{"https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-folklore/e/turkish-folklore/dastan/": {"t": "Dastan", "s": "Ornate oral epic from Central Asia and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/book-of-dede-korkut/": {"t": "Book of Dede Korkut", "s": "Epic dastan of Oghuz Turks, preserving pre-Islamic and Islamic heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/modu-chanyu/": {"t": "Modu Chanyu", "s": "Founder of the Xiongnu Empire and a formidable steppe conqueror."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/turkic-mythology/": {"t": "Turkic mythology", "s": "Myths and legends of the Turkic people, rooted in Tengrism and shamanism."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aral-sea/": {"t": "Aral Sea", "s": "The southern remnant of the former Aral Sea, split into eastern and western basins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aral-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aral Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/seljuk-sultanate/": {"t": "Seljuk Sultanate", "s": "The Turco-Persian empire of the Oghuz Turks that stretched from Anatolia to the Hindu Kush."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/osman-i/": {"t": "Osman I", "s": "Eponymous founder of the Ottoman Empire, died 1323/4."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/gates-of-alexander/": {"t": "Gates of Alexander", "s": "Mountain passes and fortifications linked to Alexander legends."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/mermaids/e/mermaids/siren-mythology/": {"t": "Siren (mythology)", "s": "Female beings whose alluring voices lured sailors to their doom."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-legendary-creatures/e/greek-legendary-creatures/centaur/": {"t": "Centaur", "s": "Half-human, half-horse creature of Greek myth."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/pharaohs-of-egypt/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/nectanebo-ii/": {"t": "Nectanebo II", "s": "Last native pharaoh of Egypt, defeated by Achaemenids."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/pharaoh/": {"t": "Pharaoh", "s": "Monarch of ancient Egypt, intermediary between gods and people."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/ancient-olympic-games/": {"t": "Ancient Olympic Games", "s": "Ancient athletic contests held at Olympia in honor of Zeus."}, "https://codexery.com/egypt-myths/e/egyptian-myths/amun/": {"t": "Amun", "s": "The hidden king of the gods, Amun rose from Theban patron to national creator deity."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/darius-iii/": {"t": "Darius III", "s": "Last Achaemenid King of Kings, defeated by Alexander the Great"}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-places/e/mythological-places/land-of-darkness/": {"t": "Land of Darkness", "s": "A mythical land of perpetual darkness in Abkhazia."}, "https://codexery.com/pharaohs-of-egypt/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/ptolemy-i-soter/": {"t": "Ptolemy I Soter", "s": "Macedonian Greek general who founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/memphis-egypt/": {"t": "Memphis, Egypt", "s": "Ancient capital of Egypt, home to the Temple of Ptah and gateway to the pyramids."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-duos/e/mythological-duos/gog-and-magog/": {"t": "Gog and Magog", "s": "Eschatological figures from Hebrew Bible, New Testament, and Quran."}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/horns-of-alexander/": {"t": "Horns of Alexander", "s": "Ram-horned imagery of Alexander the Great across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/": {"t": "The Epic of Gilgamesh", "s": "The world's oldest surviving narrative literature, exploring mortality, friendship, and the quest for eternal life."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/polaris/": {"t": "Polaris", "s": "The current northern pole star and closest Cepheid variable."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/gospel/": {"t": "Gospel", "s": "Episodic narratives of Jesus's words, deeds, death, and resurrection."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/alcuin/": {"t": "Alcuin", "s": "Anglo-Saxon scholar and teacher who shaped the Carolingian Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charlemagne/": {"t": "Charlemagne", "s": "Father of Europe"}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/beowulf/": {"t": "Beowulf", "s": "Hero of the Geats who fought Grendel, his mother, and a dragon."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/alexander-romance/": {"t": "Alexander Romance", "s": "A fantastical ancient novel about Alexander the Great."}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/iskandarnama/": {"t": "Iskandarnama", "s": "Oldest Persian Alexander Romance, identifying Alexander with Dhu'l-Qarnayn."}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/al-kahf/": {"t": "Al-Kahf", "s": "The 18th Quranic chapter, revealed in Mecca, featuring the Seven Sleepers."}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/qissat-al-iskandar/": {"t": "Qissat al-Iskandar", "s": "Earliest Arabic Alexander Romance, identifying Alexander with Dhu'l-Qarnayn."}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/sa-b-dhu-marathid/": {"t": "Sa'b Dhu Marathid", "s": "Mythical Himyarite king identified as Dhu al-Qarnayn."}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/theories-about-alexander-the-great-in-the-quran/": {"t": "Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran", "s": "Scholars link Dhu al-Qarnayn to Alexander legends."