{"/e/cytopathology/fine-needle-aspiration/": {"t": "Fine-needle aspiration", "s": "Minimally invasive cell sampling for diagnosis of masses."}, "/e/cytopathology/liquid-based-cytology/": {"t": "Liquid-based cytology", "s": "A method using preservative liquid to prepare cytology samples."}, "/e/cytopathology/papanicolaou-stain/": {"t": "Papanicolaou stain", "s": "Multichromatic cytological stain developed by George Papanicolaou in 1942."}, "/e/cytopathology/romanowsky-stain/": {"t": "Romanowsky stain", "s": "A staining method producing the Romanowsky effect for cell differentiation."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/pathology/": {"t": "Pathology", "s": "The study of disease, from ancient roots to modern medical practice."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/pap-test/": {"t": "Pap test", "s": "Cervical screening test detecting precancerous and cancerous changes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/img/medical-procedures-and-treatments/pap-test.webp", "c": "Mikael Häggström , M.D. Author info - Reusing images - Conflicts of interest: No · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/screening-medicine/": {"t": "Screening (medicine)", "s": "Testing asymptomatic individuals to detect disease early.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/img/medical-procedures-and-treatments/screening-medicine.webp", "c": "Knowledge and philosophy · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/cervical-intraepithelial-neoplasia/": {"t": "Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia", "s": "Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precancerous condition of the cervix caused by HPV, graded 1–3, with treatment typically starting at CIN 2+."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/cervical-cancer/": {"t": "Cervical cancer", "s": "Cervical cancer is a preventable HPV-linked cancer of the cervix."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/medical-ultrasound/": {"t": "Medical ultrasound", "s": "Uses high-frequency sound waves for medical imaging and therapy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/medical-ultrasound.webp", "c": "Harrison Keely · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/nucleolus/": {"t": "Nucleolus", "s": "Largest nuclear structure; site of ribosome biogenesis."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/biology-concepts/metabolism/": {"t": "Metabolism", "s": "Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions sustaining life."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/cellular-biology/cell-division/": {"t": "Cell division", "s": "Cell division is the process 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{"t": "Electron microscope", "s": "Uses electron beams for much higher resolution than light microscopes."}, "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/e/viral-infections/hepatitis-c/": {"t": "Hepatitis C", "s": "A viral liver infection that can become chronic and is curable.", "i": "https://codexery.com/viral-infections/img/viral-infections/hepatitis-c.webp", "c": "Our World In Data · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/herpesviridae/": {"t": "Herpesviridae", "s": "A family of DNA viruses causing latent and lytic infections in animals, including humans."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/blood-smear/": {"t": "Blood smear", "s": "A thin layer of blood on a slide, stained and examined microscopically to diagnose blood disorders and parasites."}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/helicobacter-pylori/": {"t": "Helicobacter pylori", "s": "Gram-negative bacterium causing gastric ulcers and linked to stomach cancer."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/neoplasm/": {"t": "Neoplasm", "s": "An abnormal growth of tissue that may be benign or malignant.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/neoplasm.webp", "c": "Shibata, Hideki; Ohike, Nobuyuki; Norose, Tomoko; Isobe, Tomohide; Suzuki, Reika · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/microscope/": {"t": "Microscope", "s": "Instrument for viewing objects invisible to the naked eye.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/microscope.webp", "c": "Chad Anderson, staff photographer for SFO Museum · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/radiology/": {"t": "Radiology", "s": "Medical specialty using imaging to diagnose and guide treatment."}, "https://codexery.com/breast-diseases/e/breast-diseases/mastitis/": {"t": "Mastitis", "s": "Inflammation 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"https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/img/medical-procedures-and-treatments/palpation.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/infectious-disease/": {"t": "Infectious disease", "s": "Illness caused by pathogens invading host tissues.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/img/medical-specialties/infectious-disease.webp", "c": "Rosser1954 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-medicine/e/physiology-and-medicine/antibiotic/": {"t": "Antibiotic", "s": "Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances active against bacteria."}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/bleeding/": {"t": "Bleeding", "s": "Blood escaping from damaged vessels; hemostasis is critical."}, "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/e/aging-associated-diseases/glioblastoma/": {"t": "Glioblastoma", "s": "Aggressive brain cancer with poor prognosis and rapid progression.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/img/aging-associated-diseases/glioblastoma.webp", "c": "Jensflorian · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/common-infections-and-diseases/e/common-infections-and-diseases/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/": {"t": "Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease", "s": "Incurable prion disease causing rapid neurodegeneration and death."