{"https://codexery.com/space-telescopes/e/space-telescopes/space-telescope/": {"t": "Space telescope", "s": "Telescopes in space avoiding atmospheric interference for astronomical observation."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-france/e/space-program-of-france/thales-alenia-space/": {"t": "Thales Alenia Space", "s": "European joint venture for satellites and space infrastructure."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/french-guiana/": {"t": "French Guiana", "s": "French Guiana, officially named Guyane, is an overseas department and region of France situated on the northern coast of South America within the Guianas region", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/french-guiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Politics of French Guiana · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/infrared-telescope/": {"t": "Infrared telescope", "s": "Telescope using infrared light to detect celestial bodies."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-james-webb-space-telescope/": {"t": "The James Webb Space Telescope", "s": "The largest space telescope, observing the infrared universe from beyond Earth's orbit."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/infrared/": {"t": "Infrared", "s": "Invisible electromagnetic radiation between visible light and microwaves."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/submillimetre-astronomy/": {"t": "Submillimetre astronomy", "s": "Submillimetre astronomy traces cold gas and dust across the universe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/img/astrophotography/submillimetre-astronomy.webp", "c": "ESO/ P. Horálek · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/solar-and-heliospheric-observatory/": {"t": "Solar and Heliospheric Observatory", "s": "ESA-NASA solar observatory that discovered over 5,000 comets."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/cluster-ii-spacecraft/": {"t": "Cluster II (spacecraft)", "s": "Four-satellite ESA mission to study Earth's magnetosphere in 3D."}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/rosetta-spacecraft/": {"t": "Rosetta (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to orbit and land on a comet."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/lagrange-point/": {"t": "Lagrange point", "s": "Equilibrium points for small objects in two-body gravitational systems."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/william-herschel/": {"t": "William Herschel", "s": "Discoverer of Uranus and infrared radiation", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/william-herschel.webp", "c": "Lemuel Francis Abbott · via Wikipedia: William Herschel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/uranus/": {"t": "Uranus", "s": "The seventh planet, a tilted ice giant with extreme seasons."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/caroline-herschel/": {"t": "Caroline Herschel", "s": "First professional female astronomer and comet discoverer."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/spiral-galaxies/e/spiral-galaxies/milky-way/": {"t": "Milky Way", "s": "The barred spiral galaxy containing the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/light-year/": {"t": "Light-year", "s": "A unit of distance, not time, used for astronomical scales."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/observatories-of-europe/e/observatories-of-europe/calar-alto-observatory/": {"t": "Calar Alto Observatory", "s": "Home to mainland Europe's largest telescope."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/planck-spacecraft/": {"t": "Planck (spacecraft)", "s": "ESA observatory that mapped the cosmic microwave background with unprecedented precision."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-france/e/space-program-of-france/guiana-space-centre/": {"t": "Guiana Space Centre", "s": "European spaceport in South America near the equator."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/dark-nebula/": {"t": "Dark nebula", "s": "Dark patches in the Milky Way that block visible light", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/dark-nebula.webp", "c": "Thedarksideobservatory · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ngc-objects/e/ngc-objects/ngc-1999/": {"t": "NGC 1999", "s": "A reflection nebula with a keyhole-shaped void of empty space."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-comets/e/periodic-comets/103p-hartley/": {"t": "103P/Hartley", "s": "Small periodic comet visited by Deep Impact in 2010."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/jupiter/": {"t": "Jupiter", "s": "Largest planet in the Solar System, a gas giant with a Great Red Spot."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/water-vapor/": {"t": "Water vapor", "s": "The gaseous phase of water, a key greenhouse gas and component of Earth's hydrosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/spica-spacecraft/": {"t": "SPICA (spacecraft)", "s": "Proposed ESA-JAXA infrared telescope for cosmology and astrophysics."