{"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/henry-viii/": {"t": "Henry VIII", "s": "King of England (1509–1547) and Ireland (1542–1547), known for his six marriages and the English Reformation."}, "/e/device-forts/mersea-fort/": {"t": "Mersea Fort", "s": "Triangular Tudor fort defending the River Colne."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/kent/": {"t": "Kent", "s": "The Garden of England"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/essex/": {"t": "Essex", "s": "Ceremonial county in South East England with ancient woodland and long coastline."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elizabeth-i/": {"t": "Elizabeth I", "s": "The Virgin Queen who presided over the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war/": {"t": "English Civil War", "s": "King versus Parliament: a revolution that beheaded a monarchy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/gunpowder/": {"t": "Gunpowder", "s": "Earliest chemical explosive, used as propellant and blasting agent."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/battlement/": {"t": "Battlement", "s": "A parapet with gaps for defense and a symbol of status.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/img/castle-architecture/battlement.webp", "c": "Werner Richner · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/sussex/": {"t": "Sussex", "s": "The historic kingdom and county of the South Saxons."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "/e/device-forts/deal-castle/": {"t": "Deal Castle", "s": "A Tudor artillery fort defending the Downs anchorage."}, "/e/device-forts/sandown-castle-kent/": {"t": "Sandown Castle, Kent", "s": "Henry VIII's artillery fort defending the Downs anchorage."}, "/e/device-forts/walmer-castle/": {"t": "Walmer Castle", "s": "Tudor artillery fort turned Lord Warden's residence."}, "/e/device-forts/sandgate-castle/": {"t": "Sandgate Castle", "s": "Henry VIII artillery fort later converted into a Martello tower."}, "/e/device-forts/gravesend-blockhouse/": {"t": "Gravesend Blockhouse", "s": "Tudor blockhouse defending the Thames approach to London."}, "/e/device-forts/milton-blockhouse/": {"t": "Milton Blockhouse", "s": "A Tudor blockhouse defending the River Thames."}, "/e/device-forts/tilbury-fort/": {"t": "Tilbury Fort", "s": "A Thames-side artillery fort with Britain's finest 17th-century defences."}, "/e/device-forts/camber-castle/": {"t": "Camber Castle", "s": "A 16th-century artillery fort built to protect the Sussex coast."}, "/e/device-forts/calshot-castle/": {"t": "Calshot Castle", "s": "A Tudor artillery fort defending the Solent."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/the-solent/": {"t": "The Solent", "s": "Strait between Isle of Wight and mainland Great Britain."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/dorset/": {"t": "Dorset", "s": "A ceremonial county in South West England with a varied landscape and a coastline largely part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site."}, "/e/device-forts/portland-castle/": {"t": "Portland Castle", "s": "Henrician artillery fort defending Portland Roads anchorage."}, "/e/device-forts/pendennis-castle/": {"t": "Pendennis Castle", "s": "Henry VIII's artillery fort defending the River Fal."}, "/e/device-forts/st-mawes-castle/": {"t": "St Mawes Castle", "s": "Henrician artillery fort defending the Carrick Roads waterway."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/concrete/": {"t": "Concrete", "s": "Second-most-used substance after water; most-manufactured material worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/promontory/": {"t": "Promontory", "s": "A raised landmass projecting into lowland or water, often used for defense."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "/e/device-forts/device-forts/": {"t": "Device Forts", "s": "Henrician coastal artillery forts built against invasion."}, "/e/device-forts/landguard-fort/": {"t": "Landguard Fort", "s": "Fort guarding the River Orwell, managed by English Heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/hampshire/": {"t": "Hampshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South East England, historically known as the County of Southampton until its renaming to Hampshire in 1959."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/southampton-water/": {"t": "Southampton Water", "s": "Tidal estuary and 1908 Olympic sailing venue in southern England.", "i": "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/img/olympic-sailing-venues/southampton-water.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Southampton Water · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/curtain-wall-fortification/": {"t": "Curtain wall (fortification)", "s": "Defensive wall between fortified towers or bastions."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/english-channel/": {"t": "English Channel", "s": "The busiest shipping area in the world, separating Southern England from northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/schneider-trophy/e/schneider-trophy/schneider-trophy/": {"t": "Schneider Trophy", "s": "A trophy for seaplane speed races won permanently by Britain in 1931.", "i": "https://codexery.com/schneider-trophy/img/schneider-trophy/schneider-trophy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Schneider Trophy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/new-forest-folklore/e/new-forest-folklore/hurst-castle/": {"t": "Hurst Castle", "s": "Tudor fort guarding the Solent, later a prison for Charles I.", "i": "https://codexery.com/new-forest-folklore/img/new-forest-folklore/hurst-castle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hurst Castle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/new-forest-folklore/e/new-forest-folklore/beaulieu-abbey/": {"t": "Beaulieu Abbey", "s": "King John's sole religious foundation, now a haunted ruin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/new-forest-folklore/img/new-forest-folklore/beaulieu-abbey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Beaulieu Abbey · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-i-of-england/": {"t": "Charles I of England", "s": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland executed after civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/embrasure/": {"t": "Embrasure", "s": "Opening in fortifications for firing weapons while remaining under cover."