{"https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/imperatritsa/": {"t": "Imperatritsa", "s": "Russian feminine imperial title, equivalent to empress."}, "/e/east-asian-history/northern-wei/": {"t": "Northern Wei", "s": "The Northern Wei: Unifier of Northern China and Catalyst of Sinicization"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/northern-and-southern-dynasties/": {"t": "Northern and Southern dynasties", "s": "Period of division, cultural growth, and technological advance."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-266-420/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "s": "The Jin dynasty: a reunified China divided by civil war and barbarian invasions."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wu-of-song/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Song", "s": "Founding emperor of Liu Song; undefeated commander."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/empress/e/empress/liu-shao/": {"t": "Liu Shao", "s": "Crown prince who murdered his father and was overthrown."}, "https://codexery.com/empress/e/empress/liu-ziye/": {"t": "Liu Ziye", "s": "Sixth emperor of Liu Song, assassinated after a violent reign."}, "https://codexery.com/empress/e/empress/latter-deposed-emperor-of-liu-song/": {"t": "Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song", "s": "Eighth emperor of Liu Song, killed by his general."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/shang-dynasty/": {"t": "Shang dynasty", "s": "Earliest Chinese dynasty confirmed by archaeology and written records."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-guangwu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Guangwu of Han", "s": "Founding emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-guangwu-of-han.webp", "c": "Yan Li-pen · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-xiaowen-of-northern-wei/": {"t": "Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei", "s": "Emperor who sinicized the Northern Wei and reformed land tenure."}, "https://codexery.com/poets-of-the-ancient-world/e/poets-of-the-ancient-world/bao-zhao/": {"t": "Bao Zhao", "s": "Liu Song poet known for his fu rhapsody on a ruined city."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/e/chinese-classical-poets/xie-lingyun/": {"t": "Xie Lingyun", "s": "Chinese poet, Duke of Kangle, pioneer of landscape poetry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/img/chinese-classical-poets/xie-lingyun.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Xie Lingyun · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventors/e/chinese-inventors/zu-chongzhi/": {"t": "Zu Chongzhi", "s": "Chinese astronomer, mathematician, and inventor of the Liu Song and Southern Qi dynasties."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/chinese-folk-religion/": {"t": "Chinese folk religion", "s": "A syncretic tradition of spirit and ancestor veneration."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/prime-minister/": {"t": "Prime minister", "s": "Head of government leading the cabinet in parliamentary systems."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/vietnamese-language/": {"t": "Vietnamese language", "s": "Austroasiatic language of Vietnam with over 86 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hainan/": {"t": "Hainan", "s": "China's southernmost island province, a tropical free-trade port."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qin-dynasty/": {"t": "Qin dynasty", "s": "First imperial dynasty of China, unifying the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Han", "s": "Seventh Han emperor who expanded China's borders and centralized the state."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/first-indochina-war/e/first-indochina-war/north-vietnam/": {"t": "North Vietnam", "s": "Communist state that fought France and later South Vietnam.", "i": "https://codexery.com/first-indochina-war/img/first-indochina-war/north-vietnam.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: North Vietnam · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historical-revisionism/": {"t": "Historical revisionism", "s": "Reinterpreting history through new evidence and perspectives."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/sima-qian/": {"t": "Sima Qian", "s": "Father of Chinese historiography who endured castration to complete the Shiji."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/book-of-han/": {"t": "Book of Han", "s": "First dynastic history in annals-biography form, covering the Former Han."}, "/e/east-asian-history/qi-state/": {"t": "Qi (state)", "s": "A major Zhou dynasty state in ancient China, known for its early hegemony and cultural influence."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sixteen-kingdoms/": {"t": "Sixteen Kingdoms", "s": "Non-Han rulers governed northern China before reunification by the Northern Wei."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/luoyang/": {"t": "Luoyang", "s": "Ancient capital on the Luo River, cradle of Chinese civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-china/e/national-parks-of-china/longmen-grottoes/": {"t": "Longmen Grottoes", "s": "One of China's three great grottoes, with 100,000 Buddhist statues."