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-the-soviet-union/e/space-program-of-the-soviet-union/soviet-space-program/": {"t": "Soviet space program", "s": "State space program of the Soviet Union, 1951–1991."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/luna-programme/": {"t": "Luna programme", "s": "Soviet robotic lunar missions achieving many firsts in space exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/heliocentric-orbit/": {"t": "Heliocentric orbit", "s": "An orbit around the Sun, followed by planets, comets, asteroids, and many artificial probes."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity/": {"t": "Escape velocity", "s": "Minimum speed to escape a body's gravitational pull.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/escape-velocity.webp", "c": "Richard West · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/mercury-battery/": {"t": "Mercury battery", "s": "Primary cell with constant voltage and long shelf life."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/silver-zinc-battery/": {"t": "Silver zinc battery", "s": "High specific energy secondary cell using silver oxide and zinc."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/radio-frequency-engineering/": {"t": "Radio-frequency engineering", "s": "Engineering of devices using radio-band signals."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-inventions/e/russian-inventions/cherenkov-detector/": {"t": "Cherenkov detector", "s": "Detects particles via Cherenkov radiation for high-energy physics applications."}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet-union/luna-rocket/": {"t": "Luna (rocket)", "s": "Soviet carrier rocket for early lunar probe missions."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/comet/": {"t": "Comet", "s": "Icy wanderers that bloom when near the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/subatomic-particle/": {"t": "Subatomic particle", "s": "Particles smaller than atoms, studied in particle physics."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/plasma-physics/": {"t": "Plasma (physics)", "s": "Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/luna-2/": {"t": "Luna 2", "s": "First spacecraft to touch the lunar surface."}, "https://codexery.com/the-martian/e/world/jet-propulsion-laboratory/": {"t": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "s": "NASA's robotic-spacecraft lab, where Bruce Ng and Rich Purnell work."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/mariner-4/": {"t": "Mariner 4", "s": "First spacecraft to return close-up images of Mars."}, "https://codexery.com/satellite-navigation/e/satellite-navigation/radio-occultation/": {"t": "Radio occultation", "s": "Remote sensing of atmospheres via signal refraction."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/mariner-2/": {"t": "Mariner 2", "s": "First robotic probe to report from a planetary encounter."}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-broke-apart-in-space/e/spacecraft-that-broke-apart-in-space/rm-81-agena/": {"t": "RM-81 Agena", "s": "American upper stage and satellite bus used for reconnaissance and docking."}, "/e/derelict-satellites-in-heliocentric-orbit/mariner-6-and-7/": {"t": "Mariner 6 and 7", "s": "First dual Mars flyby mission, 1969."}, "/e/derelict-satellites-in-heliocentric-orbit/mariner-7/": {"t": "Mariner 7", "s": "Mariner 7 flew over Mars' south pole, returning better pictures than its twin."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/omniscient-readers-viewpoint/e/world/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "Kim Dokja's world, divided into scenario domes."}, "https://codexery.com/surface-features-of-mars/e/surface-features-of-mars/tharsis/": {"t": "Tharsis", "s": "A volcano-tectonic province dominating Mars's western hemisphere."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/atmosphere-of-mars/": {"t": "Atmosphere of Mars", "s": "A thin, cold, carbon-dioxide-rich envelope with seasonal dust storms."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/apollo-11/": {"t": "Apollo 11", "s": "First crewed mission to land humans on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/apollo-11.webp", "c": "Neil A. Armstrong · via Wikipedia: Apollo 11 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/canopus/": {"t": "Canopus", "s": "Second-brightest star in the night sky, a white giant in Carina."}, "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/e/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrazine/": {"t": "Hydrazine", "s": "A versatile inorganic compound used in propellants, foams, and pharmaceuticals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inorganic-compounds-materials/img/inorganic-compounds-and-materials/hydrazine.webp", "c": "Ben Mills · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/ultraviolet/": {"t": "Ultraviolet", "s": "Electromagnetic radiation beyond violet, with both harmful and beneficial effects."