{"https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music/": {"t": "Baroque music", "s": "Baroque music formalized common-practice tonality and saw the creation of the modern orchestra.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music.webp", "c": "U. S. Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-well-tempered-clavier/": {"t": "The Well-Tempered Clavier", "s": "Two sets of preludes and fugues in all 24 keys."}, "/e/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn/": {"t": "Felix Mendelssohn", "s": "German Romantic composer who revived Bach and wrote the 'Wedding March'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Felix Mendelssohn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/thuringia/": {"t": "Thuringia", "s": "Central German state, green heart, home to Bach, Goethe, Schiller."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-pipe-organ/": {"t": "The Pipe organ", "s": "A wind-driven keyboard instrument with ancient Greek origins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-pipe-organ.webp", "c": "Ermell · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity/": {"t": "Reformed Christianity", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism emphasizing the sovereignty of God and covenant theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity.webp", "c": "Toby Hudson based on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics · CC BY-SA 3.0 au"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/chamber-music/": {"t": "Chamber music", "s": "Classical music for small ensembles, one performer per part."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/leipzig-university/": {"t": "Leipzig University", "s": "One of the world's oldest universities, founded in 1409."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/harmony-music/": {"t": "Harmony (music)", "s": "Harmony combines sounds to create musical ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/motif-music/": {"t": "Motif (music)", "s": "Short musical idea that is the smallest thematic unit."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-violin/": {"t": "The Violin", "s": "A 2005 Mexican drama film directed by Francisco Vargas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-violin.webp", "c": "unknown, released with CC0 license by Smithsonian · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosi/e/classical-virtuosi/leopold-mozart/": {"t": "Leopold Mozart", "s": "Father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; violin pedagogue."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-41-mozart/": {"t": "Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)", "s": "Mozart's final symphony, a masterwork of counterpoint and grandeur."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-marriage-of-figaro/": {"t": "The Marriage of Figaro", "s": "The Marriage of Figaro (Italian: Le nozze di Figaro, pronounced [le ˈnɔttse di ˈfiːɡaro]), K."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/don-giovanni/": {"t": "Don Giovanni", "s": "Mozart and Da Ponte's opera about a libertine's supernatural downfall.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/don-giovanni.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Don Giovanni · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/requiem-mozart/": {"t": "Requiem (Mozart)", "s": "Mozart's unfinished Requiem, completed by Süssmayr and others, features a Tuba mirum movement introduced by an unaccompanied solo trombone."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism/": {"t": "Baptism", "s": "Christian rite of initiation using water, with varied modes and meanings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/baptism.webp", "c": "Confidence24 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/prince-elector/": {"t": "Prince-elector", "s": "Electors chose the emperor and held unique imperial privileges."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/smallpox/": {"t": "Smallpox", "s": "Eradicated viral disease that killed hundreds of millions."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/e/explorers-and-pioneers/joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Enlightened absolutist whose reforms faced opposition and partial failure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers-pioneers/img/explorers-and-pioneers/joseph-ii-holy-roman-emperor.webp", "c": "After Willem Jacob Herreyns / Antoine Cardon · CC0"}, "/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "/e/great-composers/joseph-haydn/": {"t": "Joseph Haydn", "s": "Father of the Symphony and String Quartet", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/joseph-haydn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Joseph Haydn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-sonata-no-8-beethoven/": {"t": "Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)", "s": "Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No."}, "/e/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/": {"t": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "s": "Classical composer and child prodigy who completed over 800 works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-sonata-no-14-beethoven/": {"t": "Piano Sonata No. 14 (Beethoven)", "s": "Piano sonata by Beethoven, nicknamed Moonlight Sonata."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-3-beethoven/": {"t": "Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)", "s": "Beethoven's groundbreaking Eroica Symphony, a landmark of the transition from Classical to Romantic era."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-5-beethoven/": {"t": "Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)", "s": "A symphony defined by its four-note fate motif."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-concerto-no-5-beethoven/": {"t": "Piano Concerto No. 5 (Beethoven)", "s": "Heroic piano concerto with military symbolism and novel orchestral interplay."