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/guanzhong/": {"t": "Guanzhong", "s": "The heartland of ancient Chinese empires, guarded by mountain passes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/guanzhong.webp", "c": "H2v5o68z · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/hexi-corridor/": {"t": "Hexi Corridor", "s": "A historic corridor linking China to Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-wen-of-jin/": {"t": "Duke Wen of Jin", "s": "The Cultured Duke who rose from exile to become one of the Five Hegemons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-wen-of-jin.webp", "c": "Li Tang · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/zhou-dynasty/": {"t": "Zhou dynasty", "s": "Longest-reigning Chinese dynasty, spanning nearly eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/guan-zhong/": {"t": "Guan Zhong", "s": "Chancellor and reformer who made Qi the leading state.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/guan-zhong.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Guan Zhong · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/jiang-ziya/": {"t": "Jiang Ziya", "s": "First ruler of Qi and Zhou dynasty strategist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/img/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/jiang-ziya.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Jiang Ziya · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/e/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/king-wen-of-zhou/": {"t": "King Wen of Zhou", "s": "Posthumous founder of the Zhou dynasty."}, "/e/east-asian-history/qin-s-wars-of-unification/": {"t": "Qin's wars of unification", "s": "Campaigns that unified China under the First Emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/e/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/king-wu-of-zhou/": {"t": "King Wu of Zhou", "s": "Founding king of the Zhou dynasty, overthrew the Shang."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-of-zhou/": {"t": "Duke of Zhou", "s": "Regent, culture hero, and founder of Zhou governance ideals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-of-zhou.webp", "c": "Windmemories · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/e/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/king-xuan-of-zhou/": {"t": "King Xuan of Zhou", "s": "Penultimate Western Zhou king who restored royal authority."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/e/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/king-you-of-zhou/": {"t": "King You of Zhou", "s": "Last king of the Western Zhou, died in 771 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-huan-of-qi/": {"t": "Duke Huan of Qi", "s": "Hegemon of Qi who transformed his state into a dominant power but died amid factional chaos.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-huan-of-qi.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/legalism-chinese-philosophy/": {"t": "Legalism (Chinese philosophy)", "s": "Legalists emphasized law, merit, and agriculture over virtue."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/son-of-heaven/": {"t": "Son of Heaven", "s": "Sacred monarchial title of the Chinese sovereign.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/son-of-heaven.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "/e/east-asian-history/qin-state/": {"t": "Qin (state)", "s": "Ancient Chinese state that unified the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china/": {"t": "The Great Wall of China", "s": "An ancient defensive system spanning thousands of miles across China's northern borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-capricornus/e/stars-of-capricornus/chi-capricorni/": {"t": "Chi Capricorni", "s": "A chemically peculiar A-type main-sequence star in Capricornus."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-of-hercules/e/stars-of-hercules/112-herculis/": {"t": "112 Herculis", "s": "Binary system with a mercury-manganese primary star."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/emperor-of-china/": {"t": "Emperor of China", "s": "Absolute monarch and Son of Heaven ruling under the Mandate of Heaven."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/e/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/king-nan-of-zhou/": {"t": "King Nan of Zhou", "s": "Last king of the Zhou dynasty, reigned 59 years."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-nobility/e/chinese-nobility/l-buwei/": {"t": "Lü Buwei", "s": "Merchant turned Qin chancellor and sponsor of the Lüshi Chunqiu."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/li-si/": {"t": "Li Si", "s": "Qin chancellor who unified Chinese writing and administration, appointed after 221 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-chinese-mythology/e/places-in-chinese-mythology/taihang-mountains/": {"t": "Taihang Mountains", "s": "A major Chinese mountain range on the Loess Plateau's eastern edge."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-china-plain/": {"t": "North China Plain", "s": "The cradle of Chinese civilization and a densely populated agricultural heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/xia-dynasty/": {"t": "Xia dynasty", "s": "First dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography, possibly legendary.