{"https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/thomas-aquinas/": {"t": "Thomas Aquinas", "s": "Angelic Doctor and Universal Teacher", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/thomas-aquinas.webp", "c": "Carlo Crivelli · via Wikipedia: Thomas Aquinas · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/medieval-philosophy/": {"t": "Medieval philosophy", "s": "Medieval philosophy integrated ancient thought with theological inquiry."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/holy-orders/": {"t": "Holy orders", "s": "Ordained ministries of bishop, priest, and deacon in Christian churches."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/christian-theology/": {"t": "Christian theology", "s": "Systematic study of Christian belief and practice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/img/christian-theology/christian-theology.webp", "c": "Montignac · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/avicenna/": {"t": "Avicenna", "s": "Preeminent philosopher and physician of the Islamic Golden Age."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/averroes/": {"t": "Averroes", "s": "Andalusian polymath and jurist, known as 'The Commentator' for his commentaries on Aristotle."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/plotinus/": {"t": "Plotinus", "s": "Founder of Neoplatonism and philosopher of the One."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/skeleton/": {"t": "Skeleton", "s": "The structural frame that supports the body of most animals."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mineralogy/": {"t": "Mineralogy", "s": "Scientific study of minerals, their properties, and crystal structures."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/justice/": {"t": "Justice", "s": "Justice is the constant will to render each his due."}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/friendship/": {"t": "Friendship", "s": "A mutual affection bond studied across academic disciplines."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/aristotelianism/": {"t": "Aristotelianism", "s": "Philosophical tradition inspired by Aristotle's logic, ethics, and metaphysics."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/brescia/": {"t": "Brescia", "s": "Ancient Roman city and industrial hub in Lombardy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/piedmont/": {"t": "Piedmont", "s": "Northwest Italian region, historic heart of Italian unification."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/diocese/": {"t": "Diocese", "s": "Ecclesiastical district under a bishop's jurisdiction."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/anointing-of-the-sick/": {"t": "Anointing of the sick", "s": "Christian rite of anointing the sick with oil for healing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/img/christian-theology/anointing-of-the-sick.webp", "c": "Adelbert Gresnigt, Beuron Art School · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/lapis-lazuli/": {"t": "Lapis lazuli", "s": "A deep-blue metamorphic rock prized since antiquity for its intense color and use in ultramarine pigment."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/mysticism/": {"t": "Mysticism", "s": "Mysticism involves personal transformation through religious practices and experiences."}, "https://codexery.com/as-roma/e/stadiums/lazio-region/": {"t": "Lazio Region", "s": "The home of the Yellow and Reds, where the Derby della Capitale defines Roman football."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/confirmation/": {"t": "Confirmation", "s": "Christian rite sealing baptismal covenant through laying on of hands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/img/christian-theology/confirmation.webp", "c": "Kaihsu Tai · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/benevento/": {"t": "Benevento", "s": "Ancient Samnite city on the Appian Way, later a Roman colony."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/bagpipes/": {"t": "Bagpipes", "s": "A woodwind instrument with enclosed reeds fed from a bag."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-pius-vi/": {"t": "Pope Pius VI", "s": "Fifth-longest reigning pope in history; longest-serving pope of the Papal States."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustine-of-hippo/": {"t": "Augustine of Hippo", "s": "Influential Christian theologian and philosopher of the Patristic Period."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/portuguese-people/": {"t": "Portuguese people", "s": "Romance ethnic group indigenous to Portugal, key in global exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/abbey/": {"t": "Abbey", "s": "A self-sufficient religious community under an abbot or abbess."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/religious/anthony-the-great/": {"t": "Anthony the Great", "s": "Father of All Monks and Desert Father"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/martyr/": {"t": "Martyr", "s": "A witness who suffers death for a religious or political cause."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Central Italian region, birthplace of the Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francis-of-assisi/": {"t": "Francis of Assisi", "s": "Italian mystic, poet, and founder of the Franciscan Order"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/performing-arts-and-crafts/illuminated-manuscript/": {"t": "Illuminated manuscript", "s": "Decorated texts from late antiquity to the Renaissance"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/provence/": {"t": "Provence", "s": "A southeastern French region with Roman origins and lasting cultural identity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/provence.