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/french-revolutionary-wars/": {"t": "French Revolutionary Wars", "s": "The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major military conflicts sparked by the French Revolution, lasting from 1792 to 1802."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/barge/": {"t": "Barge", "s": "Flat-bottomed boat without mechanical propulsion, used for cargo.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/img/transportation-engineering/barge.webp", "c": "Matti Blume · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electrical-systems/e/electrical-systems/electric-generator/": {"t": "Electric generator", "s": "Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for external circuits."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moravia/": {"t": "Moravia", "s": "A historical land in the east of the Czech Republic, named after the Morava river."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-by-type/e/castles-by-type/concentric-castle/": {"t": "Concentric castle", "s": "A castle with two or more concentric curtain walls for layered defense."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/j-m-w-turner/": {"t": "J. M. W. Turner", "s": "English Romantic painter who elevated landscape painting."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/thomas-wolsey/": {"t": "Thomas Wolsey", "s": "Thomas Wolsey (c."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/normandy/": {"t": "Normandy", "s": "The historic homeland of the Normans, spanning mainland France and the Channel Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii/": {"t": "Edward VII", "s": "King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 1901 to 1910.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/edward-vii.webp", "c": "Author (artist) unknown (work was published in 1888) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/operation-overlord/": {"t": "Operation Overlord", "s": "Allied invasion that liberated German-occupied Western Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/devon/": {"t": "Devon", "s": "Ceremonial county in South West England with two coastlines."}, "https://codexery.com/dartmoor/e/dartmoor/river-dart/": {"t": "River Dart", "s": "A Devon river rising on Dartmoor and flowing to Dartmouth."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/hundred-years-war/": {"t": "Hundred Years' War", "s": "The Hundred Years' War was not a single continuous battle but a long, stop-start series of conflicts between England and France, lasting from 1337 to 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/enclosure-castle/": {"t": "Enclosure castle", "s": "A fortified residence defended by walls and towers."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/fortified-tower/": {"t": "Fortified tower", "s": "Defensive tower used in castles and fortifications."}, "https://codexery.com/gunpowder/e/gunpowder/shell-projectile/": {"t": "Shell (projectile)", "s": "A projectile with explosive, incendiary, or chemical filling fired from artillery."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/granite/": {"t": "Granite", "s": "A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, mica, and plagioclase.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/granite.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/lighthouse/": {"t": "Lighthouse", "s": "Tower emitting light for maritime navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/captains-of-deal-castle/e/captains-of-deal-castle/john-norris-royal-navy-officer/": {"t": "John Norris (Royal Navy officer)", "s": "Royal Navy officer and Whig politician, served in multiple wars."}, "https://codexery.com/captains-of-deal-castle/e/captains-of-deal-castle/robert-smith-1st-baron-carrington/": {"t": "Robert Smith, 1st Baron Carrington", "s": "British banker, MP, and peer who captained Deal Castle."}, "https://codexery.com/captains-of-deal-castle/e/captains-of-deal-castle/william-birdwood/": {"t": "William Birdwood", "s": "British Indian Army officer who led ANZAC forces at Gallipoli."}, "https://codexery.com/ship-graveyards/e/ship-graveyards/goodwin-sands/": {"t": "Goodwin Sands", "s": "A shifting sandbank off Kent that has wrecked over 2,000 ships.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ship-graveyards/img/ship-graveyards/goodwin-sands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Goodwin Sands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/captains-of-deal-castle/e/captains-of-deal-castle/nathaniel-rich-soldier/": {"t": "Nathaniel Rich (soldier)", "s": "Parliamentarian colonel and Fifth Monarchist who opposed Cromwell's Protectorate."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-ii-of-england/": {"t": "James II of England", "s": "Last Catholic monarch deposed in the Glorious Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/machine-gun/": {"t": "Machine gun", "s": "A fully automatic firearm for sustained direct fire support.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/machine-gun.webp", "c": "Nafis Fuad Ayon · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/river-thames/": {"t": "River Thames", "s": "Longest river entirely in England, flowing through London."