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-9-beethoven/": {"t": "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)", "s": "The Symphony No."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-cologne/": {"t": "Electorate of Cologne", "s": "Ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/leopold-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Penultimate Holy Roman Emperor; abolished capital punishment in Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/fauns-in-popular-culture/e/fauns-in-popular-culture/the-creatures-of-prometheus/": {"t": "The Creatures of Prometheus", "s": "Beethoven's only full-length ballet, premiered in 1801.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fauns-in-popular-culture/img/fauns-in-popular-culture/the-creatures-of-prometheus.webp", "c": "Mary Shelley · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/oratorio/": {"t": "Oratorio", "s": "Sacred musical drama with minimal staging, often performed in concert form."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/tinnitus/": {"t": "Tinnitus", "s": "A condition of hearing sounds without an external source, often linked to hearing loss."}, "https://codexery.com/european-literary-masters/e/european-literary-masters/e-t-a-hoffmann/": {"t": "E. T. A. Hoffmann", "s": "German Romantic author of fantasy and gothic horror, jurist, composer, music critic, and artist."}, "/e/great-composers/franz-liszt/": {"t": "Franz Liszt", "s": "Hungarian composer and pianist of the Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/franz-liszt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Franz Liszt · see source"}, "/e/great-composers/robert-schumann/": {"t": "Robert Schumann", "s": "German Romantic composer, pianist, and music critic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/robert-schumann.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Schumann · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/nocturnes-chopin/": {"t": "Nocturnes (Chopin)", "s": "Chopin's 21 nocturnes: short solo piano works that popularized and expanded the nocturne form."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-form/": {"t": "Musical form", "s": "Musical form shapes compositions through structure and organization."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/godparent/": {"t": "Godparent", "s": "Christian sponsor for a child's baptism and spiritual guidance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/godparent.webp", "c": "U. A. Saarinen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/polish-language/": {"t": "Polish language", "s": "A West Slavic language with a rich literary tradition and over 39.7 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-composition/": {"t": "Musical composition", "s": "The art of creating original musical works."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gioachino-rossini/": {"t": "Gioachino Rossini", "s": "Italian composer of 39 operas who retired from large-scale work in his thirties."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/niccol-paganini/": {"t": "Niccolò Paganini", "s": "The most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, known for technical brilliance and showmanship."}, "https://codexery.com/iconic-songs-compositions/e/iconic-songs-and-compositions/1812-overture/": {"t": "1812 Overture", "s": "Tchaikovsky's explosive tribute to Russia's 1812 victory."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-concerto-no-1-tchaikovsky/": {"t": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)", "s": "Tchaikovsky's popular concerto premiered in Boston after Rubinstein's harsh criticism."}, "https://codexery.com/music/e/music/violin-concerto-tchaikovsky/": {"t": "Violin Concerto (Tchaikovsky)", "s": "The Violin Concerto in D major, Op."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/romeo-and-juliet-tchaikovsky/": {"t": "Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)", "s": "Tchaikovsky's orchestral work based on Shakespeare's tragedy."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/swan-lake/": {"t": "Swan Lake", "s": "A timeless ballet of love, betrayal, and transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-nutcracker/": {"t": "The Nutcracker", "s": "The Nutcracker (Russian: Щелкунчик, romanized: Shchelkunchik, Op."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-federal-subjects/e/russian-federal-subjects/udmurtia/": {"t": "Udmurtia", "s": "A republic of Russia in Eastern Europe, part of the Volga Federal District, with capital Izhevsk."}, "https://codexery.com/french-inventions/e/french-inventions/barrel-organ/": {"t": "Barrel organ", "s": "A crank-powered mechanical organ with pinned barrels."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/": {"t": "Tsar", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "/e/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven/": {"t": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "s": "German composer whose work bridged Classical and Romantic eras.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven.webp", "c": "Joseph Karl Stieler · via Wikipedia: Ludwig van Beethoven · Public domain"}, "/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "/e/great-composers/antonin-dvorak/": {"t": "Antonin Dvorak", "s": "Czech composer who blended folk music with symphonic tradition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/antonin-dvorak.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Antonín Dvořák · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/consonance-and-dissonance/": {"t": "Consonance and dissonance", "s": "Concepts defining musical stability and tension through mutual exclusion."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony/": {"t": "Symphony", "s": "From ancient Greek 'agreement of sound' to a supreme orchestral form."