e/economy-of-ancient-rome/edict-on-maximum-prices/": {"t": "Edict on Maximum Prices", "s": "Diocletian's 301 price control edict, fragmentarily preserved."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alauddin-khalji/": {"t": "Alauddin Khalji", "s": "Sultan of Delhi from 1296 to 1316, known for administrative reforms and military conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/war/": {"t": "War", "s": "Armed conflict between states or organized groups, often for political aims."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-investment/e/finance-and-investment/commission-remuneration/": {"t": "Commission (remuneration)", "s": "Variable pay for sales, aligning agent and principal interests."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/american-football/": {"t": "American football", "s": "Team sport evolved from rugby and soccer, popular in the US."}, "https://codexery.com/finance-and-investment/e/finance-and-investment/option-finance/": {"t": "Option (finance)", "s": "A contract giving the right, not obligation, to trade an asset."}, "https://codexery.com/stock-markets-finance/e/stock-markets-and-finance/shareholder/": {"t": "Shareholder", "s": "Legal owner of shares in a corporation."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/bond-finance/": {"t": "Bond (finance)", "s": "A debt security obligating the issuer to pay principal and interest."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/variance/": {"t": "Variance", "s": "Variance measures how far numbers spread from their average."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/francis-fukuyama/": {"t": "Francis Fukuyama", "s": "American political scientist known for 'The End of History and the Last Man'"}, "https://codexery.com/motor-sports/e/motor-sports/nascar/": {"t": "NASCAR", "s": "NASCAR, officially the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC, is an American company that sanctions and operates auto racing events, most famously"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/economies-of-scale/": {"t": "Economies of 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"https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/cost-curve/": {"t": "Cost curve", "s": "Graph of production costs as a function of total quantity produced."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/competition-law/": {"t": "Competition law", "s": "Field of law regulating anti-competitive conduct to maintain market competition."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/government/": {"t": "Government", "s": "System or group leading a state with socially acceptable force."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/currency/": {"t": "Currency", "s": "A standardized medium of exchange, from cowry shells to digital balances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/currency.webp", "c": "Kavali Chandrakanth KCK · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/exchange-rate/": {"t": "Exchange rate", "s": "Rate at which one 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"https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/consumer-price-index/": {"t": "Consumer price index", "s": "A statistical estimate of consumer price levels over time.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/img/economic-concepts-and-models/consumer-price-index.webp", "c": "Wikideas1 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/renminbi/": {"t": "Renminbi", "s": "Official currency of the People's Republic of China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/renminbi.webp", "c": "White whirlwind · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/food/e/food/rice/": {"t": "Rice", "s": "Staple grain for over half the world's population."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-models/e/economic-concepts-and-models/cost-benefit-analysis/": {"t": "Cost–benefit analysis", "s": "Systematic approach to estimating strengths and weaknesses of alternatives."}, 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"https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-education-theorists/e/psychologists-and-education-theorists/daniel-kahneman/": {"t": "Daniel Kahneman", "s": "Israeli-American psychologist and Nobel laureate known for work on judgment, decision-making, and behavioral economics."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/pierre-bourdieu/": {"t": "Pierre Bourdieu", "s": "French sociologist and public intellectual known for concepts such as habitus, field, and cultural capital."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/michel-foucault/": {"t": "Michel Foucault", "s": "French philosopher who analyzed power, knowledge, and social control.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/michel-foucault.webp", "c": "Michel Curi · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/evolutionary-psychology/": {"t": "Evolutionary psychology", "s": "A theoretical approach applying 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"https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/real-estate/": {"t": "Real estate", "s": "Land and buildings as immovable property under ownership.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/real-estate.webp", "c": "Yates & Jones, draftsmen, George Street, Brisbane · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/fossil-fuel/": {"t": "Fossil fuel", "s": "Non-renewable energy source formed from prehistoric organic matter."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/democracy/": {"t": "Democracy", "s": "Government where power is vested in the people."}, "https://codexery.com/games-and-recreation/e/games-and-recreation/lottery/": {"t": "Lottery", "s": "A form of gambling with random number draws for prizes."}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/side-effect/": {"t": "Side effect", "s": "Unintended effects of drugs, often adverse but sometimes beneficial."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/renewable-energy/": {"t": "Renewable energy", "s": "Energy from replenished natural resources, increasingly replacing fossil fuels."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/neodymium/": {"t": "Neodymium", "s": "A rare-earth metal used in powerful magnets and lasers."}, "https://codexery.com/former-portuguese-colonies/e/former-portuguese-colonies/angola/": {"t": "Angola", "s": "A southern African nation shaped by Portuguese colonization and civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/forward-contract/": {"t": "Forward 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