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/e/islamic-mythology/dhu-l-qarnayn/": {"t": "Dhu'l-Qarnayn", "s": "A prophet-king who travels to the ends of the earth and builds a barrier against Gog and Magog.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/img/islamic-mythology/dhu-l-qarnayn.webp", "c": "Yethrosh · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/quran/": {"t": "Quran", "s": "Central religious text of Islam, believed to be divine revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula/": {"t": "Arabian Peninsula", "s": "World's largest peninsula, roughly comparable in size to India", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula.webp", "c": "SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE · via Wikipedia: Arabian Peninsula · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/public-administration/": {"t": "Public administration", "s": "The implementation of public policies and government programs."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/ethics/": {"t": "Ethics", "s": "Philosophical study of moral phenomena and normative questions."}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/al-mu-tasim/": {"t": "Al-Mu'tasim", "s": "Eighth Abbasid caliph who built a Turkic military regime."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/hermes/": {"t": "Hermes", "s": "Herald of the gods, protector of travelers, and guide of souls."}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/s-rat-al-iskandar/": {"t": "Sīrat al-Iskandar", "s": "A 13th-century Arabic popular romance about Alexander the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/muslim-conquest-of-persia/": {"t": "Muslim conquest of Persia", "s": "The Muslim conquest of Persia, occurring between 633 and 651 CE, saw the Rashidun Caliphate absorb the Sasanian Empire into the early Muslim conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/nizami-ganjavi/": {"t": "Nizami Ganjavi", "s": "12th-century Persian poet, master of romantic epic."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire/": {"t": "Sasanian Empire", "s": "Iranian empire lasting from 224 to 651 AD.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire.webp", "c": "Original file by Ro4444, edited by me · via Wikipedia: Sasanian Empire · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ferdowsi/": {"t": "Ferdowsi", "s": "Author of the Shahnameh, the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries."}, "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/e/persian-and-central-asian-poets/amir-khusrau/": {"t": "Amir Khusrau", "s": "Indo-Persian Sufi poet, musician, and scholar of the Delhi Sultanate", "i": "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/img/persian-and-central-asian-poets/amir-khusrau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amir Khusrau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-medieval-poets/e/classical-and-medieval-poets/jami/": {"t": "Jami", "s": "Persian Sufi poet and scholar of the Naqshbandi order."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato/": {"t": "Plato", "s": "Foundational Western philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/plato.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen · via Wikipedia: Plato · Public domain"}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/qissat-dhi-l-qarnayn/": {"t": "Qissat Dhi'l-Qarnayn", "s": "Hispano-Arabic legend of Alexander as Dhu'l-Qarnayn."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/e/islamic-mythology/qisas-al-anbiya/": {"t": "Qisas al-Anbiya", "s": "Collections of prophetic stories in Islamic tradition, derived from diverse sources and arranged chronologically."}, "https://codexery.com/individual-angels/e/individual-angels/khidr/": {"t": "Khidr", "s": "The Green One: Qur'anic figure of wisdom and mystery", "i": "https://codexery.com/individual-angels/img/individual-angels/khidr.webp", "c": "Durziil89 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/reconquista/": {"t": "Reconquista", "s": "Series of Christian campaigns ending Muslim rule in Iberia."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/arabic-alphabet/": {"t": "Arabic alphabet", "s": "A 28-letter cursive abjad written right-to-left."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/romance-languages/": {"t": "Romance languages", "s": "The Romance languages, often called the Latin languages, are those that evolved directly from Vulgar Latin."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tatars/": {"t": "Tatars", "s": "Turkic-speaking peoples across Eastern Europe and Northern Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/tatarstan/": {"t": "Tatarstan", "s": "A republic of Russia in Eastern Europe, rich in oil and history."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/surah/": {"t": "Surah", "s": "Chapters of the Quran, classified by revelation period and length."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/caucasus-mountains/": {"t": "Caucasus Mountains", "s": "Mountain range at the Asia-Europe border, home to Europe's highest peak."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/propaganda/": {"t": "Propaganda", "s": "Communication used to influence audiences and further an agenda."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/heraclius/": {"t": "Heraclius", "s": "Byzantine emperor who defeated the Persians but lost newly regained lands to the Arab conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/theological-and-philosophical-debates/e/theological-and-philosophical-debates/eschatology/": {"t": "Eschatology", "s": "Study of end times across religions and philosophies."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/christendom/": {"t": "Christendom", "s": "The global Christian community and its historical polity."