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/mass-poisonings/e/mass-poisonings/ergotism/": {"t": "Ergotism", "s": "Ergotism is poisoning from ergot alkaloids causing gangrene and convulsions."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/nicene-creed/": {"t": "Nicene Creed", "s": "A creed distinguishing orthodox belief from heresy in Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/heresy/": {"t": "Heresy", "s": "A belief or theory strongly at variance with established religious doctrines, often met with censure."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/arianism/": {"t": "Arianism", "s": "A nontrinitarian doctrine named after Arius, condemned as heresy."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/eastern-christianity/": {"t": "Eastern Christianity", "s": "Eastern Christianity encompasses diverse traditions originating in the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/eastern-christianity.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity · see source"}, "/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/gregory-of-nyssa/": {"t": "Gregory of Nyssa", "s": "Cappadocian Father who opposed slavery and shaped Trinitarian doctrine."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gregory-of-nazianzus/": {"t": "Gregory of Nazianzus", "s": "Cappadocian Father and Trinitarian Theologian"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-catholic-churches/": {"t": "Eastern Catholic Churches", "s": "23 autonomous Eastern Christian churches in full communion with Rome."}, "/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/john-chrysostom/": {"t": "John Chrysostom", "s": "Church Father and Archbishop of Constantinople known for eloquent preaching.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/john-chrysostom.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Chrysostom · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/athanasius-of-alexandria/": {"t": "Athanasius of Alexandria", "s": "Trinitarian theologian, patriarch of Alexandria, exiled five times."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia/": {"t": "Cappadocia", "s": "Historical region in central Turkey with unique rock formations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/img/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia.webp", "c": "Peretz Partensky from San Francisco, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/origen/": {"t": "Origen", "s": "Prolific early Christian theologian and controversial Church Father."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-knights-templar/": {"t": "The Knights Templar", "s": "Medieval Catholic military order and early bankers."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/benedictines/": {"t": "Benedictines", "s": "Oldest Latin Church order, following the Rule of Saint Benedict."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/burgundy/": {"t": "Burgundy", "s": "Historical region in France, known for its wine and medieval power."}, "https://codexery.com/cryptids/e/cryptids-and-folklore/the-chimera/": {"t": "The Chimera", "s": "Fire-breathing hybrid monster slain by Bellerophon."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dante-alighieri/": {"t": "Dante Alighieri", "s": "Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the vernacular."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/goethe-s-faust/": {"t": "Goethe's Faust", "s": "A two-part tragic play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/img/novels-and-epics/goethe-s-faust.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Goethe's Faust · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/aquitaine/": {"t": "Aquitaine", "s": "Historical region of southwestern France, former kingdom and duchy."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/eucharist/": {"t": "Eucharist", "s": "Christian rite of bread and wine instituted by Jesus at the Last Supper.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/eucharist.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/peter-abelard/": {"t": "Peter Abelard", "s": "French philosopher, logician, theologian, composer, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/peter-abelard.webp", "c": "Antoni Oleszczyński · via Wikipedia: Peter Abelard · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/siena/": {"t": "Siena", "s": "Medieval Tuscan city with a historic centre and the Palio."}, "/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/teresa-of-vila/": {"t": "Teresa of Ávila", "s": "Carmelite nun, mystic, and reformer of the Counter-Reformation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/teresa-of-vila.webp", "c": "Livioandronico2013 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-black-death/": {"t": "The Black Death", "s": "The deadliest pandemic in recorded history, the Black Death reshaped Europe and the Middle East.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-black-death.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-siena/": {"t": "Republic of Siena", "s": "A medieval republic of commerce and art in Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-france/e/world-heritage-sites-in-france/avignon/": {"t": "Avignon", "s": "City of the Popes on the Rhône."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-florence/": {"t": "Republic of Florence", "s": "A medieval and early modern state centered on Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance and home of the florin."