{"/e/cosmology-concepts/baryon-acoustic-oscillations/": {"t": "Baryon acoustic oscillations", "s": "Standard ruler from early universe sound waves."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/expansion-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Expansion of the universe", "s": "The increase in distance between gravitationally unbound parts of the universe."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/lambda-cdm-model/": {"t": "Lambda-CDM model", "s": "Standard cosmological model of dark energy and cold dark matter."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/redshift/": {"t": "Redshift", "s": "Redshift measures the stretching of light from moving or distant sources."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/scale-factor-cosmology/": {"t": "Scale factor (cosmology)", "s": "Dimensionless parameter describing the expansion of the universe."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/ultimate-fate-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Ultimate fate of the universe", "s": "Scientific hypotheses predict the universe's possible end."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/universe/": {"t": "Universe", "s": "The totality of all space, time, matter, and energy."}, "https://codexery.com/stars-and-stellar-objects/e/stars-and-stellar-objects/cosmic-distance-ladder/": {"t": "Cosmic distance ladder", "s": "A sequence of methods for measuring distances to celestial objects."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/hubble-s-law/": {"t": "Hubble's law", "s": "Galaxies recede faster the farther they are from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/galaxy-cluster/": {"t": "Galaxy cluster", "s": "Largest gravitationally bound structures, composed of galaxies, gas, and dark matter."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmological-constant/": {"t": "Cosmological constant", "s": "A coefficient in Einstein's equations explaining cosmic acceleration."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/dark-energy/": {"t": "Dark energy", "s": "The mysterious force accelerating the universe's expansion"}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/physical-cosmology/": {"t": "Physical cosmology", "s": "Study of the universe's origin, structure, and evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomical-radio-sources/e/astronomical-radio-sources/cosmic-microwave-background/": {"t": "Cosmic microwave background", "s": "Relic radiation from the early universe."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/shape-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Shape of the universe", "s": "The universe's shape involves local curvature and unknown global topology."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation/": {"t": "Radiation", "s": "Energy emitted as waves or particles through space or matter."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/magnitude-astronomy/": {"t": "Magnitude (astronomy)", "s": "Logarithmic scale measuring stellar brightness, with lower values for brighter objects."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/luminosity/": {"t": "Luminosity", "s": "Absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic energy per unit time."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/recombination-cosmology/": {"t": "Recombination (cosmology)", "s": "Epoch when electrons and protons first formed neutral hydrogen atoms."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/photon/": {"t": "Photon", "s": "Quantum of light and force carrier for electromagnetism."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/structure-formation/": {"t": "Structure formation", "s": "Process creating galaxies and voids from density ripples."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/dark-matter/": {"t": "Dark matter", "s": "Invisible matter inferred from gravitational effects on cosmic scales."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/gravitational-wave/": {"t": "Gravitational wave", "s": "Ripples in spacetime carrying energy at light speed."}, "https://codexery.com/hypothetical-astronomical-objects/e/hypothetical-astronomical-objects/hubble-bubble-astronomy/": {"t": "Hubble bubble (astronomy)", "s": "A local void causing faster cosmic expansion near Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/interstellar-medium/": {"t": "Interstellar medium", "s": "Matter and radiation between star systems in a galaxy."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmic-mysteries/e/cosmic-mysteries/the-heat-death-of-the-universe/": {"t": "The heat death of the universe", "s": "Hypothesis that the universe will reach maximum entropy."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/planck-spacecraft/": {"t": "Planck (spacecraft)", "s": "ESA observatory that mapped the cosmic microwave background with unprecedented precision."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/steady-state-model/": {"t": "Steady-state model", "s": "A now-rejected cosmological model with continuous matter creation."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/entropy/": {"t": "Entropy", "s": "A measure of disorder and irreversibility in physical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arthur-eddington/": {"t": "Arthur Eddington", "s": "English astrophysicist who confirmed general relativity and studied stellar interiors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arthur-eddington.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arthur Eddington · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/edwin-hubble/": {"t": "Edwin Hubble", "s": "The astronomer who revealed the universe beyond the Milky Way"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-spectrum/": {"t": "Electromagnetic spectrum", "s": "The full range of electromagnetic radiation, from radio to gamma rays."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/radio-propagation/doppler-effect/": {"t": "Doppler effect", "s": "Frequency shift due to relative motion between source and observer."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/allan-sandage/": {"t": "Allan Sandage", "s": "American astronomer who determined the first accurate Hubble constant and age of the universe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/allan-sandage.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Allan Sandage · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arno-allan-penzias/": {"t": "Arno Allan Penzias", "s": "Co-discoverer of cosmic microwave background radiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/arno-allan-penzias.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arno Allan Penzias · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/wilkinson-microwave-anisotropy-probe/": {"t": "Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe", "s": "Mapped the cosmic microwave background to establish the standard cosmological model."}, "https://codexery.com/globular-clusters/e/globular-clusters/globular-cluster/": {"t": "Globular cluster", "s": "Spheroidal star clusters bound by gravity, found in galactic halos."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/big-bang-nucleosynthesis/": {"t": "Big Bang nucleosynthesis", "s": "Model for light nuclei formation in the early universe."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/greek-alphabet/": {"t": "Greek alphabet", "s": "Earliest alphabet to systematically write vowels and consonants.