}, "https://codexery.com/fossils/e/fossils/horns-of-ammon/": {"t": "Horns of Ammon", "s": "Ram-horn symbol linking Egyptian deity Ammon to fossil cephalopod shells."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/zeus/": {"t": "Zeus", "s": "King of the gods, sky and thunder deity."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-archetypes/e/mythological-archetypes/king-of-the-gods/": {"t": "King of the gods", "s": "Supreme deity presiding over a pantheon, often a sky father."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/arrian/": {"t": "Arrian", "s": "Greek historian, philosopher, and governor of Cappadocia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/siwa-oasis/": {"t": "Siwa Oasis", "s": "Ancient oasis of Amun-Ra in Egypt's Western Desert"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/eastern-arabia/": {"t": "Eastern Arabia", "s": "Historical coastal region of the eastern Arabian Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/eastern-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Shield (geology) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/derbent/": {"t": "Derbent", "s": "The southernmost city in Russia, a historic gateway between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/dagestan/": {"t": "Dagestan", "s": "Land of the Mountains"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/north-ossetia/": {"t": "North Ossetia", "s": "A republic in the North Caucasus, home to the Ossetian people and the capital Vladikavkaz."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/natural-history-pliny/": {"t": "Natural History (Pliny)", "s": "The ancient encyclopedia that shaped natural history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/josephus/": {"t": "Josephus", "s": "Roman–Jewish historian and military leader, author of The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/antiquities-of-the-jews/": {"t": "Antiquities of the Jews", "s": "A 20-volume Greek history of the Jewish people by Josephus."}, "https://codexery.com/jewish-mythology/e/jewish-mythology/japheth/": {"t": "Japheth", "s": "Son of Noah, ancestor of many Eurasian peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jewish-mythology/img/jewish-mythology/japheth.webp", "c": "Japheth Campbell for Liberty Committee · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/procopius/": {"t": "Procopius", "s": "Principal historian of the 6th century, chronicler of Justinian's wars and scandals."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/anastasius-i-dicorus/": {"t": "Anastasius I Dicorus", "s": "Eastern Roman emperor who reformed finances and built lasting defenses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/anastasius-i-dicorus.webp", "c": "Miguel Hermoso Cuesta · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china/": {"t": "The Great Wall of China", "s": "An ancient defensive system spanning thousands of miles across China's northern borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/fortifications-of-derbent/": {"t": "Fortifications of Derbent", "s": "A Sasanian-era fortified defense line guarding the Caspian Gates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/img/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/fortifications-of-derbent.webp", "c": "Vyacheslav Bukharov · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/ingushetia/": {"t": "Ingushetia", "s": "The smallest republic of Russia, home to the Ingush people, with a complex history and the highest life expectancy in the country."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/khosrow-i/": {"t": "Khosrow I", "s": "Sasanian King of Kings from 531 to 579, known for reforms, wars, and cultural flourishing."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sumatra/": {"t": "Sumatra", "s": "Large Indonesian island with rich history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/sumatra.webp", "c": "Sadalmelik · via Wikipedia: Sumatra · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/shahnameh/": {"t": "Shahnameh", "s": "National epic of Greater Iran by Ferdowsi."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/clement-of-alexandria/": {"t": "Clement of Alexandria", "s": "Christian theologian and philosopher who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria, known for blending Hellenistic philosophy with Christian doctrine."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/caracalla/": {"t": "Caracalla", "s": "Roman emperor who granted citizenship to all free inhabitants."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/hejaz/": {"t": "Hejaz", "s": "Historical region of western Arabia containing Islam's holiest cities."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mahmud-of-ghazni/": {"t": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "s": "Undefeated Sultan who built a vast empire from Iran to India."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/shia-islam/": {"t": "Shia Islam", "s": "The second-largest branch of Islam, rooted in the belief that Ali was Muhammad's chosen successor."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/e/islamic-mythology/isra-and-mi-raj/": {"t": "Isra' and Mi'raj", "s": "The night journey and ascension of Muhammad, a pivotal event in Islamic tradition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/img/islamic-mythology/isra-and-mi-raj.webp", "c": "Ahmad252 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ja-far-al-sadiq/": {"t": "Ja'far al-Sadiq", "s": "Sixth Shia Imam and founder of the Ja'fari school of law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ja-far-al-sadiq.