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/lied/": {"t": "Lied", "s": "A German term for setting poetry to music, often synonymous with art song."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/clara-schumann/": {"t": "Clara Schumann", "s": "German virtuoso pianist, composer, and influential piano teacher."}, "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/e/musicologists-and-composers/eduard-hanslick/": {"t": "Eduard Hanslick", "s": "Austrian critic who championed absolute music and opposed Wagner.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/img/musicologists-and-composers/eduard-hanslick.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Eduard Hanslick · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/hans-von-b-low/": {"t": "Hans von Bülow", "s": "German conductor and pianist who shaped 19th-century music."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/art-music/": {"t": "Art music", "s": "Music of high phonoaesthetic value, often contrasted with vernacular music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/art-music.webp", "c": "Savonnerie manufactory · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/johann-strauss-ii/": {"t": "Johann Strauss II", "s": "Austrian composer known as 'The Waltz King'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/johann-strauss-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johann Strauss II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/arnold-schoenberg/": {"t": "Arnold Schoenberg", "s": "Austrian-American composer."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-double-bass/": {"t": "The Double bass", "s": "Largest and lowest-pitched chordophone in the modern symphony orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-flute/": {"t": "The Flute", "s": "The flute is an edge-blown aerophone, one of the oldest known musical instruments, with a history spanning tens of thousands of years across Europe, Asia, and t", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-flute.webp", "c": "Henry Macaulay Fitzgibbon · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/tude/": {"t": "Étude", "s": "Short instrumental works designed to perfect a specific musical skill."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/hector-berlioz/": {"t": "Hector Berlioz", "s": "French romantic composer, conductor and critic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/hector-berlioz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of works by Hector Berlioz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bremen/": {"t": "Bremen", "s": "A historic Hanseatic port city and cultural hub of Northern Germany."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/genesis-creation-narrative/e/genesis-creation-narrative/the-creation-haydn/": {"t": "The Creation (Haydn)", "s": "Oratorio by Joseph Haydn depicting the biblical creation."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/latin/": {"t": "Latin", "s": "A classical language of the Italic branch, Latin evolved into the Romance languages and remained a key scholarly tongue into the early 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/pain/e/pain/caning/": {"t": "Caning", "s": "A rattan cane used for judicial and school corporal punishment."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/william-herschel/": {"t": "William Herschel", "s": "Discoverer of Uranus and infrared radiation", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/william-herschel.webp", "c": "Lemuel Francis Abbott · via Wikipedia: William Herschel · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-psalms/": {"t": "Book of Psalms", "s": "Anthology of Hebrew hymns, central to Jewish and Christian liturgy."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/john-milton/": {"t": "John Milton", "s": "English poet, polemicist, and civil servant; author of Paradise Lost"}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/paradise-lost/": {"t": "Paradise Lost", "s": "Epic poem on the fall of man."}, "https://codexery.com/cardiovascular-blood/e/cardiovascular-and-blood/arteriosclerosis/": {"t": "Arteriosclerosis", "s": "Hardening of the arteries, a set of vascular disorders."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/johann-nepomuk-hummel/": {"t": "Johann Nepomuk Hummel", "s": "Austrian composer and pianist; a dominant transitional figure from the Classical era."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey/": {"t": "Westminster Abbey", "s": "A royal peculiar and national Valhalla.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/westminster-abbey.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Westminster Abbey · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music/e/music/water-music/": {"t": "Water Music", "s": "Handel's river concert for King George I, 1717.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music/img/music/water-music.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Water Music · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-hanseatic-league/": {"t": "The Hanseatic League", "s": "A medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and towns."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-ii-of-great-britain/": {"t": "George II of Great Britain", "s": "King of Great Britain and Ireland; last monarch to lead in battle."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/orchestration/": {"t": "Orchestration", "s": "The art of assigning instruments to musical parts."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-four-seasons-vivaldi/": {"t": "The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)", "s": "Four violin concerti evoking each season through music."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/orphanage/": {"t": "Orphanage", "s": "Residential institutions for children unable to be cared for by biological families."