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/agape/": {"t": "Agape", "s": "A Greek term for selfless, unconditional love."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-benedict-xiv/": {"t": "Pope Benedict XIV", "s": "Scholar, reformer, and pope who balanced faith with enlightenment."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/pantheon-rome/": {"t": "Pantheon, Rome", "s": "Ancient Roman temple, now a Catholic church, with the largest unreinforced concrete dome."}, "/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/cyril-and-methodius/": {"t": "Cyril and Methodius", "s": "Byzantine brothers who devised the first Slavic alphabet."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/tertullian/": {"t": "Tertullian", "s": "Early Christian author and first Latin theologian."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/eusebius/": {"t": "Eusebius", "s": "Historian of Christianity and bishop of Caesarea."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/paul-the-apostle/": {"t": "Paul the Apostle", "s": "Apostle to the Gentiles and author of many New Testament epistles."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/irenaeus/": {"t": "Irenaeus", "s": "Second-century Greek bishop, defender of orthodoxy against Gnosticism, and author of Against Heresies."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/domitian/": {"t": "Domitian", "s": "Last of the Flavians: Ruthless autocrat who expanded Rome's borders and rebuilt the city, but was assassinated and condemned by the Senate."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/chersonesus/": {"t": "Chersonesus", "s": "Ancient Greek colony on the Crimean Peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/religious/ignatius-of-antioch/": {"t": "Ignatius of Antioch", "s": "Early Christian bishop and martyr whose letters shaped early theology."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/christian-mission/": {"t": "Christian mission", "s": "Organized efforts to spread Christianity across boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/glagolitic-script/": {"t": "Glagolitic script", "s": "Oldest-known Slavic alphabet, created for liturgical translation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/benedict-of-nursia/": {"t": "Benedict of Nursia", "s": "Italian monk who authored the influential Rule of Saint Benedict."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moravia/": {"t": "Moravia", "s": "A historical land in the east of the Czech Republic, named after the Morava river."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/gospel/": {"t": "Gospel", "s": "Episodic narratives of Jesus's words, deeds, death, and resurrection."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-psalms/": {"t": "Book of Psalms", "s": "Anthology of Hebrew hymns, central to Jewish and Christian liturgy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/carolingian-empire/": {"t": "Carolingian Empire", "s": "Frankish empire that revived the Roman imperial title in the West."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charlemagne/": {"t": "Charlemagne", "s": "Father of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/creators-of-writing-systems/e/creators-of-writing-systems/clement-of-ohrid/": {"t": "Clement of Ohrid", "s": "Disciple of Cyril and Methodius, founder of the Ohrid Literary School."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/boris-i-of-bulgaria/": {"t": "Boris I of Bulgaria", "s": "Ruler who Christianized Bulgaria and fostered Slavic literacy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/img/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/boris-i-of-bulgaria.webp", "c": "Constantine of Preslav · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/lutetia/": {"t": "Lutetia", "s": "Gallo–Roman town that became the predecessor of modern Paris."}, "https://codexery.com/cephalophores/e/cephalophores/cephalophore/": {"t": "Cephalophore", "s": "A saint carrying their own severed head after martyrdom."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/french-people/": {"t": "French people", "s": "A people defined by citizenship, language, and a shared willingness to live together."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-ix-of-france/": {"t": "Louis IX of France", "s": "Saint Louis, the monk king who led crusades and reformed justice."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-the-pious/": {"t": "Louis the Pious", "s": "The only surviving son of Charlemagne who ruled the Franks and faced civil war among his sons."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/natural-science/": {"t": "Natural science", "s": "Empirical study of natural phenomena through observation and experimentation."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/aragon/": {"t": "Aragon", "s": "Autonomous community in northeastern Spain, historic Kingdom of Aragon."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/toulouse/": {"t": "Toulouse", "s": "The Pink City"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/basilica/": {"t": "Basilica", "s": "Ancient Roman public building, later adapted for Christian worship."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/anglicanism/": {"t": "Anglicanism", "s": "A Western Christian tradition rooted in the Church of England."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral/": {"t": "St. Paul's Cathedral", "s": "Wren's domed English Baroque cathedral on Ludgate Hill, seat of the Bishop of London.