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/xia-dynasty.webp", "c": "Gary Todd · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/di-xin/": {"t": "Di Xin", "s": "Last Shang king, known posthumously as a cautionary tyrant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/di-xin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Di Xin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-nobility/e/chinese-nobility/chinese-nobility/": {"t": "Chinese nobility", "s": "Premodern China's ruling class, evolving from Zhou enfeoffment to Qing titles."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/vassal/": {"t": "Vassal", "s": "A subordinate bound by mutual obligation to a lord."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/e/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/king-ping-of-zhou/": {"t": "King Ping of Zhou", "s": "First Eastern Zhou king, moved capital to Luoyang."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/mozi/": {"t": "Mozi", "s": "Founder of Mohism, a major Warring States school of thought."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-mu-of-qin/": {"t": "Duke Mu of Qin", "s": "Duke of Qin, sometimes counted among the Five Hegemons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/duke-mu-of-qin.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-gaozu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "s": "Founder of the Han dynasty, born a peasant, who rose from rebel to emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wen-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wen of Han", "s": "Fifth Han emperor who restored stability after Empress Lü's regency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wen-of-han.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-board-games/e/history-of-board-games/liubo/": {"t": "Liubo", "s": "Ancient Chinese board game played with six sticks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-board-games/img/history-of-board-games/liubo.webp", "c": "BabelStone · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/shangqiu/": {"t": "Shangqiu", "s": "Ancient Shang base, modern transport hub in eastern Henan."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/three-kingdoms/": {"t": "Three Kingdoms", "s": "A partial revival of the old three kingdoms in early medieval Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/zhuge-liang/": {"t": "Zhuge Liang", "s": "Chinese statesman and strategist of the Three Kingdoms period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/zhuge-liang.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Zhuge Liang · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/guan-yu/": {"t": "Guan Yu", "s": "A peerless-bearded general of the late Eastern Han, revered as a god of loyalty and martial courage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/guan-yu.webp", "c": "UnknownUnknown , uploaded by Tiangong83 on zh.wikipedia · via Wikipedia: Guan Yu · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/cao-pi/": {"t": "Cao Pi", "s": "First emperor of Cao Wei who ended the Han dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/deng-xiaoping/": {"t": "Deng Xiaoping", "s": "Architect of modern China and paramount leader from 1978 to 1989"}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/economy-of-china/": {"t": "Economy of China", "s": "The world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and largest by PPP since 2016."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/tiananmen-square-protests/": {"t": "Tiananmen Square protests", "s": "1989 protests in Beijing ended in a military crackdown."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution-of-china/": {"t": "Constitution of China", "s": "Supreme law of the People's Republic of China."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution/": {"t": "Cultural Revolution", "s": "A sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong from 1966 to 1976.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution.webp", "c": "闫恩铭／Enming Yan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/stock-markets-finance/e/stock-markets-and-finance/shanghai-stock-exchange/": {"t": "Shanghai Stock Exchange", "s": "Asia's largest stock exchange, re-established in 1990."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/capital-market/": {"t": "Capital market", "s": "A market for long-term debt and equity securities."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/price-controls/": {"t": "Price controls", "s": "Government-set limits on prices for goods and services."}, "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/e/economics-and-business/protectionism/": {"t": "Protectionism", "s": "Economic policy restricting imports to protect domestic industries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economics-and-business/img/economics-and-business/protectionism.webp", "c": "John Atkinson Hobson · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/lee-kuan-yew/": {"t": "Lee Kuan Yew", "s": "First prime minister who transformed Singapore into a developed nation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/lee-kuan-yew.webp", "c": "White House Photographic Office. 1974-1977 · via Wikipedia: Lee Kuan Yew · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/shenzhen/": {"t": "Shenzhen", "s": "Shenzhen: A premier global metropolis and technology hub on the Pearl River estuary."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/xiamen/": {"t": "Xiamen", "s": "A historic port city and special economic zone on the Taiwan Strait."