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-mark-s-basilica/": {"t": "St Mark's Basilica", "s": "Venetian state sanctuary and cathedral holding relics of Saint Mark.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-mark-s-basilica.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St Mark's Basilica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/sonata/": {"t": "Sonata", "s": "A multi-movement instrumental work that evolved from Baroque chamber and church forms to become a cornerstone of Classical and modern composition."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "/e/great-composers/george-frideric-handel/": {"t": "George Frideric Handel", "s": "German-British Baroque composer known for operas, oratorios, and anthems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/george-frideric-handel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Frideric Handel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/corfu/": {"t": "Corfu", "s": "Northernmost Ionian island, ancient naval power, Venetian fortress."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/sonnet/": {"t": "Sonnet", "s": "A fourteen-line poetic form originating in 13th-century Sicily."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber/": {"t": "Carl Maria von Weber", "s": "German composer crucial to German Romantic opera."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/giacomo-meyerbeer/": {"t": "Giacomo Meyerbeer", "s": "German opera composer who shaped grand opera and linked Mozart to Wagner.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/giacomo-meyerbeer.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Outline of classical music · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/der-ring-des-nibelungen/": {"t": "Der Ring des Nibelungen", "s": "A four-opera cycle of Germanic myth and music drama.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/der-ring-des-nibelungen.webp", "c": "Brioschi, Carlo (1826-1895). Dessinateur présumé Kautsky, Johann (1827-1896). De · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/leitmotif/": {"t": "Leitmotif", "s": "A recurring musical phrase tied to a person, place, or idea."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/tonality/": {"t": "Tonality", "s": "System of musical organization centered on a tonic."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/tristan-und-isolde/": {"t": "Tristan und Isolde", "s": "A music drama of endless melody and transcendent love."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/modernism-music/": {"t": "Modernism (music)", "s": "A period of innovation and linguistic plurality in music."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/die-meistersinger-von-n-rnberg/": {"t": "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg", "s": "Wagner's only mature comedy, set in historical Nuremberg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/die-meistersinger-von-n-rnberg.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/typhoid/": {"t": "Typhoid", "s": "A bacterial disease spread through contaminated food or water."}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-techniques-genres/e/narrative-techniques-and-genres/gothic-fiction/": {"t": "Gothic fiction", "s": "A literary aesthetic of fear, haunting, and the supernatural."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/overture/": {"t": "Overture", "s": "Instrumental opening to stage works and concert pieces."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/heinrich-heine/": {"t": "Heinrich Heine", "s": "German poet, writer and literary critic known for his lyric poetry and satirical wit."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/rhine/": {"t": "Rhine", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, flowing from the Swiss Alps to the North Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/rhine.webp", "c": "Sdkb · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/architects/e/architects/gottfried-semper/": {"t": "Gottfried Semper", "s": "Architect of the Semper Opera House and pioneer of polychrome theory", "i": "https://codexery.com/architects/img/architects/gottfried-semper.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gottfried Semper · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin/": {"t": "Mikhail Bakunin", "s": "Russian revolutionary anarchist and political philosopher", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/mikhail-bakunin.webp", "c": "chrisaliv · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/pierre-joseph-proudhon/": {"t": "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon", "s": "First to call himself an anarchist; founder of mutualism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/pierre-joseph-proudhon.webp", "c": "Frédéric Bastiat / Pierre-Joseph Proudhon · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/gaetano-donizetti/": {"t": "Gaetano Donizetti", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas, of which he wrote about 75 from 1816 to 1845."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/requiem-verdi/": {"t": "Requiem (Verdi)", "s": "Verdi's dramatic setting of the Catholic funeral mass, composed in memory of Alessandro Manzoni."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire/": {"t": "First French Empire", "s": "Empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, dominating early 19th-century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/bergamo/": {"t": "Bergamo", "s": "City of two centers, UNESCO walls, and the 'City of the Thousand.'"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-vocal-legends/e/opera-and-vocal-legends/maria-malibran/": {"t": "Maria Malibran", "s": "Spanish opera singer known for extraordinary vocal range and dramatic intensity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-vocal-legends/img/opera-and-vocal-legends/maria-malibran.