{"https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/conquistador/": {"t": "Conquistador", "s": "Spanish and Portuguese explorers who conquered and colonized the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/reconquista/": {"t": "Reconquista", "s": "Series of Christian campaigns ending Muslim rule in Iberia."}, "https://codexery.com/former-spanish-colonies/e/former-spanish-colonies/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Spanish colonization of the Americas", "s": "Spanish settlement of the Americas began in 1493 on Hispaniola."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples are diverse groups with ancestral ties to traditional territories."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/new-laws/": {"t": "New Laws", "s": "1542 Spanish laws to protect indigenous peoples from encomendero exploitation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/img/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/new-laws.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Laws · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/iberian-peninsula/": {"t": "Iberian Peninsula", "s": "Second-largest European peninsula, home to Spain and Portugal."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/christopher-columbus/": {"t": "Christopher Columbus", "s": "Italian explorer who opened the Americas to European colonization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/christopher-columbus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christopher Columbus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/catholic-monarchs-of-spain/": {"t": "Catholic Monarchs of Spain", "s": "Joint rulers who unified Spain and sponsored Columbus's voyage."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/hern-n-cort-s/": {"t": "Hernán Cortés", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led the fall of the Aztec Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/hern-n-cort-s.webp", "c": "Unknown artistUnknown artist · via Wikipedia: Hernán Cortés · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/explorers-of-the-americas/p-nfilo-de-narv-ez/": {"t": "Pánfilo de Narváez", "s": "Spanish conquistador who led two failed expeditions in the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hispaniola/": {"t": "Hispaniola", "s": "Caribbean island divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/la-malinche/": {"t": "La Malinche", "s": "Nahua interpreter and intermediary for Hernán Cortés during the conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/makati/": {"t": "Makati", "s": "Philippines' leading financial and commercial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/cacique/": {"t": "Cacique", "s": "Indigenous leader term adapted by Spanish colonizers."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-rebellions-against-the/e/indigenous-rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/enriquillo/": {"t": "Enriquillo", "s": "Taíno cacique who led a thirteen-year rebellion on Hispaniola."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/bartolom-de-las-casas/": {"t": "Bartolomé de las Casas", "s": "Spanish cleric and activist who fought colonial abuse of Indigenous peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-rebellions-against-the/e/indigenous-rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/huilliche-uprising-of-1712/": {"t": "Huilliche uprising of 1712", "s": "Huilliche revolt against abusive encomenderos in Chiloé, 1712."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/hacienda/": {"t": "Hacienda", "s": "Large landed estate in Spain and the former Spanish Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elizabeth-i/": {"t": "Elizabeth I", "s": "The Virgin Queen who presided over the Elizabethan era."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-england/": {"t": "New England", "s": "Six-state region in northeastern U.S. with strong cultural identity."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/nova-scotia/": {"t": "Nova Scotia", "s": "Canada's most populous Atlantic province, rich in Mi'kmaq heritage and Scottish history."}, "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/e/former-dutch-colonies/new-netherland/": {"t": "New Netherland", "s": "Dutch colony on North America's East Coast, ceded to England in 1664.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/img/former-dutch-colonies/new-netherland.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Netherland · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/delaware/": {"t": "Delaware", "s": "First state to ratify the U.S. Constitution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/delaware.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania/": {"t": "Pennsylvania", "s": "The Keystone State", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/pennsylvania.webp", "c": "Simtropolitan, Jean-Pierre Demailly (old version)\npermission=\n\n\n\nInsignia\n\nThis image shows a flag, a coat of arms, a seal or some other official insignia. The  · via Wikipedia: Pennsylvania · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/overseas-empires/e/overseas-empires/factory-trading-post/": {"t": "Factory (trading post)", "s": "Medieval and early modern trading post and free-trade zone."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/dowry/": {"t": "Dowry", "s": "A marriage payment from the bride's family to the groom's family.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/dowry.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/hundred-years-war/": {"t": "Hundred Years' War", "s": "The Hundred Years' War was not a single continuous battle but a long, stop-start series of conflicts between England and France, lasting from 1337 to 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/newfoundland-island/": {"t": "Newfoundland (island)", "s": "Large Canadian island, site of Norse settlement and England's oldest colony."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/sir-francis-drake/": {"t": "Sir Francis Drake", "s": "English explorer and privateer who led the second circumnavigation of the globe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/sir-francis-drake.webp", "c": "Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger · via Wikipedia: Francis Drake · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/explorers-of-the-americas/martin-frobisher/": {"t": "Martin Frobisher", "s": "English sea captain who sought the North-west Passage."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/baffin-island/": {"t": "Baffin Island", "s": "Largest Canadian island, inhabited for at least 3,000 years."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/barbados/": {"t": "Barbados", "s": "The southernmost island of the Caribbean, a former British colony turned republic."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/territorial-evolution-of-the-british-empire/": {"t": "Territorial evolution of the British Empire", "s": "Largest empire in history, spanning over a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope/": {"t": "Cape of Good Hope", "s": "Rocky headland on the Cape Peninsula, key to the Cape Route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope.webp", "c": "Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/bartolomeu-dias/": {"t": "Bartolomeu Dias", "s": "Portuguese explorer who first rounded Africa's southern tip."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/scramble-for-africa/": {"t": "Scramble for Africa", "s": "The late 19th-century invasion, conquest, and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/scramble-for-africa.webp", "c": "Bulllinzoneownere · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/maps-their-symbols/e/maps-and-their-symbols/world-map/": {"t": "World map", "s": "A map of most or all of Earth's surface."