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St Paul's Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/munster/": {"t": "Munster", "s": "The largest province of Ireland, rich in history, mythology, and sporting tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/berkshire/": {"t": "Berkshire", "s": "The Royal County of Berkshire"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/oxfordshire/": {"t": "Oxfordshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South East England, home to the University of Oxford and the Cotswolds."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/northamptonshire/": {"t": "Northamptonshire", "s": "The county of spires and squires"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/lancashire/": {"t": "Lancashire", "s": "A ceremonial county in North West England, bordered by Cumbria, North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Greater Manchester, Merseyside, and the Irish Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/e/catholic-popes-and-cardinals/pope-benedict-xvi/": {"t": "Pope Benedict XVI", "s": "Pope emeritus who resigned in 2013 and died in 2022", "i": "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/img/catholic-popes-and-cardinals/pope-benedict-xvi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fermentation/e/fermented-foods/poi-hawaiian-food/": {"t": "Poi (Hawaiian food)", "s": "Fermented taro paste, a sacred Hawaiian staple with sour yogurt-like notes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fermentation/img/fermented-foods/poi-hawaiian-food.webp", "c": "Frank and Frances Carpenter Collection · Public domain"}, "/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/francis-xavier/": {"t": "Francis Xavier", "s": "Navarrese Jesuit co-founder and missionary who carried Christianity to India, the Maluku Islands and Japan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/francis-xavier.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Francis Xavier · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/smallpox/": {"t": "Smallpox", "s": "Eradicated viral disease that killed hundreds of millions."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/whooping-cough/": {"t": "Whooping cough", "s": "A highly contagious bacterial disease causing severe coughing fits."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/kal-kaua/": {"t": "Kalākaua", "s": "Last king and penultimate monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/foo-fighters/e/places/chicago/": {"t": "Chicago", "s": "A wind-swept city where the spirit of rock and roll never sleeps."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/pandanus/": {"t": "Pandanus", "s": "Palm-like trees and shrubs of the Old World tropics."}, "https://codexery.com/extant-reptiles-amphibians/e/extant-reptiles-and-amphibians/olm/": {"t": "Olm", "s": "Blind cave salamander adapted to permanent darkness."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/good-friday/": {"t": "Good Friday", "s": "Christian holy day commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/krak-w/": {"t": "Kraków", "s": "Historic royal capital and UNESCO World Heritage city in southern Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/e/catholic-popes-and-cardinals/pope-francis/": {"t": "Pope Francis", "s": "First Latin American pope, known for humility and reform.", "i": "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/img/catholic-popes-and-cardinals/pope-francis.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pope Francis · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/massachusetts/": {"t": "Massachusetts", "s": "A New England state with a rich colonial and revolutionary history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/massachusetts.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/vincent-de-paul/": {"t": "Vincent de Paul", "s": "French priest who served the poor and founded religious communities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/vincent-de-paul.webp", "c": "Simon François de Tours (1606-1671) · via Wikipedia: Vincent de Paul · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/reformation/": {"t": "Reformation", "s": "A 16th-century movement that challenged Catholic authority and birthed Protestantism."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-savoy/": {"t": "Duchy of Savoy", "s": "A composite monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1416 to 1847."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/mary-mother-of-jesus/": {"t": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "s": "First-century Jewish woman, mother of Jesus, venerated in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/e/christian-scriptures-and-epistles/first-epistle-of-john/": {"t": "First Epistle of John", "s": "A New Testament epistle on love, fellowship, and discerning true teachers."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/divinity/": {"t": "Divinity", "s": "A term for sacred power, from diffuse force to monotheistic essence."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/pilgrimage/": {"t": "Pilgrimage", "s": "A journey to a holy place for spiritual transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/e/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-geneva/": {"t": "Lake Geneva", "s": "Large Alpine lake shared by Switzerland and France.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/img/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-geneva.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/gallstone/": {"t": "Gallstone", "s": "Stone formed in gallbladder from precipitated bile components."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/miracle/": {"t": "Miracle", "s": "An event attributed to supernatural causes beyond natural laws."