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maria Callas · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/teatro-di-san-carlo/": {"t": "Teatro di San Carlo", "s": "The Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, Italy, was originally called the Real Teatro di San Carlo by the Bourbon monarchy, but is now simply known as the Teatro di S", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/teatro-di-san-carlo.webp", "c": "Carlo Raso · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/tenor/": {"t": "Tenor", "s": "The highest male chest-voice type, bridging countertenor and baritone."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/victor-hugo/": {"t": "Victor Hugo", "s": "French Romantic author, poet, and human rights activist."}, "https://codexery.com/british-literary-classics/e/british-literary-classics/king-lear/": {"t": "King Lear", "s": "A tragedy of love-test, madness, and betrayal in pre-Roman Britain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-literary-classics/img/british-literary-classics/king-lear.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: King Lear · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/victor-emmanuel-ii/": {"t": "Victor Emmanuel II", "s": "First king of a united Italy since the 6th century."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/pr-lude-l-apr-s-midi-d-un-faune/": {"t": "Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune", "s": "Prélude à l'Après-midi d'un faune (L."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/b-la-bart-k/": {"t": "Béla Bartók", "s": "Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist"}, "/e/great-composers/igor-stravinsky/": {"t": "Igor Stravinsky", "s": "Russian composer whose ballets for Diaghilev reshaped twentieth-century classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/igor-stravinsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/george-gershwin/": {"t": "George Gershwin", "s": "American composer and pianist of jazz, popular, and classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/olivier-messiaen/": {"t": "Olivier Messiaen", "s": "French composer, organist, and ornithologist of the 20th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/olivier-messiaen.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Olivier Messiaen · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/e/jazz-innovators/bill-evans/": {"t": "Bill Evans", "s": "American jazz pianist and composer known for his trio work.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/img/jazz-innovators/bill-evans.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bill Evans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/colorectal-cancer/": {"t": "Colorectal cancer", "s": "A common cancer of the colon or rectum."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/c-sar-franck/": {"t": "César Franck", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and teacher of lasting influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/c-sar-franck.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: César Franck · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/20th-century-classical-music/": {"t": "20th-century classical music", "s": "A century of unprecedented stylistic diversity in Western art music."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/saint-petersburg-state-university/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg State University", "s": "One of Russia's oldest universities, founded by Peter the Great."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/nikolai-rimsky-korsakov/": {"t": "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov", "s": "Russian composer who shaped the nationalist style and trained generations."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/petrushka-ballet/": {"t": "Petrushka (ballet)", "s": "Ballet by Stravinsky about a puppet's tragic love and jealousy."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-rite-of-spring/": {"t": "The Rite of Spring", "s": "A ballet and concert work that sparked a legendary premiere reaction."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/deal-with-the-devil/e/deal-with-the-devil/l-histoire-du-soldat/": {"t": "L'Histoire du soldat", "s": "A soldier trades his violin to the Devil for wealth."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/twelve-tone-technique/": {"t": "Twelve-tone technique", "s": "A method ensuring equal use of all twelve chromatic notes."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/aaron-copland/": {"t": "Aaron Copland", "s": "Dean of American Music"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/philip-glass/": {"t": "Philip Glass", "s": "American composer of repetitive structures and minimalist works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/philip-glass.webp", "c": "Pasquale Salerno · via Wikipedia: Philip Glass · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partitions-of-poland/": {"t": "Partitions of Poland", "s": "Three partitions ended the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's existence."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Russian Orthodox Church", "s": "Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church tracing origins to 988.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/russian-orthodox-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Russian Orthodox Church · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/alexander-glazunov/": {"t": "Alexander Glazunov", "s": "Russian composer who led the Saint Petersburg Conservatory through revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/alexander-glazunov.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Glazunov · see source"}, "/e/great-composers/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky/": {"t": "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky", "s": "The Romantic-era Russian behind Swan Lake, The Nutcracker and the 1812 Overture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-birds/e/legendary-birds/firebird-slavic-folklore/": {"t": "Firebird (Slavic folklore)", "s": "A glowing bird of blessing and doom in Slavic tales."