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/mudflat/": {"t": "Mudflat", "s": "Coastal wetlands formed by tidal sediment deposition."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/the-tower-of-london/": {"t": "The Tower of London", "s": "A historic citadel and castle on the north bank of the River Thames, founded in 1066."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Tom Lemmens · via Wikipedia: Flanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/edward-vi/": {"t": "Edward VI", "s": "King of England and Ireland, first Protestant monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-v/": {"t": "James V", "s": "King of Scotland who strengthened royal power and founded the College of Justice."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mary-queen-of-scots/": {"t": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "s": "Queen of Scotland from infancy, imprisoned and executed by her cousin Elizabeth I."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/windsor-castle/": {"t": "Windsor Castle", "s": "A royal residence embodying almost a millennium of architectural history."}, "https://codexery.com/welsh-folklore/e/welsh-folklore/king-arthur/": {"t": "King Arthur", "s": "Legendary king of Britain and folk hero."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/james-iv/": {"t": "James IV", "s": "King of Scotland who died at the Battle of Flodden."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-crystals/e/minerals-and-crystals/spinel/": {"t": "Spinel", "s": "A gemstone mineral often mistaken for ruby."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/palace-of-westminster/": {"t": "Palace of Westminster", "s": "Meeting place of the UK Parliament, a symbol of British government."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/pomegranate/": {"t": "Pomegranate", "s": "Ancient fruit domesticated in Iran, now cultivated worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mary-i/": {"t": "Mary I", "s": "The first queen regnant of England, known for her attempt to reverse the English Reformation and the Marian persecutions."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/grotesque/": {"t": "Grotesque", "s": "A term for distorted forms evoking bizarreness and pity."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/suffolk/": {"t": "Suffolk", "s": "A county of ancient coasts, royal ship burials, and enduring rural character."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/dutch-people/": {"t": "Dutch people", "s": "Ethnic group native to the Netherlands, with global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/michiel-de-ruyter/": {"t": "Michiel de Ruyter", "s": "The Dutch naval hero who raided the Medway and thwarted invasions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/michiel-de-ruyter.webp", "c": "Ferdinand Bol · via Wikipedia: Michiel de Ruyter · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/thomas-gainsborough/": {"t": "Thomas Gainsborough", "s": "English portrait and landscape painter, founding member of the Royal Academy", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/thomas-gainsborough.webp", "c": "Thomas Gainsborough · via Wikipedia: Thomas Gainsborough · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/salt-marsh/": {"t": "Salt marsh", "s": "Tidal wetland ecosystem dominated by salt-tolerant plants."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/drawbridge/": {"t": "Drawbridge", "s": "A defensive bridge raised to deny entry to attackers."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/oliver-cromwell/": {"t": "Oliver Cromwell", "s": "Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/reformation/": {"t": "Reformation", "s": "A 16th-century movement that challenged Catholic authority and birthed Protestantism."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic architecture", "s": "Medieval architectural style defined by the pointed arch and verticality."}, "/e/device-forts/southsea-castle/": {"t": "Southsea Castle", "s": "Henry VIII's artillery fort defending the Solent and Portsmouth."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexander-pope/": {"t": "Alexander Pope", "s": "English poet, translator, and satirist of the Enlightenment era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/alexander-pope.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Pope · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/national-health-service/": {"t": "National Health Service", "s": "Four publicly funded healthcare systems serving the United Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/orchestral-instruments/e/orchestral-instruments/organ-music/": {"t": "Organ (music)", "s": "A keyboard instrument with pipes or electronic sound generation."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/yorkshire/": {"t": "Yorkshire", "s": "God's own country"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/naval-mine/": {"t": "Naval mine", "s": "Explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy vessels."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/walter-raleigh/": {"t": "Walter Raleigh", "s": "English statesman, soldier, writer and explorer of the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/cuisine-of-hawaii/e/cuisine-of-hawaii/limpet/": {"t": "Limpet", "s": "Conical-shelled gastropods found in diverse marine and freshwater habitats."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/anti-aircraft-warfare/": {"t": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "s": "Measures to nullify or reduce hostile air action.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/anti-aircraft-warfare.webp", "c": "AceDouble · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ruined-castles-in-england/e/ruined-castles-in-england/sandsfoot-castle/": {"t": "Sandsfoot Castle", "s": "A Tudor artillery fort guarding Weymouth Bay.