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/greek-alphabet.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/fred-hoyle/": {"t": "Fred Hoyle", "s": "English astronomer who formulated stellar nucleosynthesis and coined 'Big Bang'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/fred-hoyle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fred Hoyle · see source"}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/age-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Age of the universe", "s": "Age of the universe is 13.8 billion years."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori/": {"t": "A priori and a posteriori", "s": "Two categories of knowledge: independent of experience (a priori) or dependent on empirical evidence (a posteriori).", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/falsifiability/": {"t": "Falsifiability", "s": "A logical criterion for distinguishing scientific from non-scientific statements."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nucleosynthesis/": {"t": "Nucleosynthesis", "s": "Process creating atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons and nuclei."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/main-sequence/": {"t": "Main sequence", "s": "Stars spend most of their lives on the main sequence."}, "https://codexery.com/british-science-fiction-television-shows/e/british-science-fiction-television-shows/red-dwarf/": {"t": "Red Dwarf", "s": "A British sci-fi comedy about the last human in space."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/big-crunch/": {"t": "Big Crunch", "s": "A scenario where the universe collapses back to a singularity."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle-physics/": {"t": "Particle physics", "s": "Study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-inflation/": {"t": "Cosmic inflation", "s": "A theory of exponential expansion of space in the very early universe, explaining the large-scale structure and uniformity of the cosmos."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/krak-w/": {"t": "Kraków", "s": "Historic royal capital and UNESCO World Heritage city in southern Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/spacetime/": {"t": "Spacetime", "s": "A four-dimensional continuum fusing space and time."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alfred-russel-wallace/": {"t": "Alfred Russel Wallace", "s": "English naturalist who co-discovered evolution by natural selection."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/grand-unification-epoch/": {"t": "Grand unification epoch", "s": "Early universe epoch unifying three fundamental forces."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "Cosmic ray", "s": "High-energy particles from space, discovered via balloon flights in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/cosmic-ray.webp", "c": "Vahram Mekhitarian · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/higgs-boson/": {"t": "Higgs boson", "s": "Elementary particle confirming the Higgs field and mass mechanism."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/quantum-field-theory/": {"t": "Quantum field theory", "s": "Framework combining field theory, relativity, and quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/statistical-mechanics/": {"t": "Statistical mechanics", "s": "Statistical mechanics links microscopic particle behavior to macroscopic properties."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/neutron/": {"t": "Neutron", "s": "The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n⁰, that carries no electric charge and has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/gamma-ray/": {"t": "Gamma ray", "s": "Penetrating electromagnetic radiation from nuclear decay and cosmic events."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andrei-sakharov/": {"t": "Andrei Sakharov", "s": "Soviet physicist, Nobel Peace laureate, and human rights advocate."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/standard-model/": {"t": "Standard Model", "s": "Theory of three fundamental forces and elementary particles."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/phase-transition/": {"t": "Phase transition", "s": "Physical process of transition between states of a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/kelvin/": {"t": "Kelvin", "s": "British scientist who developed the absolute temperature scale."}, "https://codexery.com/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/e/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/planck-constant/": {"t": "Planck constant", "s": "Fundamental constant linking energy and frequency in quantum mechanics."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/accelerating-expansion-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Accelerating expansion of the universe", "s": "Discovery that the universe's expansion is speeding up, not slowing down."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astronomical-survey/": {"t": "Astronomical survey", "s": "A general map or image of the sky lacking a specific target."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/gravity/": {"t": "Gravity", "s": "Gravity is the fundamental attraction between objects with mass.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/gravity.webp", "c": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Nicoguaro · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/oscillation/": {"t": "Oscillation", "s": "Repetitive variation about a central value across many scientific fields."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/sound/": {"t": "Sound", "s": "Mechanical wave propagating through an elastic medium."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/chronology-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Chronology of the universe", "s": "Standard timeline of cosmic history from inflation to present."}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/science-and-measurement/optical-telescope/": {"t": "Optical telescope", "s": "Instrument that gathers visible light to magnify distant objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/img/science-and-measurement/optical-telescope.webp", "c": "NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from Greenbelt, MD, USA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-mexico/": {"t": "New Mexico", "s": "Land of diverse cultures, history, and high desert."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/hercules-superclusters/": {"t": "Hercules Superclusters", "s": "Two nearby superclusters, large and near the Coma Supercluster."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/probability-and-stochastic-processes/chi-squared-test/": {"t": "Chi-squared test", "s": "Statistical test for independence in contingency tables."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant/": {"t": "Gravitational constant", "s": "Fundamental constant quantifying gravitational force strength.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant.webp", "c": "National Institute of Standards and Technology · Public domain"}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/alpher-bethe-gamow-paper/": {"t": "Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper", "s": "The αβγ paper linked the Big Bang to element formation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/enrico-fermi/": {"t": "Enrico Fermi", "s": "Architect of the nuclear age and the atomic bomb."