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/apollo/": {"t": "Apollo", "s": "God of light, healing, prophecy, music, poetry, and archery; twin brother of Artemis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dylan-thomas/": {"t": "Dylan Thomas", "s": "Welsh poet and writer known for 'Do not go gentle into that good night' and Under Milk Wood"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-concerto-no-2-rachmaninoff/": {"t": "Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)", "s": "Concerto that restored Rachmaninoff's confidence and compositional output."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/irish-people/": {"t": "Irish people", "s": "An ethnic group and nation native to the island of Ireland, with a rich history, unique culture, and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/dowry/": {"t": "Dowry", "s": "A marriage payment from the bride's family to the groom's family.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/dowry.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/diphtheria/": {"t": "Diphtheria", "s": "A bacterial infection causing a thick throat membrane; preventable by vaccine."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin/": {"t": "Alexander Scriabin", "s": "Russian composer and pianist, innovator of dissonant musical language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Scriabin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/malaria/": {"t": "Malaria", "s": "Mosquito-borne parasitic disease causing fever, anemia, and death."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexander-pushkin/": {"t": "Alexander Pushkin", "s": "The greatest Russian poet and founder of modern Russian literature."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/feodor-chaliapin/": {"t": "Feodor Chaliapin", "s": "The Russian bass who brought naturalistic acting to opera."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/prelude-in-c-sharp-minor-rachmaninoff/": {"t": "Prelude in C-sharp minor (Rachmaninoff)", "s": "A famous prelude that became both a triumph and a burden."}, "/e/great-composers/frederic-chopin/": {"t": "Frederic Chopin", "s": "Polish composer and pianist of the early Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/frederic-chopin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Heart of Frédéric Chopin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/symphonic-poem/": {"t": "Symphonic poem", "s": "Orchestral music evoking non-musical sources in one movement."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/atonality/": {"t": "Atonality", "s": "Music lacking a tonal center, emerging in the early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-sonata-in-b-minor-liszt/": {"t": "Piano Sonata in B minor (Liszt)", "s": "The Piano Sonata in B minor (Klaviersonate h-moll), S."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/romani-people/": {"t": "Romani people", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnic group with nomadic traditions and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bratislava/": {"t": "Bratislava", "s": "Capital of Slovakia, historic coronation city of Hungarian kings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bratislava.webp", "c": "Lukáš Perný · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/klemens-von-metternich/": {"t": "Klemens von Metternich", "s": "Austrian foreign minister and chancellor who shaped post-Napoleonic Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-iv/": {"t": "George IV", "s": "Extravagant king and regent whose reign was tarnished by scandal."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/henri-de-saint-simon/": {"t": "Henri de Saint-Simon", "s": "French theorist who proposed a society led by industrial and scientific merit."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/july-revolution/": {"t": "July Revolution", "s": "Three days that ended the Bourbon monarchy in France.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/july-revolution.webp", "c": "Salim Khandoker · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/e/musicologists-and-composers/fran-ois-joseph-f-tis/": {"t": "François-Joseph Fétis", "s": "Belgian musicologist, critic, teacher, and composer of lasting influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musicologists-and-composers/img/musicologists-and-composers/fran-ois-joseph-f-tis.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: François-Joseph Fétis · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/cologne-cathedral/": {"t": "Cologne Cathedral", "s": "Germany's most visited landmark and the world's tallest twin-spired cathedral.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/cologne-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cologne Cathedral · see source"}, "/e/great-composers/johannes-brahms/": {"t": "Johannes Brahms", "s": "German composer, pianist, and conductor of the mid-Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johannes-brahms.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Brahms · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "s": "A medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of the modern Czech Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-2-mahler/": {"t": "Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)", "s": "Mahler's Resurrection Symphony: a journey from funeral rites to transcendent hope."