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ruined-castles-in-england/img/ruined-castles-in-england/sandsfoot-castle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sandsfoot Castle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/crimean-war/": {"t": "Crimean War", "s": "A mid-19th century conflict between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia, notable for modern technologies and "}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/cornwall/": {"t": "Cornwall", "s": "A Celtic nation and ceremonial county in South West England."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/cannon/": {"t": "Cannon", "s": "A heavy artillery weapon that evolved from the fire-lance."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-aquatic-creatures/e/mythological-aquatic-creatures/sea-monster/": {"t": "Sea monster", "s": "Folklore beings of immense size dwelling in the sea."}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/bow-and-arrow/": {"t": "Bow and arrow", "s": "A prehistoric ranged weapon system still used for hunting and sport."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lord-byron/": {"t": "Lord Byron", "s": "British Romantic poet and satirist, known for Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/lord-byron.webp", "c": "Thomas Phillips · via Wikipedia: Lord Byron · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/slate/": {"t": "Slate", "s": "Fine-grained metamorphic rock with slaty cleavage, used for roofing and writing."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/parliamentary-system/": {"t": "Parliamentary system", "s": "Government based on parliamentary confidence and fusion of powers."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/somerset/": {"t": "Somerset", "s": "A rural county with ancient history and cultural festivals."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/gloucestershire/": {"t": "Gloucestershire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South West England, bisected by the River Severn and home to the Cotswolds, Forest of Dean, and Wye Valley."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/shingle-beach/": {"t": "Shingle beach", "s": "A steep, narrow beach of smooth, waterworn gravel."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/mortar-masonry/": {"t": "Mortar (masonry)", "s": "Workable paste that hardens to bind masonry units."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/military-engineering/": {"t": "Military engineering", "s": "Military engineering shapes the physical operating environment for armed forces."}, "/e/device-forts/yarmouth-castle/": {"t": "Yarmouth Castle", "s": "Henry VIII's arrow-head bastion fort on the Isle of Wight."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/parliament/": {"t": "Parliament", "s": "A legislature representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing government."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/smuggling/": {"t": "Smuggling", "s": "Illegal movement of goods or people across borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/img/crime-and-deviance/smuggling.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/grade-i-listed-castles/e/grade-i-listed-castles/dover-castle/": {"t": "Dover Castle", "s": "Medieval castle guarding the English Channel since the 11th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/grade-i-listed-castles/img/grade-i-listed-castles/dover-castle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dover Castle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/shipwrecks/e/famous-shipwrecks/the-mary-rose/": {"t": "The Mary Rose", "s": "A Tudor carrack, launched 1511, raised 1982 – a time capsule of Henry VIII's navy."}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/james-fitzjames-1st-duke-of-berwick/": {"t": "James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick", "s": "Illegitimate son of James II who became a Marshal of France."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/earthworks-engineering/": {"t": "Earthworks (engineering)", "s": "Engineering works processing soil or unformed rock for construction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/earthworks-engineering.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/impressment/": {"t": "Impressment", "s": "Forced naval conscription used by European navies from the 16th to 19th centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington/": {"t": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington", "s": "British field marshal and prime minister who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/cast-iron/": {"t": "Cast iron", "s": "Iron-carbon alloy with >2% carbon, valued for castability."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/prime-minister/": {"t": "Prime minister", "s": "Head of government leading the cabinet in parliamentary systems."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/robert-jenkinson-2nd-earl-of-liverpool/": {"t": "Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool", "s": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1812 to 1827"}, "/e/device-forts/sandown-castle-isle-of-wight/": {"t": "Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight", "s": "A hybrid Italian-English Device Fort on the Isle of Wight."}, "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/e/castle-architecture/buttress/": {"t": "Buttress", "s": "Architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall.", "i": "https://codexery.com/castle-architecture/img/castle-architecture/buttress.webp", "c": "Acroterion · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/device-forts/cowes-castle/": {"t": "Cowes Castle", "s": "Henry VIII's coastal fort turned Royal Yacht Squadron clubhouse."}}