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/doppler-effect/": {"t": "Doppler effect", "s": "Frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer."}, "/e/derelict-satellites-in-heliocentric-orbit/mariner-6/": {"t": "Mariner 6", "s": "Mariner 6 flew by Mars in 1969, studying its surface and atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/equator/": {"t": "Equator", "s": "Imaginary line dividing Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres."}, "https://codexery.com/mars/e/mars/martian-canals/": {"t": "Martian canals", "s": "A 19th-century optical illusion once thought to be alien canals."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/venus/": {"t": "Venus", "s": "Earth's twin, hottest planet, shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-the-united-states/e/space-program-of-the-united-states/voyager-program/": {"t": "Voyager program", "s": "Two probes exploring the outer planets and interstellar space."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/voyager-1/": {"t": "Voyager 1", "s": "First spacecraft to enter interstellar space, launched in 1977."}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/voyager-2/": {"t": "Voyager 2", "s": "Only spacecraft to visit Uranus and Neptune."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/interplanetary-medium/": {"t": "Interplanetary medium", "s": "The interplanetary medium is the mass and energy filling the Solar System, consisting of solar wind plasma, dust, and cosmic rays."}, "https://codexery.com/kerbal-space-program/e/lore/orbital-mechanics-keplerian-ellipses/": {"t": "Orbital Mechanics (Keplerian Ellipses)", "s": "Ellipses, apsides and the rules every flight follows."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation-pressure/": {"t": "Radiation pressure", "s": "Mechanical pressure from electromagnetic radiation momentum exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/direct-current/": {"t": "Direct current", "s": "Direct current flows in one constant direction."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/alternating-current/": {"t": "Alternating current", "s": "Electric current that reverses direction and enables efficient power transmission."}, "https://codexery.com/battery-types/e/battery-types/nickel-cadmium-battery/": {"t": "Nickel–cadmium battery", "s": "Rechargeable battery with steady voltage and high discharge capability."}, "https://codexery.com/telescope-types/e/telescope-types/cassegrain-reflector/": {"t": "Cassegrain reflector", "s": "Folded optical path with concave primary and convex secondary mirrors."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/soviet-mars-program/": {"t": "Soviet Mars program", "s": "Soviet uncrewed Mars exploration from 1960 to 1973."}, "https://codexery.com/meteoroids/e/meteoroids/micrometeoroid/": {"t": "Micrometeoroid", "s": "Tiny meteoroids posing risks to spacecraft and providing cosmic samples."}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet-union/molniya-rocket/": {"t": "Molniya (rocket)", "s": "Soviet four-stage R-7 variant for planetary and Molniya satellite launches."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/directional-antenna/": {"t": "Directional antenna", "s": "A directional antenna focuses radio waves in a specific direction."}, "https://codexery.com/military-space-program-of-the-united/e/military-space-program-of-the-united-states/naval-space-command/": {"t": "Naval Space Command", "s": "U.S. Navy space command operating satellites and surveillance networks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-space-program-of-the-united/img/military-space-program-of-the-united-states/naval-space-command.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Naval Space Command · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/mars-1m-no-1/": {"t": "Mars 1M No.1", "s": "First Soviet Mars probe lost in launch failure."}, "/e/derelict-satellites-in-heliocentric-orbit/mars-6/": {"t": "Mars 6", "s": "Soviet Mars lander lost contact during descent."}, "/e/derelict-satellites-in-heliocentric-orbit/mars-7/": {"t": "Mars 7", "s": "Soviet Mars lander that failed to enter the Martian atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/photometer/": {"t": "Photometer", "s": "Instrument for measuring light quantities like luminous flux.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/photometer.webp", "c": "NASA Johnson Space Center · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/low-earth-orbit/": {"t": "Low Earth orbit", "s": "Low Earth orbit hosts most artificial satellites and space stations."}, "/e/derelict-satellites-in-heliocentric-orbit/mars-4/": {"t": "Mars 4", "s": "Soviet Mars orbiter foiled by computer failure."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mass-spectrometry/": {"t": "Mass spectrometry", "s": "Technique measuring ion mass-to-charge ratios for chemical analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/flux/": {"t": "Flux", "s": "A concept describing flow through a surface or substance."