[{"n": "MS-DOS", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/ms-dos/", "s": "The foundational operating system for IBM PC compatibles, MS-DOS evolved from a six-week clone of CP/M into th"}, {"n": "Mac (computer)", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/mac-computer/", "s": "The Mac: a brand of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple since 1984."}, {"n": "Personal computer", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/personal-computer/", "s": "The definitive guide to personal computers, from early microcomputers to modern Wintel dominance."}, {"n": "Microsoft Windows", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/microsoft-windows/", "s": "Proprietary operating system by Microsoft, dominant on desktops since the 1990s."}, {"n": "Operating system", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/operating-system/", "s": "The layer of software that manages a computer's resources for its users and their applications."}, {"n": "Programming language", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/programming-language/", "s": "Engineered languages for expressing computer programs."}, {"n": "Object-oriented programming", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/object-oriented-programming/", "s": "A programming paradigm based on interacting objects."}, {"n": "Parallel computing", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/parallel-computing/", "s": "Parallel computing enables simultaneous processing of divided tasks."}, {"n": "Programming paradigm", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/programming-paradigm/", "s": "A high-level way to structure computer program implementation."}, {"n": "Open-source software", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/open-source-software/", "s": "Software with publicly available source code for use, study, modification, and distribution."}, {"n": "Malware", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/malware/", "s": "Malicious software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access."}, {"n": "Pixel", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/pixel/", "s": "Smallest addressable element of a raster image."}, {"n": "Pixel art", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/pixel-art/", "s": "Digital art built pixel by pixel, rooted in early video game graphics."}, {"n": "Printer (computing)", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/printer-computing/", "s": "Peripheral machine for durable text and graphics output."}, {"n": "Router (computing)", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/router-computing/", "s": "Device that directs data packets across computer networks."}, {"n": "Random-access memory", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/random-access-memory/", "s": "Electronic memory readable and writable in any order."}, {"n": "Read-only memory", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/read-only-memory/", "s": "Non-volatile memory that cannot be electronically modified after manufacture."}, {"n": "Memory card", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/memory-card/", "s": "Portable flash memory storage for digital devices."}, {"n": "Optical disc", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/optical-disc/", "s": "Flat disc storing data via physical variations read by light."}, {"n": "Punched card", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/punched-card/", "s": "Paper medium storing data via holes, used for computing and automation."}, {"n": "Printed circuit board", "u": "/e/computing-and-software/printed-circuit-board/", "s": "Laminated board connecting electronic components via etched copper traces."}]