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/alban-berg/": {"t": "Alban Berg", "s": "Austrian composer of the Second Viennese School, known for blending Romantic lyricism with twelve-tone technique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/alban-berg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alban Berg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/bed-ich-smetana/": {"t": "Bedřich Smetana", "s": "Father of Czech music, composer of The Bartered Bride and Má vlast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/bed-ich-smetana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bedřich Smetana · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/czech-language/": {"t": "Czech language", "s": "A West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, official in the Czech Republic, with a rich morphology and a raised alveolar trill."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/v-clav-havel/": {"t": "Václav Havel", "s": "Czech dissident, playwright, and post-communist president.", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/v-clav-havel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Czechs · see source"}, "/e/great-composers/claude-debussy/": {"t": "Claude Debussy", "s": "French composer who rejected the term Impressionist but shaped modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/claude-debussy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Debussy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/pictures-at-an-exhibition/": {"t": "Pictures at an Exhibition", "s": "Piano suite in ten movements plus Promenade, inspired by an exhibition of Viktor Hartmann's works."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edgar-allan-poe/": {"t": "Edgar Allan Poe", "s": "Master of the macabre and pioneer of detective fiction"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/st-phane-mallarm/": {"t": "Stéphane Mallarmé", "s": "French Symbolist poet whose work inspired early 20th-century avant-garde movements."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/gabriel-faur/": {"t": "Gabriel Fauré", "s": "French composer linking Romanticism with early 20th-century modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university/": {"t": "Heidelberg University", "s": "Germany's oldest university, founded in 1386.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/heidelberg-university.webp", "c": "Max Adamo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/american-superhero-comedy-films/e/american-superhero-comedy-films/alter-egos/": {"t": "Alter Egos", "s": "A 2012 superhero comedy film directed by Jordan Galland."}, "/e/great-composers/gustav-mahler/": {"t": "Gustav Mahler", "s": "Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer and conductor", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/gustav-mahler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gustav Mahler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss/": {"t": "Richard Strauss", "s": "German composer and conductor of the late Romantic and early Modern era"}, "/e/great-composers/maurice-ravel/": {"t": "Maurice Ravel", "s": "French composer known for Boléro and masterful orchestration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/maurice-ravel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maurice Ravel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/saxony/": {"t": "Saxony", "s": "A German state with a long history as duchy, electorate, and kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/turkish-folklore/e/turkish-folklore/par/": {"t": "Parī", "s": "Winged supernatural beings from Persian tales, beautiful and morally complex."}, "https://codexery.com/music/e/music/wedding-march-mendelssohn/": {"t": "Wedding March (Mendelssohn)", "s": "One of the most frequently used wedding marches in Western countries."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/peter-gustav-lejeune-dirichlet/": {"t": "Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet", "s": "German mathematician who proved cases of Fermat's Last Theorem and advanced analysis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/confucius/": {"t": "Confucius", "s": "The paragon of Chinese sages and founder of Confucianism."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/": {"t": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "s": "German philosopher and major figure in German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/jean-racine/": {"t": "Jean Racine", "s": "Master of neoclassical tragedy and the French alexandrine."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/francis-poulenc/": {"t": "Francis Poulenc", "s": "French composer and pianist."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/john-cage/": {"t": "John Cage", "s": "American composer known for 4′33″ and chance-controlled music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/john-cage.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Cage · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/john-adams-composer/": {"t": "John Adams (composer)", "s": "American composer noted for historical operas and minimalist style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/john-adams-composer.webp", "c": "The Bureau of Engraving and Printing · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/bar-music/": {"t": "Bar (music)", "s": "Segment of music bounded by bar lines, indicating recurring beats.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/bar-music.webp", "c": "Miguel Discart · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/notre-dame-de-paris/": {"t": "Notre-Dame de Paris", "s": "Medieval Gothic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in Paris.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/notre-dame-de-paris.webp", "c": "Jebulon · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic architecture", "s": "Medieval architectural style defined by the pointed arch and verticality."}, "https://codexery.com/respiratory-infectious-diseases/e/respiratory-and-infectious-diseases/bronchitis/": {"t": "Bronchitis", "s": "Inflammation of the bronchi causing cough, often viral or smoking-related."}}