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/ignatius-of-loyola/": {"t": "Ignatius of Loyola", "s": "Founder of the Jesuits and author of the Spiritual Exercises."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/john-iii-of-portugal/": {"t": "John III of Portugal", "s": "King of Portugal who expanded the empire globally."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/goa/": {"t": "Goa", "s": "India's smallest state by area, with a rich Portuguese heritage and vibrant biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/goa.webp", "c": "Fredericknoronha · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/borneo/": {"t": "Borneo", "s": "Third-largest island, divided among three sovereign states."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands/": {"t": "Maluku Islands", "s": "The Spice Islands at the crossroads of Asia and Oceania.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maluku Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/crown-of-aragon/": {"t": "Crown of Aragon", "s": "A medieval Mediterranean thalassocracy of autonomous realms under one king."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/peter-faber/": {"t": "Peter Faber", "s": "Savoyard Catholic priest, theologian, and co-founder of the Society of Jesus", "i": "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/img/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/peter-faber.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Peter of Damascus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/seminary/": {"t": "Seminary", "s": "Educational institutions for training clergy and ministers in theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/seminary.webp", "c": "Aren Noronha · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-lamentations/": {"t": "Book of Lamentations", "s": "The Book of Lamentations is a collection of five poetic laments mourning the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/armenian-apostolic-church/": {"t": "Armenian Apostolic Church", "s": "Ancient autocephalous church of Armenia, first state Christian church."}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/lake-van/": {"t": "Lake Van", "s": "Turkey's largest lake, a saline endorheic body in the Armenian highlands."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/assumption-of-mary/": {"t": "Assumption of Mary", "s": "Catholic dogma of Mary's bodily assumption into heaven."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/basil-ii/": {"t": "Basil II", "s": "The Bulgar Slayer who expanded the Byzantine Empire to its greatest extent in four centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-viii/": {"t": "Constantine VIII", "s": "Longest-reigning de jure Byzantine emperor, whose sole rule saw decline.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-viii.webp", "c": "Jaqeli · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ballads/e/ballads/ballad/": {"t": "Ballad", "s": "A narrative song form with roots in medieval dance and oral tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/ode/": {"t": "Ode", "s": "A lyric poem of elaborate form, praising a subject."}, "/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/basil-of-caesarea/": {"t": "Basil of Caesarea", "s": "Early Christian bishop, theologian, and founder of the Basileias hospital.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/early-church-fathers-and-saints/basil-of-caesarea.webp", "c": "Anonymous Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/slavery/": {"t": "Slavery", "s": "Slavery is the ownership of a person as property."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/acts-of-the-apostles/": {"t": "Acts of the Apostles", "s": "Fifth New Testament book recounting early Christian Church founding."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/ankara/": {"t": "Ankara", "s": "Capital of Turkey, ancient Galatian and Roman center."}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/gonzalo-fern-ndez-de-c-rdoba/": {"t": "Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba", "s": "Spanish general who transformed warfare with firearms and pikes."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/italian-wars/": {"t": "Italian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts driven by French–Habsburg rivalry in Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/holy-land/": {"t": "Holy Land", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members worldwide as of 2026."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/catalonia/": {"t": "Catalonia", "s": "An autonomous community in northeastern Spain with a distinct history and language."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/asceticism/": {"t": "Asceticism", "s": "Lifestyle of abstinence from worldly pleasures for spiritual goals."}, "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/e/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/john-calvin/": {"t": "John Calvin", "s": "French theologian and reformer, key figure in Calvinism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/img/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/john-calvin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Calvin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/malaria/": {"t": "Malaria", "s": "Mosquito-borne parasitic disease causing fever, anemia, and death."}, "https://codexery.com/canids-and-hyaenids/e/canids-and-hyaenids/wolf/": {"t": "Grey wolf", "s": "Largest wild canid, apex predator of Eurasia and North America."