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-anatomy/e/physiology-and-anatomy/reproductive-system/": {"t": "Reproductive system", "s": "Biological system of organs for sexual and asexual reproduction."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/bethesda-system/": {"t": "Bethesda system", "s": "Standardized reporting for cervical and thyroid cytopathology."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/digital-pathology/": {"t": "Digital pathology", "s": "Sub-field of pathology using digitized slides for analysis and diagnosis."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/machine-learning/": {"t": "Machine learning", "s": "Statistical algorithms that learn from data without explicit programming."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/organizations-associated-with-the/e/organizations-associated-with-the-covid-19-pandemic/world-health-organization/": {"t": "World Health Organization", "s": "UN agency coordinating global health responses and standards."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-causes-of-cancer/e/infectious-causes-of-cancer/cervical-screening/": {"t": "Cervical screening", "s": "Cervical screening identifies risk of cervical cancer through molecular, cytologic, or visual inspection tests."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/e/medical-specialties/oncology/": {"t": "Oncology", "s": "Branch of medicine focused on cancer care and research.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-specialties/img/medical-specialties/oncology.webp", "c": "Harutyun Nalbandyan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/cytopathology/lymphadenopathy/": {"t": "Lymphadenopathy", "s": "Lymphadenopathy is abnormal lymph node size or consistency, often from infection."}, "/e/cytopathology/small-cell-carcinoma/": {"t": "Small-cell carcinoma", "s": "Aggressive neuroendocrine cancer, most often arising in the lung."}, "https://codexery.com/symptoms/e/symptoms/fatigue/": {"t": "Fatigue", "s": "A prolonged state of low energy, both medical and normal."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/bronchitis/": {"t": "Bronchitis", "s": "Inflammation of the bronchi causing cough, often viral or smoking-related."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-named-after-discoverers/e/diseases-named-after-discoverers/cushing-s-syndrome/": {"t": "Cushing's syndrome", "s": "A hormonal disorder from prolonged glucocorticoid exposure."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/radiography/": {"t": "Radiography", "s": "Imaging the unseen with X-rays and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/adrenal-gland/": {"t": "Adrenal gland", "s": "Endocrine glands producing hormones for stress, metabolism, and salt balance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/adrenal-gland.webp", "c": "PINSupport · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/chemotherapy/": {"t": "Chemotherapy", "s": "Systemic cancer treatment using cytotoxic drugs to inhibit cell division."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/stem-cell-therapy/": {"t": "Stem-cell therapy", "s": "Stem-cell therapy uses stem cells to treat or prevent disease."}, "https://codexery.com/disorders-causing-seizures/e/disorders-causing-seizures/brain-tumor/": {"t": "Brain tumor", "s": "A brain tumor is a mass of uncontrolled cell growth in the brain, which can cause seizures and other symptoms depending on size and location.", "i": "https://codexery.com/disorders-causing-seizures/img/disorders-causing-seizures/brain-tumor.webp", "c": "CF · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/central-nervous-system/": {"t": "Central nervous system", "s": "Central nervous system integrates and coordinates body activity."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/life-expectancy/": {"t": "Life expectancy", "s": "A statistical measure of average remaining years of life at a given age, most commonly at birth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/life-expectancy.webp", "c": "Lady3mlnm · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/epidemiology/e/epidemiology/comorbidity/": {"t": "Comorbidity", "s": "Simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions in a patient."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/inflammation/": {"t": "Inflammation", "s": "Biological defence response of body tissues to harmful stimuli."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/common-cold/": {"t": "Common cold", "s": "The most frequent infectious disease in humans, caused by over 200 virus strains."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/hiv-aids/": {"t": "HIV/AIDS", "s": "Retrovirus causing AIDS, manageable but incurable."}, "https://codexery.com/immune-system-disorders/e/immune-system-disorders/autoimmune-disease/": {"t": "Autoimmune disease", "s": "The adaptive immune system attacks the body's own tissues."}, "https://codexery.com/common-infections-and-diseases/e/common-infections-and-diseases/brucellosis/": {"t": "Brucellosis", "s": "Zoonotic bacterial disease transmitted via unpasteurized dairy."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/e/medical-procedures-and-treatments/radiation-therapy/": {"t": "Radiation therapy", "s": "Ionizing radiation used to treat cancer and other conditions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medical-procedures-and-treatments/img/medical-procedures-and-treatments/radiation-therapy.webp", "c": "Linda Bartlett (Photographer) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/surgery-trauma/e/surgery-and-trauma/biopsy/": {"t": "Biopsy", "s": "A medical test extracting cells or tissues for disease diagnosis."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-anatomy/e/physiology-and-anatomy/semen/": {"t": "Semen", "s": "Bodily fluid containing spermatozoa for fertilization."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics/e/genetics/chromatin/": {"t": "Chromatin", "s": "The complex of DNA and protein that packages and organizes genetic material.", "i": "https://codexery.com/genetics/img/genetics/chromatin.webp", "c": "Courtesy of NIAID Ryan Kissinger · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/epithelium/": {"t": "Epithelium", "s": "Protective layer of cells lining body surfaces and cavities."