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/margaret-burbidge/": {"t": "Margaret Burbidge", "s": "Founder of stellar nucleosynthesis and pioneering astronomer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/margaret-burbidge.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Margaret Burbidge · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/jim-peebles/": {"t": "Jim Peebles", "s": "Canadian-American cosmologist; Nobel laureate for theoretical cosmology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/jim-peebles.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jim Peebles · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/electronvolt/": {"t": "Electronvolt", "s": "Unit of energy gained by an electron through one volt."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nuclear-fusion/": {"t": "Nuclear fusion", "s": "Nuclear fusion combines nuclei, releasing energy that powers stars and weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/absorption-spectroscopy/": {"t": "Absorption spectroscopy", "s": "Technique measuring radiation absorption to identify and quantify substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/absorption-spectroscopy.webp", "c": "MarsInSVG · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/dwarf-galaxy/": {"t": "Dwarf galaxy", "s": "Small galaxies shaped by larger neighbors and dark matter.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/dwarf-galaxy.webp", "c": "ESA/Hubble & NASA · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/gravitational-collapse/": {"t": "Gravitational collapse", "s": "Gravitational collapse shapes stars, remnants, and black holes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/gravitational-collapse.webp", "c": "Illustration by R.J. Hall. Redrawn in Inkscape by Magasjukur2 · via Wikipedia: Gravitational collapse · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/cyclic-model/": {"t": "Cyclic model", "s": "Cyclic models propose an infinite series of cosmic expansions and contractions."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-singularity/": {"t": "Gravitational singularity", "s": "A point where spacetime breaks down catastrophically.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-singularity.webp", "c": "Yukterez (Simon Tyran, Vienna) . Source material for the Milky way background (a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/hypothesis/": {"t": "Hypothesis", "s": "A proposed explanation requiring testable and reproducible prediction."}, "https://codexery.com/space-telescopes/e/space-telescopes/chandra-x-ray-observatory/": {"t": "Chandra X-ray Observatory", "s": "Flagship X-ray telescope launched in 1999, still operating."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/planetary-system/": {"t": "Planetary system", "s": "A star's family of orbiting worlds and debris."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/ionization/": {"t": "Ionization", "s": "Process by which atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to become ions."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/quark-epoch/": {"t": "Quark epoch", "s": "Early universe period when quarks existed freely in a plasma."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle/": {"t": "Particle", "s": "A particle is a separate part of a larger system."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/baryogenesis/": {"t": "Baryogenesis", "s": "Hypothesized process producing matter dominance over antimatter in the early universe."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/neutrino/": {"t": "Neutrino", "s": "An elusive elementary particle that rarely interacts with matter."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/cosmic-neutrino-background/": {"t": "Cosmic neutrino background", "s": "Relic neutrinos from one second after the Big Bang."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/positron/": {"t": "Positron", "s": "First antimatter particle, predicted by Dirac, discovered by Anderson."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/year/": {"t": "Year", "s": "A unit of time based on Earth's orbit around the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/galaxy-group/": {"t": "Galaxy group", "s": "The smallest and most common galaxy aggregates in the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Frame of reference", "s": "Abstract coordinate system for describing physical space and motion."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/coordinate-system/": {"t": "Coordinate system", "s": "A system using numbers to determine positions in space."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/sphere/": {"t": "Sphere", "s": "A sphere is a set of points equidistant from a center in 3D space."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/inertial-frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Inertial frame of reference", "s": "Frame where objects obey inertia and laws are simplest."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/relativity-of-simultaneity/": {"t": "Relativity of simultaneity", "s": "Distant simultaneity depends on the observer's reference frame."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/inference/": {"t": "Inference", "s": "Logical reasoning from premises to conclusions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/inference.webp", "c": "Gnathan87 · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-photonics/e/optics-and-photonics/phase-waves/": {"t": "Phase (waves)", "s": "Angle-like quantity representing the fraction of a cycle covered."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/particle-horizon/": {"t": "Particle horizon", "s": "Boundary between observable and unobservable regions of the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/event-horizon/": {"t": "Event horizon", "s": "A spacetime boundary beyond which no signal can reach an observer."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/observable-universe/": {"t": "Observable universe", "s": "The portion of the universe visible from Earth."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/comoving-and-proper-distances/": {"t": "Comoving and proper distances", "s": "Two distance measures used in standard cosmology."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/big-rip/": {"t": "Big Rip", "s": "A model where dark energy tears apart all matter."}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/dark-energy-spectroscopic-instrument/": {"t": "Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument", "s": "A spectrographic instrument probing dark energy and cosmic expansion."}, "/e/cosmology-concepts/horizon-problem/": {"t": "Horizon problem", "s": "A cosmological fine-tuning problem in the Big Bang model."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/stoicism/": {"t": "Stoicism", "s": "Ancient Greek philosophy emphasizing virtue and rational living."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/string-theory/": {"t": "String theory", "s": "Theoretical framework replacing point particles with vibrating strings."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-telescopes/e/radio-telescopes/holmdel-horn-antenna/": {"t": "Holmdel Horn Antenna", "s": "Antenna that discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation."}, 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