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-opium-war/": {"t": "First Opium War", "s": "Conflict between Britain and Qing China over opium trade and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/chen-yun/": {"t": "Chen Yun", "s": "CCP statesman and architect of economic reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/regulation/": {"t": "Regulation", "s": "Management of complex systems according to rules and trends."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/economy-of-japan/": {"t": "Economy of Japan", "s": "Japan: East Asian model of strategic public investment and economic resilience."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was an early modern empire in East Asia ruled by the Manchu people."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-taiping-rebellion/": {"t": "The Taiping Rebellion", "s": "A 14-year civil war that devastated Qing China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-taiping-rebellion.webp", "c": "Unknown. Probably commisioned by Tianjing merchants as a souvenir to Prince Sang · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-opium-war/": {"t": "Second Opium War", "s": "Conflict over opium trade and diplomatic rights."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "First Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Conflict between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/boxer-rebellion/e/boxer-rebellion/hundred-days-reform/": {"t": "Hundred Days' Reform", "s": "A 100-day reform movement in 1898 Qing China, ended by a coup led by Empress Dowager Cixi.", "i": "https://codexery.com/boxer-rebellion/img/boxer-rebellion/hundred-days-reform.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hundred Days' Reform · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/boxer-rebellion/e/boxer-rebellion/eight-nation-alliance/": {"t": "Eight-Nation Alliance", "s": "Multinational coalition that invaded China to lift the Boxer siege of Beijing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/boxer-rebellion/img/boxer-rebellion/eight-nation-alliance.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Eight-Nation Alliance · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/i-ching/": {"t": "I Ching", "s": "Ancient Chinese divination text and classic of changes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/img/ancient-and-classical-texts/i-ching.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: I Ching · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-nobility/e/chinese-nobility/li-hongzhang/": {"t": "Li Hongzhang", "s": "Late Qing statesman, diplomat, and modernizer."}, 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"https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/li-xiannian/": {"t": "Li Xiannian", "s": "Chinese Communist leader and conservative Party elder."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/jiang-qing/": {"t": "Jiang Qing", "s": "Revolutionary, actress, and fourth wife of Mao Zedong."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-people-s-court/": {"t": "Supreme People's Court", "s": "Highest judicial authority of the People's Republic of China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-people-s-court.webp", "c": "Original: Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China (Q691994) Vector:  HyBoxwood · via Wikipedia: Supreme People's Court · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/shining-path/": {"t": "Shining Path", "s": "Maoist guerrilla group that 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"First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/shogun/e/lore/toyotomi-hideyoshi/": {"t": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "s": "The peasant-born foot soldier who rose to Kampaku and finished unifying Sengoku Japan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shogun/img/lore/toyotomi-hideyoshi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Toyotomi Hideyoshi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/shogun/e/characters/tokugawa-ieyasu/": {"t": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "s": "Former hostage turned daimyo who founded the Tokugawa shogunate and ruled Japan from Edo.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shogun/img/characters/tokugawa-ieyasu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tokugawa Ieyasu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/e/former-dutch-colonies/dutch-formosa/": {"t": "Dutch Formosa", "s": "Dutch colonial rule on Taiwan from 1624 to 1662.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/img/former-dutch-colonies/dutch-formosa.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dutch Formosa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/sh-tai/": {"t": "Shō Tai", "s": "Last King of Ryukyu, demoted to Domain King in 1872, forced to abdicate in 1879, later made a Japanese marquess."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/monroe-doctrine/": {"t": "Monroe Doctrine", "s": "U.S. policy opposing foreign intervention in the Western Hemisphere."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/western-hemisphere/": {"t": "Western Hemisphere", "s": "U.S. Department of Defense school for Latin American security personnel, formerly the School of the 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"https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples are diverse groups with ancestral ties to traditional territories."