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-moon/e/missions-to-the-moon/lunar-flyby/": {"t": "Lunar flyby", "s": "A spacecraft passes near the Moon without entering orbit.", "i": "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-moon/img/missions-to-the-moon/lunar-flyby.webp", "c": "NASA Johnson Space Center / NASA/PHOTO_ LUNA_POSADAS_N · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/general-electric/": {"t": "General Electric", "s": "American conglomerate formed from Edison and Thomson-Houston merger in 1892."}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-broke-apart-in-space/e/spacecraft-that-broke-apart-in-space/defense-meteorological-satellite-program/": {"t": "Defense Meteorological Satellite Program", "s": "U.S. military weather satellite program with multiple on-orbit breakups."}, "https://codexery.com/derelict-landers/e/derelict-landers/viking-program/": {"t": "Viking program", "s": "Two American probes that landed on Mars in 1976."}, "https://codexery.com/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/e/crewed-spacecraft-and-space-stations/space-shuttle/": {"t": "Space Shuttle", "s": "Partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system."}, "https://codexery.com/disasters/e/historic-disasters/the-challenger-disaster/": {"t": "The Challenger disaster", "s": "A colliery spoil tip collapsed onto a Welsh village, killing 116 children and 28 adults."}, "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/e/extraterrestrial-orbiters/galileo-spacecraft/": {"t": "Galileo (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to orbit an outer planet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/extraterrestrial-orbiters/img/extraterrestrial-orbiters/galileo-spacecraft.webp", "c": "NASA on The Commons · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-sun/e/missions-to-the-sun/ulysses-spacecraft/": {"t": "Ulysses (spacecraft)", "s": "Solar probe that studied the Sun from all latitudes."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/topography/": {"t": "Topography", "s": "Study of land surface forms and features.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/topography.webp", "c": "NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/neutron/": {"t": "Neutron", "s": "The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n⁰, that carries no electric charge and has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-element/": {"t": "Chemical element", "s": "Fundamental species of atom defined by proton count."}, "https://codexery.com/military-space-program-of-the-united/e/military-space-program-of-the-united-states/titan-rocket-family/": {"t": "Titan (rocket family)", "s": "American ICBM and launch vehicle family, 1959–2005."}, "https://codexery.com/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/e/pc-gaming-brands-and-manufacturers/gigabyte/": {"t": "Gigabyte", "s": "A unit of digital information with both decimal and binary definitions."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/mars-exploration-program/": {"t": "Mars Exploration Program", "s": "NASA's long-term effort to explore Mars, seeking signs of life and preparing for human exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/jaxa/e/jaxa/institute-of-space-and-astronautical-science/": {"t": "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science", "s": "Japanese research institute for space science and exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/ionosphere/": {"t": "Ionosphere", "s": "Ionized upper atmosphere enabling long-distance radio propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/ecliptic/": {"t": "Ecliptic", "s": "Apparent path of the Sun on the celestial sphere.", "i": "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/img/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/ecliptic.webp", "c": "S.fonsi · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/exosphere/": {"t": "Exosphere", "s": "The tenuous, collision-less uppermost atmospheric layer merging with space."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/remote-sensing/": {"t": "Remote sensing", "s": "Acquiring information about objects without physical contact."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/ion/": {"t": "Ion", "s": "Atom or molecule with net electric charge from electron-proton imbalance."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/gas/": {"t": "Gas", "s": "A compressible fluid state of matter."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/hertz/": {"t": "Hertz", "s": "German physicist who proved electromagnetic waves exist."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/phobos-program/": {"t": "Phobos program", "s": "Soviet uncrewed mission to study Mars and its moon Phobos."}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet-union/proton-k/": {"t": "Proton-K", "s": "Soviet heavy-lift rocket used for space stations and interplanetary probes."