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell/": {"t": "Red blood cell", "s": "The most common blood cell, responsible for oxygen transport via hemoglobin.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/red-blood-cell.webp", "c": "BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:\n\nBlausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\". WikiJournal of M · via Wikipedia: Red blood cell · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/formaldehyde/": {"t": "Formaldehyde", "s": "Simplest aldehyde, key industrial chemical, and atmospheric pollutant."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/ethanol/": {"t": "Ethanol", "s": "Organic compound, CNS depressant, active ingredient in alcoholic beverages."}, "https://codexery.com/pathology/e/pathology/fixation-histology/": {"t": "Fixation (histology)", "s": "Preserving biological tissues from decay for microscopic examination."}, "/e/cytopathology/dmitri-leonidovich-romanowsky/": {"t": "Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky", "s": "Russian physician who invented the Romanowsky histological stain."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/white-blood-cell/": {"t": "White blood cell", "s": "Nucleated immune cells that defend against infection and disease.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/white-blood-cell.webp", "c": "BruceBlaus. When using this image in external sources it can be cited as:\n\nBlausen.com staff (2014). \"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014\". WikiJournal of M · via Wikipedia: White blood cell · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/e/reaction-mechanisms-and-kinetics/redox/": {"t": "Redox", "s": "Chemical reactions where oxidation states change via electron or atom transfer."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/lumbar-puncture/": {"t": "Lumbar puncture", "s": "Medical procedure to collect cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis."}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/e/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/paul-ehrlich/": {"t": "Paul Ehrlich", "s": "German physician and scientist who worked in hematology, immunology and antimicrobial chemotherapy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/img/pioneers-in-medicine-and-physiology/paul-ehrlich.webp", "c": "Harris & Ewing · via Wikipedia: Paul Ehrlich · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/taxonomy-evolution/e/taxonomy-and-evolution/genus/": {"t": "Genus", "s": "A taxonomic rank above species and below family, used in biological classification."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/e/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/plasmodium/": {"t": "Plasmodium", "s": "A genus of parasitic eukaryotes causing malaria in vertebrates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/img/infectious-agents-and-pathogens/plasmodium.webp", "c": "National Institutes of Health (NIH) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/saint-petersburg-state-university/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg State University", "s": "One of Russia's oldest universities, founded by Peter the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/adolf-von-baeyer/": {"t": "Adolf von Baeyer", "s": "German chemist, Nobel laureate, and synthesizer of indigo.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/img/chemists-and-biochemists/adolf-von-baeyer.webp", "c": "This document belongs to the collections of the Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de santé. It was uploaded to Commons through a partnership with Wikimedia France · via Wikipedia: Adolf von Baeyer · Licence Ouverte"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/robert-koch/": {"t": "Robert Koch", "s": "Founder of modern bacteriology and discoverer of the causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/pathogenic-bacteria/e/pathogenic-bacteria/mycobacterium-tuberculosis/": {"t": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", "s": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often called Koch’s bacillus, is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis."}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/smoking/": {"t": "Smoking", "s": "Combustion of plant material for inhalation of psychoactive fumes."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/gastrointestinal-tract/": {"t": "Gastrointestinal tract", "s": "The digestive passageway from mouth to anus."}, "https://codexery.com/physiology-metabolism/e/physiology-and-metabolism/vasopressin/": {"t": "Vasopressin", "s": "Hormone regulating water balance and blood pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/e/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer/": {"t": "Lung cancer", "s": "Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally.", "i": "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/img/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer.webp", "c": "Modificado de OpenStax College · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/cytopathology/limited-stage-small-cell-lung-carcinoma/": {"t": "Limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma", "s": "Potentially curable small-cell lung cancer confined to one radiation portal."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/prostate-cancer/": {"t": "Prostate cancer", "s": "Prostate cancer: uncontrolled growth of prostate cells, often detected by PSA screening.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/prostate-cancer.webp", "c": "Cancer Research UK · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/magnetic-resonance-imaging/": {"t": "Magnetic resonance imaging", "s": "Medical imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/magnetic-resonance-imaging.webp", "c": "UCSF Health · CC BY-SA 4.0"}}