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/taiwanese-indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Taiwanese indigenous peoples", "s": "Austronesian indigenous peoples of Taiwan, origin of oceanic expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/retreat-of-the-government-of-the-republic-of-china-to-taiwan/": {"t": "Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan", "s": "Retreat of ROC government to Taiwan after civil war defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/chen-shui-bian/": {"t": "Chen 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significance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/img/coral-reefs/spratly-islands.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/natural-gas/": {"t": "Natural gas", "s": "Fossil fuel primarily composed of methane, used for energy."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/artificial-island/": {"t": "Artificial island", "s": "Human-made landforms built for settlement, defense, or economic purposes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/artificial-island.webp", "c": "Luka Peternel · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "/e/east-asian-history/second-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Largest Asian war of the 20th century, intertwined with World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/resistance-members-against-imperial/e/resistance-members-against-imperial-japan/ho-chi-minh/": {"t": "Ho Chi Minh", "s": "Vietnamese communist revolutionary who led independence from Japanese occupation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/resistance-members-against-imperial/img/resistance-members-against-imperial-japan/ho-chi-minh.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ho Chi Minh · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/first-indochina-war/e/first-indochina-war/state-of-vietnam/": {"t": "State of Vietnam", "s": "Anti-communist Vietnamese state allied with France during the First Indochina War."}, "https://codexery.com/first-indochina-war/e/first-indochina-war/1954-geneva-conference/": {"t": "1954 Geneva Conference", "s": "Conference that partitioned Vietnam and ended the First Indochina War."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-indochina-war/": {"t": "First Indochina War", "s": "A conflict from 1946 to 1954 between France and the Viet Minh, ending with French withdrawal and the division of Vietnam."}, "/e/east-asian-history/self-strengthening-movement/": {"t": "Self-Strengthening Movement", "s": "Late Qing reform movement to strengthen state through Western technology."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/tongzhi-emperor/": {"t": "Tongzhi Emperor", "s": "The eighth Qing emperor whose reign was overshadowed by Empress Dowager Cixi and marked by the Tongzhi Restoration."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/empress-dowager-cixi/": {"t": "Empress Dowager Cixi", "s": "Manchu noblewoman who ruled Qing China as empress dowager."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/declaration-of-war/": {"t": "Declaration of war", "s": "A formal act announcing a state of war between states."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/sphere-of-influence/": {"t": "Sphere of influence", "s": "A region where a powerful state exerts dominant influence."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/annam-french-protectorate/": {"t": "Annam (French protectorate)", "s": "It became part of French Indochina in 1887 and had a dual French and Vietnamese administration."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/nguy-n-dynasty/": {"t": "Nguyễn dynasty", "s": "The Nguyễn dynasty, the final imperial family of Vietnam, was founded by the House of Nguyễn Phúc."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/french-cochinchina/": {"t": "French Cochinchina", "s": "French colony in southern Vietnam, key rubber producer, later part of State of Vietnam.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/img/former-french-colonies/french-cochinchina.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Cochinchina · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/french-algeria/": {"t": "French Algeria", "s": "French colony and later integral part of France until 1962.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/img/former-french-colonies/french-algeria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Algeria · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/firearm-manufacturers/e/firearm-manufacturers/krupp/": {"t": "Krupp", "s": "Europe's largest company and Germany's chief arms maker in two world wars."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/ningbo/": {"t": "Ningbo", "s": "A historic port city and economic hub in the Yangtze Delta."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "/e/east-asian-history/sino-soviet-split/": {"t": "Sino-Soviet split", "s": "Ideological rivalry split communist world into tri-polar Cold War."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "/e/east-asian-history/reform-and-opening-up/": {"t": "Reform and opening up", "s": "Economic reforms that transformed China into a global power."}, "https://codexery.com/vietnamese-independence-movement/e/vietnamese-independence-movement/viet-cong/": {"t": "Viet Cong", "s": "Communist-led insurgency and front in the Vietnam War."