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"https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/english-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: English Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/city-of-london/": {"t": "City of London", "s": "Historic core and financial district of London."}, "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/william-blackstone/": {"t": "William Blackstone", "s": "English jurist whose Commentaries shaped common law."}, "https://codexery.com/torture/e/torture/cruel-inhuman-or-degrading-treatment/": {"t": "Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment", "s": "Treatment contrary to human dignity, prohibited by international law."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/bill-law/": {"t": "Bill (law)", "s": "A proposal for a new law or alteration of an existing law."}, 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Ambassade. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/government/": {"t": "Government", "s": "System or group leading a state with socially acceptable force."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/terrorism/": {"t": "Terrorism", "s": "Violence against non-combatants to achieve political or ideological aims."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/crime/": {"t": "Crime", "s": "An unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-security/": {"t": "Computer security", "s": "Subdiscipline of information security protecting digital systems and networks."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/organized-crime/": {"t": "Organized crime", "s": "Centralized enterprises profiting from illegal activities and racketeering."}, 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"https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/miscarriage-of-justice/": {"t": "Miscarriage of justice", "s": "When justice fails: understanding miscarriages of justice"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/appeal/": {"t": "Appeal", "s": "Legal process for reviewing decisions by a higher authority."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/capital-punishment/": {"t": "Capital punishment", "s": "State-sanctioned killing as punishment for misconduct."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/conviction/": {"t": "Conviction", "s": "A court's determination that a defendant is guilty of a crime."}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/summary-offence/": {"t": "Summary offence", "s": "A minor violation tried without a jury in certain common law jurisdictions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-law/img/public-law/summary-offence.webp", "c": "Ivan25 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/regulation/": {"t": "Regulation", "s": "Management of complex systems according to rules and trends."}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures-and-statues/e/sculptures-and-statues/relief/": {"t": "Relief", "s": "Sculptural method where forms remain attached to a solid background."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/head-of-state/": {"t": "Head of state", "s": "The public persona of a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/e/ottoman-and-middle-eastern-leaders/abdel-fattah-el-sisi/": {"t": "Abdel Fattah el-Sisi", "s": "Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi was born on 19 November 1954 in Cairo."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/decree/": {"t": "Decree", "s": "A legal proclamation issued by a head of state or other authority."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/damages/": {"t": "Damages", "s": "Monetary remedy for loss or injury under common law."}, "/e/constitutional-law/pardon/": {"t": "Pardon", "s": "A government decision relieving legal consequences of a criminal conviction."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/carthage/": {"t": "Carthage", "s": "Ancient Phoenician city on the coast of Tunisia, capital of a Punic empire."}, "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/hugo-grotius/": {"t": "Hugo Grotius", "s": "Dutch jurist who shaped international law and the idea of rights.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/hugo-grotius.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hugo Grotius · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-american-war/e/philippine-american-war/lieber-code/": {"t": "Lieber Code", "s": "First modern codification of the law of war.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philippine-american-war/img/philippine-american-war/lieber-code.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lieber Code · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/e/jurists-and-legal-scholars/francis-lieber/": {"t": "Francis Lieber", "s": "Author of the first modern codification of the laws of war.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jurists-and-legal-scholars/img/jurists-and-legal-scholars/francis-lieber.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Francis Lieber · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-activists-dissidents/e/miscellaneous-activists-and-dissidents/wang-dan-dissident/": {"t": "Wang Dan (dissident)", "s": "Chinese political activist and former Tiananmen Square student leader", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-activists-dissidents/img/miscellaneous-activists-and-dissidents/wang-dan-dissident.webp", "c": "AahseemlAU 300 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-activists-dissidents/e/miscellaneous-activists-and-dissidents/wei-jingsheng/": {"t": "Wei Jingsheng", "s": "Chinese dissident who spent 18 years in prison for advocating democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/penology/": {"t": "Penology", "s": "Subfield of criminology studying punishment and prison management."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/insight/": {"t": "InSight", "s": "Lander that studied Mars' deep interior and detected marsquakes."}, "https://codexery.com/teratogens/e/teratogens/alcohol-drug/": {"t": "Alcohol (drug)", "s": "A central nervous system depressant and known teratogen."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/september-11-attacks/": {"t": "September 11 attacks", "s": "Coordinated al-Qaeda suicide hijackings killed nearly 3,000 people."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/rehabilitation-penology/": {"t": "Rehabilitation (penology)", "s": "Rehabilitation aims to prevent recidivism by addressing root causes of crime."}, "/e/constitutional-law/constitutional-court/": {"t": "Constitutional court", "s": "High court ruling on constitutionality of laws."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-courts/e/legal-systems-and-courts/administrative-court/": {"t": "Administrative court", "s": "Specialized courts ensuring official acts comply with law.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-courts/img/legal-systems-and-courts/administrative-court.webp", "c": "Ahmed BEN YAGHLENE · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/cesare-beccaria/": {"t": "Cesare Beccaria", "s": "Italian criminologist who condemned torture and the death penalty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/cesare-beccaria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cesare Beccaria · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/violence/e/violence/deadly-force/": {"t": "Deadly force", "s": "Force likely to cause death or serious bodily injury."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/law-of-war/": {"t": "Law of war", "s": "The law of war governs the initiation and conduct of hostilities, rooted in ancient codes and modern treaties."}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/property/": {"t": "Property", "s": "Property is a system of rights over valuable things."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-criminal-court/": {"t": "International Criminal Court", "s": "Permanent international court for genocide, war crimes, and aggression."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/due-process/": {"t": "Due process", "s": "Legal principle requiring state to respect all legal rights owed to a person."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/extradition/": {"t": "Extradition", "s": "Formal legal process for surrendering fugitives between jurisdictions."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/augusto-pinochet/": {"t": "Augusto Pinochet", "s": "Chilean army officer and military dictator who ruled from 1973 to 1990"}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/judicial-committee-of-the-privy-council/": {"t": "Judicial Committee of the Privy Council", "s": "Highest court of appeal for Crown Dependencies and many Commonwealth nations."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/plea/": {"t": "Plea", "s": "A defendant's formal answer to a criminal charge."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/defense-legal/": {"t": "Defense (legal)", "s": "A defendant's legal argument to avoid liability or conviction."}}