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism/": {"t": "Baptism", "s": "Christian rite of initiation using water, with varied modes and meanings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism.webp", "c": "Confidence24 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/castrated-people/e/castrated-people/eunuch/": {"t": "Eunuch", "s": "Castrated men serving in royal courts and religious roles across history."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/arcadius/": {"t": "Arcadius", "s": "Weak emperor dominated by ministers and his wife."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cyril-of-alexandria/": {"t": "Cyril of Alexandria", "s": "Patriarch of Alexandria and Doctor of the Church"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/christian-monasticism/": {"t": "Christian monasticism", "s": "Christian monasticism: ascetic, cloistered life dedicated to worship."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/law/": {"t": "Law", "s": "Rules enforced by institutions to regulate behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/christian-philosophy/": {"t": "Christian philosophy", "s": "The philosophical tradition that reconciles reason, science, and faith through Christian revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-folklore/e/indian-folklore/barlaam-and-josaphat/": {"t": "Barlaam and Josaphat", "s": "Christian saints whose legend derives from the life of the Buddha."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/heraclius/": {"t": "Heraclius", "s": "Byzantine emperor who defeated the Persians but lost newly regained lands to the Arab conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-al-malik-ibn-marwan/": {"t": "Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan", "s": "Fifth Umayyad caliph who reunified the Caliphate and introduced key administrative reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/quran/": {"t": "Quran", "s": "Central religious text of Islam, believed to be divine revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/euclid/": {"t": "Euclid", "s": "Ancient Greek mathematician, author of the Elements."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leo-iii-the-isaurian/": {"t": "Leo III the Isaurian", "s": "Byzantine emperor who ended anarchy and banned icon veneration."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/mount-athos/": {"t": "Mount Athos", "s": "Eastern Orthodox monastic center on a Greek peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/iconoclasm/": {"t": "Iconoclasm", "s": "The belief in the importance of destroying icons and images, often for religious or political reasons."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/antoninus-pius/": {"t": "Antoninus Pius", "s": "Roman emperor whose reign was the most peaceful of the Principate."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/ancient-greek-philosophy/": {"t": "Ancient Greek philosophy", "s": "Ancient Greek philosophy shaped Western thought from its 6th century BCE origins."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/marcus-aurelius/": {"t": "Marcus Aurelius", "s": "Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher, last of the Five Good Emperors."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/stoicism/": {"t": "Stoicism", "s": "Ancient Greek philosophy emphasizing virtue and rational living."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hadrian/": {"t": "Hadrian", "s": "Roman emperor from 117 to 138, builder of Hadrian's Wall and a promoter of philhellenism."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-logicians/e/philosophers-and-logicians/proclus/": {"t": "Proclus", "s": "Greek Neoplatonic philosopher, one of the last major classical philosophers of late antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/bosporus/": {"t": "Bosporus", "s": "The world's narrowest strait used for international navigation, connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and dividing Europe from Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire/": {"t": "Sasanian Empire", "s": "Iranian empire lasting from 224 to 651 AD.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire.webp", "c": "Original file by Ro4444, edited by me · via Wikipedia: Sasanian Empire · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/carthage/": {"t": "Carthage", "s": "Ancient Phoenician city on the coast of Tunisia, capital of a Punic empire."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "The empire on which the sun never set.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/spanish-empire.webp", "c": "Nagihuin · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/confession-religion/": {"t": "Confession (religion)", "s": "Acknowledgment of sins across religious traditions for spiritual healing."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/prophecy/": {"t": "Prophecy", "s": "A message from a supernatural entity to a prophet."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/cartagena-colombia/": {"t": "Cartagena, Colombia", "s": "Colonial port city and UNESCO World Heritage Site in Colombia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/cartagena-colombia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cartagena, Colombia · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-urban-viii/": {"t": "Pope Urban VIII", "s": "Pope who expanded papal territory, opposed Copernicanism, and left a legacy of debt."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/john-of-the-cross/": {"t": "John of the Cross", "s": "Mystical doctor and reformer of the Carmelite Order"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/vila/": {"t": "Ávila", "s": "Highest provincial capital in Spain, known for medieval walls and mystics."