}, "https://codexery.com/astrobiology-space-missions/e/astrobiology-space-missions/fobos-grunt/": {"t": "Fobos-Grunt", "s": "Failed Russian sample return mission to Phobos, Mars's moon."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/mariner-1/": {"t": "Mariner 1", "s": "First American interplanetary probe, lost to guidance error."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-planet/e/types-of-planet/gas-giant/": {"t": "Gas giant", "s": "Giant planets composed mainly of hydrogen and helium."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "Cosmic ray", "s": "High-energy particles from space, discovered via balloon flights in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/cosmic-ray.webp", "c": "Vahram Mekhitarian · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/radio-propagation/": {"t": "Radio propagation", "s": "Radio waves travel via line-of-sight, ground wave, and skywave modes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/img/radio-propagation/radio-propagation.webp", "c": "Mysid · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/space-weather/e/space-weather/heliophysics/": {"t": "Heliophysics", "s": "Study of the Sun and its influence throughout the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/e/astronomical-concepts-and-techniques/space-weather/": {"t": "Space weather", "s": "Study of solar wind effects on the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/antenna-radio/": {"t": "Antenna (radio)", "s": "Interface between radio waves and electric currents."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/rotation/": {"t": "Rotation", "s": "Rotational motion leaves at least one point unchanged."}, "/e/derelict-satellites-in-heliocentric-orbit/pioneer-9/": {"t": "Pioneer 9", "s": "Pioneer 9 last contacted in 1983; 1987 attempt failed."}, "/e/derelict-satellites-in-heliocentric-orbit/pioneer-6/": {"t": "Pioneer 6", "s": "Oldest operating space probe until surpassed by Voyager 2."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/seismometer/": {"t": "Seismometer", "s": "Instrument that measures ground motion from quakes and explosions."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/gamma-ray/": {"t": "Gamma ray", "s": "Penetrating electromagnetic radiation from nuclear decay and cosmic events."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/ranger-3/": {"t": "Ranger 3", "s": "First American attempt to impact the Moon, ended in miss."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/ranger-4/": {"t": "Ranger 4", "s": "First U.S. spacecraft to reach another celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/antenna-types/e/antenna-types/turnstile-antenna/": {"t": "Turnstile antenna", "s": "A crossed-dipole antenna with two modes of operation."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-moon/e/missions-to-the-moon/pioneer-4/": {"t": "Pioneer 4", "s": "First U.S. spacecraft to escape Earth's gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/pioneer-5/": {"t": "Pioneer 5", "s": "First probe to confirm interplanetary magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-conductor/": {"t": "Electrical conductor", "s": "Material enabling electric current flow via charge carriers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-conductor.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/ranger-8/": {"t": "Ranger 8", "s": "Second successful Ranger mission, returned lunar surface images."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/ranger-6/": {"t": "Ranger 6", "s": "Lunar probe that failed to return images due to camera system failure."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/e/nasa-space-probes-of-the-1960s/ranger-7/": {"t": "Ranger 7", "s": "First NASA probe to return close-up lunar surface images."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-canaveral/": {"t": "Cape Canaveral", "s": "Historic cape and major U.S. rocket launch site."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-science/e/lunar-science/geology-of-the-moon/": {"t": "Geology of the Moon", "s": "The Moon's geology reveals a differentiated body with a complex history."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio/e/amateur-radio/amateur-radio/": {"t": "Amateur radio", "s": "Non-commercial radio communication for experimentation, recreation, and emergency service."}, "https://codexery.com/jaxa/e/jaxa/ikaros/": {"t": "IKAROS", "s": "First spacecraft to demonstrate solar sail propulsion in interplanetary space."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-japan/e/space-program-of-japan/mitsubishi-heavy-industries/": {"t": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "s": "Japanese multinational engineering and defense corporation."}, "https://codexery.com/asteroid-surveys/e/asteroid-surveys/iras/": {"t": "IRAS", "s": "First space telescope to survey the entire infrared sky."