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/sleep-in-mythology-and-folklore/e/sleep-in-mythology-and-folklore/seven-sleepers/": {"t": "Seven Sleepers", "s": "A legend of youths who slept centuries in a cave."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-kathir/": {"t": "Ibn Kathir", "s": "Arab exegete and historian, author of Tafsir Ibn Kathir.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/img/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-kathir.webp", "c": "KneeHallHawk · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/musa-al-kazim/": {"t": "Musa al-Kazim", "s": "Seventh Twelver Shia Imam, known for piety and prison endurance."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/islamic-eschatology/": {"t": "Islamic eschatology", "s": "Islamic beliefs about end times, judgment, and afterlife."}, "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/e/biologists-and-naturalists/richard-dawkins/": {"t": "Richard Dawkins", "s": "Evolutionary biologist and prominent atheist author.", "i": "https://codexery.com/biologists-naturalists/img/biologists-and-naturalists/richard-dawkins.webp", "c": "Steve Jurvetson · via Wikipedia: Richard Dawkins · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/medina/": {"t": "Medina", "s": "Second holiest city in Islam, cradle of Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/hadith/": {"t": "Hadith", "s": "The second authority after the Quran, shaping Islamic law and doctrine through reported words and deeds of the Prophet."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/religious/rashi/": {"t": "Rashi", "s": "Medieval French rabbi and commentator whose works remain central to Torah study."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/ancient-mysteries/the-dead-sea-scrolls/": {"t": "The Dead Sea Scrolls", "s": "Ancient Jewish manuscripts from the Second Temple period, discovered near the Dead Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/torah/e/books/torah-scroll/": {"t": "Torah scroll", "s": "Handwritten copy of the Torah used in Jewish liturgical reading."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/religious/nachmanides/": {"t": "Nachmanides", "s": "Leading medieval Jewish scholar, rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator from Girona."}, "https://codexery.com/limbo/e/characters/original-sin/": {"t": "Original sin", "s": "Inherited sinfulness from Adam and Eve, central to Christian theology."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-festival-or-ritual/e/animal-festival-or-ritual/kapparot/": {"t": "Kapparot", "s": "Jewish atonement ritual using chickens or money."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-mythology/e/christian-mythology/antichrist/": {"t": "Antichrist", "s": "Prophesied opponent of Christ, appearing before the Second Coming."}, "https://codexery.com/bible/e/gospels/david/": {"t": "David", "s": "Second king of the united Kingdom of Israel."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/simon-bar-kokhba/": {"t": "Simon bar Kokhba", "s": "Jewish military leader who led the Bar Kokhba Revolt against Rome (132–135 CE)"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-new-religious-movements/e/founders-of-new-religious-movements/joseph-smith/": {"t": "Joseph Smith", "s": "Founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-scholars-mystics/e/islamic-scholars-and-mystics/ibn-abbas/": {"t": "Ibn Abbas", "s": "The Ocean of Knowledge: Cousin of the Prophet and greatest Qur'anic exegete."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/asia/": {"t": "Asia", "s": "Largest continent by area and population, cradle of many civilisations."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-european-legendary-creatures/e/medieval-european-legendary-creatures/cynocephaly/": {"t": "Cynocephaly", "s": "Dog-headed human hybrids appear worldwide in myth and medieval legend."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/kaaba/": {"t": "Kaaba", "s": "Stone building at Islam's holiest mosque, determining prayer direction worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/individual-angels/e/individual-angels/israfil/": {"t": "Israfil", "s": "The angel of the trumpet in Islam", "i": "https://codexery.com/individual-angels/img/individual-angels/israfil.webp", "c": "WiktorN.PL · CC BY-SA 3.0 pl"}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/primary-source/": {"t": "Primary source", "s": "Original source created at the time under study."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-medieval-poets/e/classical-and-medieval-poets/imru-al-qais/": {"t": "Imru' al-Qais", "s": "Pre-Islamic poet and last King of Kinda, known for his Mu'allaqa and legendary quest for vengeance."}, "https://codexery.com/persian-and-central-asian-poets/e/persian-and-central-asian-poets/ali-shir-nava-i/": {"t": "Ali-Shir Nava'i", "s": "Timurid poet, writer, statesman, linguist, Hanafi Maturidi mystic and painter; greatest representative of Chagatai literature."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-inventions/e/iranian-inventions/mathnawi/": {"t": "Mathnawi", "s": "A rhyming couplet poem form across Islamic literary traditions."}, "/e/dhu-l-qarnayn/hikayat-iskandar-zulkarnain/": {"t": "Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain", "s": "A Malay epic of Alexander in the Alexander Romance tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malay-language/": {"t": "Malay language", "s": "An Austronesian language native to Maritime Southeast Asia and the Malay Peninsula, official in Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/iblis/": {"t": "Iblis", "s": "Leader of the devils in Islam, cast out for refusing to bow to Adam."}}