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/mcmahon-line/": {"t": "McMahon Line", "s": "Boundary between Tibet and British India, disputed by China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-empire/img/british-empire/mcmahon-line.webp", "c": "Simla Accord 1914 · via Wikipedia: McMahon Line · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/1959-tibetan-uprising/": {"t": "1959 Tibetan uprising", "s": "The 1959 Tibetan uprising, also known as the Lhasa uprising, began on 10 March 1959 with protests in the Tibetan capital driven by concerns that the Chinese gov"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/kunlun-mountains/": {"t": "Kunlun Mountains", "s": "A vast Asian mountain chain on the northern rim of the Tibetan Plateau, central to Chinese myth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/kunlun-mountains.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kunlun Mountains · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-independence-movement/": {"t": "Indian independence movement", "s": "Political efforts to end British colonial rule in India."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jawaharlal-nehru/": {"t": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "s": "India's first prime minister and architect of its modern secular democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/manipur/": {"t": "Manipur", "s": "A northeastern Indian state of hills and valleys, known for its diverse ethnic groups and cultural heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/assam/": {"t": "Assam", "s": "The land of the Brahmaputra, tea, and one-horned rhinos.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/assam.webp", "c": "Medhi jyoti · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/konbaung-dynasty/": {"t": "Konbaung dynasty", "s": "The last dynasty of Burma, from 1752 to 1885."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/geopolitics/": {"t": "Geopolitics", "s": "Study of geography's effects on politics and international relations."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/hegemony/": {"t": "Hegemony", "s": "Predominance of one state over others, regionally or globally."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/changsha/": {"t": "Changsha", "s": "Capital of Hunan, ancient city, and global industrial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nanjing/": {"t": "Nanjing", "s": "Southern Capital on the Yangtze"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/wang-jingwei/": {"t": "Wang Jingwei", "s": "Chinese revolutionary turned collaborationist leader during World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/wang-jingwei.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Wang Jingwei · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-icons/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-icons/sun-yat-sen/": {"t": "Sun Yat-sen", "s": "Founder of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/nanchang/": {"t": "Nanchang", "s": "Southern Flourishing: Cradle of the 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"https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/japanese-invasion-of-manchuria/": {"t": "Japanese invasion of Manchuria", "s": "Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria after a staged false flag incident."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor/": {"t": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "s": "Surprise Japanese air raid on US Pacific Fleet, December 7, 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor.webp", "c": "Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Katarzyna Kobiljak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/piracy/e/piracy/false-flag/": {"t": "False flag", "s": "Deceptive acts to disguise responsibility and blame others."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/manchukuo/": {"t": "Manchukuo", "s": "Japanese puppet state in Manchuria, 1932–1945."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/nanjing-massacre/": {"t": "Nanjing Massacre", "s": "Mass rape and murder by Japanese forces in Nanjing."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, 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Morris, W A (Sergeant). 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territory in the Pacific, settled by Austronesian peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/federated-states-of-micronesia/": {"t": "Federated States of Micronesia", "s": "An island country in the western Pacific, encompassing most of the Caroline Islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/federated-states-of-micronesia.webp", "c": "U.S. Navy photo by Petty Officer 1st Class William Spears · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/joseon/": {"t": "Joseon", "s": "A dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years, founded in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897."}, "https://codexery.com/korea-under-japanese-rule/e/korea-under-japanese-rule/korea-under-japanese-rule/": {"t": "Korea under Japanese rule", "s": "Japanese colonial rule over Korea from 1910 to 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/kuril-islands/": {"t": "Kuril Islands", "s": "Volcanic archipelago disputed between Russia and Japan since 1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/kuril-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kuril Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}}