}, "https://codexery.com/limbo/e/characters/original-sin/": {"t": "Original sin", "s": "Inherited sinfulness from Adam and Eve, central to Christian theology."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-philosophy/e/nonfiction-and-philosophy/confessions-augustine/": {"t": "Confessions (Augustine)", "s": "Augustine of Hippo wrote Confessions (originally titled Confessions in Thirteen Books) in Latin between 397 and 400 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/classes-of-angels/e/classes-of-angels/seraph/": {"t": "Seraph", "s": "Six-winged celestial beings in Abrahamic traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/sculpture/ecstasy-of-saint-teresa/": {"t": "Ecstasy of Saint Teresa", "s": "Bernini's marble group of Saint Teresa's vision in the Cornaro Chapel."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-gregory-xiii/": {"t": "Pope Gregory XIII", "s": "The pope who gave us the calendar"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/burgos/": {"t": "Burgos", "s": "Historic city and former Francoist headquarters in northern Spain."}, "/e/early-church-fathers-and-saints/albertus-magnus/": {"t": "Albertus Magnus", "s": "Medieval philosopher, scientist, and Doctor of the Church who systematized Aristotle's works."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/thomism/": {"t": "Thomism", "s": "The philosophical and theological legacy of Thomas Aquinas."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/summa-theologica/": {"t": "Summa Theologica", "s": "The best-known work of Thomas Aquinas, a compendium of Catholic theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-works/img/literary-works/summa-theologica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Five Ways (Aquinas) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-sicily/": {"t": "Kingdom of Sicily", "s": "A medieval kingdom spanning Sicily, southern Italy, and briefly North Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/lombards/": {"t": "Lombards", "s": "Germanic conquerors of Italy, from the Elbe to the Po."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/normans/": {"t": "Normans", "s": "From Norse raiders to rulers of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/henry-viii/": {"t": "Henry VIII", "s": "King of England (1509–1547) and Ireland (1542–1547), known for his six marriages and the English Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/thomas-wolsey/": {"t": "Thomas Wolsey", "s": "Thomas Wolsey (c."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophy-theory/e/philosophy-and-theory/utopia-book/": {"t": "Utopia (book)", "s": "A fictional island society exploring political and social customs."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/political-system/": {"t": "Political system", "s": "A system defining government decision-making and authority allocation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/img/economic-and-social-concepts/political-system.webp", "c": "Politisches_System_in_Deutschland.svg : Mortadelo2005 derivative work: TastyCake · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/e/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/martin-luther/": {"t": "Martin Luther", "s": "German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/huldrych-zwingli/": {"t": "Huldrych Zwingli", "s": "Swiss theologian and leader of the Reformation in Switzerland."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/william-tyndale/": {"t": "William Tyndale", "s": "English biblical scholar and translator executed for heresy."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/city-of-london/": {"t": "City of London", "s": "Historic core and financial district of London."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/archbishop-of-canterbury/": {"t": "Archbishop of Canterbury", "s": "Senior bishop and primate of the Church of England, spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/greek-language/": {"t": "Greek language", "s": "Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/erasmus/": {"t": "Erasmus", "s": "Dutch humanist and theologian, key figure of the Northern Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/hans-holbein-the-younger/": {"t": "Hans Holbein the Younger", "s": "German painter and printmaker, King's Painter to Henry VIII", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/hans-holbein-the-younger.webp", "c": "Hans Holbein the Younger · via Wikipedia: Hans Holbein the Younger · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-iv/": {"t": "James IV", "s": "King of Scotland who died at the Battle of Flodden."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/parliament-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "Parliament of the United Kingdom", "s": "Supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/canon-law/": {"t": "Canon law", "s": "The internal legal system governing Christian churches, with roots in ancient church councils."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/tunis/": {"t": "Tunis", "s": "Capital of Tunisia, historic city on the Gulf of Tunis."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xiii/": {"t": "Louis XIII", "s": "King of France and Navarre, known for ending noble revolts and establishing the Académie française with Cardinal Richelieu."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/malang/": {"t": "Malang", "s": "Landlocked city in East Java with rich history and mild climate."}}