}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets/e/exoplanets/the-kepler-space-telescope/": {"t": "The Kepler space telescope", "s": "NASA telescope that discovered thousands of exoplanets."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/telescope/": {"t": "Telescope", "s": "Observing the universe across the electromagnetic spectrum", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/telescope.webp", "c": "Pelligton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/lyman-spitzer/": {"t": "Lyman Spitzer", "s": "Theoretical physicist, astronomer, and mountaineer who pioneered space telescopes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/lyman-spitzer.webp", "c": "NASA APPEL Knowledge Services · via Wikipedia: Lyman Spitzer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/rocket/": {"t": "Rocket", "s": "A self-propelled vehicle using reaction thrust for flight in space."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomy/e/ancient-greek-astronomy/heliocentrism/": {"t": "Heliocentrism", "s": "Superseded model placing Sun at universe's center."}, "https://codexery.com/satellites/e/satellites/satellite/": {"t": "Satellite", "s": "Artificial objects placed into orbit around a celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/separation-and-purification-techniques/e/separation-and-purification-techniques/spectroscopy/": {"t": "Spectroscopy", "s": "Spectroscopy measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra interacting with matter."}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/infrared-window/": {"t": "Infrared window", "s": "A spectral gap allowing Earth to radiate heat to space."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/frequency/": {"t": "Frequency", "s": "Frequency measures repeating events per unit time."}, "https://codexery.com/climate/e/climate/atmosphere-of-earth/": {"t": "Atmosphere of Earth", "s": "The gaseous envelope surrounding Earth, essential for life and climate."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-fatalities/e/space-program-fatalities/sts-51-l/": {"t": "STS-51-L", "s": "25th Shuttle mission; destroyed 73 seconds after launch."}, "https://codexery.com/space-shuttle-program/e/space-shuttle-program/shuttle-centaur/": {"t": "Shuttle-Centaur", "s": "A Shuttle-borne Centaur upper stage that never flew."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/gallium/": {"t": "Gallium", "s": "A silvery metal that melts in your hand."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/germanium/": {"t": "Germanium", "s": "A lustrous, hard-brittle metalloid in the carbon group, used in semiconductors and fiber optics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/germanium.webp", "c": "Mister rf · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/uav-manufacturers/e/uav-manufacturers/lockheed-martin/": {"t": "Lockheed Martin", "s": "Top U.S. federal contractor since at least 2008."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/exoplanet/": {"t": "Exoplanet", "s": "An exoplanet, also called an extrasolar planet, is any planet that exists beyond our Solar System.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/exoplanet.webp", "c": "European Space Agency · CC BY-SA 3.0 igo"}, "https://codexery.com/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/e/exoplanets-found-by-radial-velocity/hd-209458-b/": {"t": "HD 209458 b", "s": "First transiting exoplanet; milestone in atmospheric and direct detection studies."}, "https://codexery.com/transiting-exoplanets/e/transiting-exoplanets/tres-1b/": {"t": "TrES-1b", "s": "A hot Jupiter discovered by transit and confirmed by radial velocity."}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-the-soviet-union/molniya-m/": {"t": "Molniya-M", "s": "Soviet and Russian R-7-derived launch vehicle for planetary and satellite missions."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-eccentricity/": {"t": "Orbital eccentricity", "s": "Parameter measuring deviation of an orbit from a perfect circle."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-inclination/": {"t": "Orbital inclination", "s": "Angle measuring tilt of an orbit relative to a reference plane."}, "https://codexery.com/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/e/orbits-and-celestial-mechanics/orbital-period/": {"t": "Orbital period", "s": "Time for one full orbit around a primary body."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/zond-program/": {"t": "Zond program", "s": "Soviet robotic spacecraft series for planetary and circumlunar missions."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-mars/e/exploration-of-mars/exploration-of-mars/": {"t": "Exploration of Mars", "s": "Mars: The Red Planet, explored by robotic pioneers from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/zond-3/": {"t": "Zond 3", "s": "Soviet probe photographed 30% of the Moon's far side."}, "/e/derelict-satellites-in-heliocentric-orbit/mars-1/": {"t": "Mars 1", "s": "First Soviet Mars probe, lost contact before reaching the planet."}}