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/antarctic/": {"t": "Antarctic", "s": "Polar region surrounding the South Pole, governed by international treaty."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/nile/": {"t": "Nile", "s": "Longest river in the world, central to African history and civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/john-hanning-speke/": {"t": "John Hanning Speke", "s": "English explorer who first reached Lake Victoria."}, "https://codexery.com/collectors-of-fairy-tales/e/collectors-of-fairy-tales/richard-francis-burton/": {"t": "Richard Francis Burton", "s": "Explorer, translator, and scholar of languages and cultures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/collectors-of-fairy-tales/img/collectors-of-fairy-tales/richard-francis-burton.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Francis Burton · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/david-livingstone/": {"t": "David Livingstone", "s": "Scottish doctor, missionary, and explorer whose search for the Nile sources aimed to gain influence to end the slave trade.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/david-livingstone.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: David Livingstone · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pharaohs-of-egypt/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/necho-ii/": {"t": "Necho II", "s": "Egyptian pharaoh who killed Josiah and sent ships around Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/hanno-the-navigator/": {"t": "Hanno the Navigator", "s": "Carthaginian explorer of the fifth century BC West African coast."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/guinea/": {"t": "Guinea", "s": "West African nation, former French colony, bauxite producer."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/prince-henry-the-navigator/": {"t": "Prince Henry the Navigator", "s": "Portuguese prince and patron of early exploration"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/the-gambia/": {"t": "The Gambia", "s": "Smallest continental African country, named for the Gambia River."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/polynesians/": {"t": "Polynesians", "s": "Polynesians are an ethnolinguistic group native to the Polynesian Triangle, known for their ancient navigation skills and Austronesian heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/malay-archipelago/": {"t": "Malay Archipelago", "s": "Largest archipelago by area, between Southeast Asia and Australia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/malay-archipelago.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Malay Archipelago · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/vasco-n-ez-de-balboa/": {"t": "Vasco Núñez de Balboa", "s": "Spanish explorer who first sighted the Pacific Ocean from Panama."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/isthmus-of-panama/": {"t": "Isthmus of Panama", "s": "Narrow land bridge linking North and South America."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ferdinand-magellan/": {"t": "Ferdinand Magellan", "s": "Portuguese explorer who planned and led the first circumnavigation of Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ferdinand-magellan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ferdinand Magellan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/oceania/": {"t": "Oceania", "s": "The smallest continent, spanning the Pacific's vast ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/peopling-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Peopling of the Americas", "s": "First human settlement of the Americas from Asia via Beringia."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of the Americas", "s": "Native peoples of the Americas with diverse cultures and languages."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/melanesia/": {"t": "Melanesia", "s": "A subregion of Oceania in the southwestern Pacific, known for its diverse cultures and dark-skinned indigenous peoples.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/melanesia.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/tahiti/": {"t": "Tahiti", "s": "Largest island of French Polynesia, settled by Polynesians by 1100 CE.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/tahiti.webp", "c": "Fred the Oyster · via Wikipedia: Tahiti · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/new-zealand-cuisine/e/new-zealand-cuisine/k-mara/": {"t": "Kūmara", "s": "Polynesian name for the sweet potato, a pre-Columbian staple."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/xu-fu/": {"t": "Xu Fu", "s": "Chinese alchemist who vanished seeking the elixir of life."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/european-colonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "European colonization of the Americas", "s": "European colonization of the Americas: from Norse voyages to the establishment of settler colonial states."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/french-colonial-empire/": {"t": "French colonial empire", "s": "Overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandates under French rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/french-colonial-empire.webp", "c": "M. G. Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/western-hemisphere/": {"t": "Western Hemisphere", "s": "U.S. Department of Defense school for Latin American security personnel, formerly the School of the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/colonialism/": {"t": "Colonialism", "s": "Practice of domination over a territory and its people."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-canada/e/world-heritage-sites-in-canada/quebec-city/": {"t": "Quebec City", "s": "One of the oldest European settlements in North America, and the only fortified city north of Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/montreal/": {"t": "Montreal", "s": "Montreal (French: Montréal) sits as Quebec’s biggest city, Canada’s second-largest, and North America’s eighth-largest."}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/port-au-prince/": {"t": "Port-au-Prince", "s": "Capital of Haiti, shaped by colonial history and modern crises.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/port-au-prince.webp", "c": "W. Bulach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/martinique/": {"t": "Martinique", "s": "An island of flowers, volcanoes, and French heritage in the Caribbean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/martinique.webp", "c": "OttavianoUrsu · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/saint-lucia/": {"t": "Saint Lucia", "s": "The Helen of the West Indies"}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/cayenne/": {"t": "Cayenne", "s": "Work brings wealth"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/french-guiana/": {"t": "French Guiana", "s": "French Guiana, officially named Guyane, is an overseas department and region of France situated on the northern coast of South America within the Guianas region", "i": "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/img/miscellaneous/french-guiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Politics of French Guiana · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-brazil/e/world-heritage-sites-in-brazil/s-o-lu-s-maranh-o/": {"t": "São Luís, Maranhão", "s": "Brazilian state capital founded by France, with a UNESCO-listed historic center."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/giovanni-da-verrazzano/": {"t": "Giovanni da Verrazzano", "s": "Florentine explorer who mapped North America's Atlantic coast for France."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/jacques-cartier/": {"t": "Jacques Cartier", "s": "French explorer who mapped the St. Lawrence and named Canada."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maine/": {"t": "Maine", "s": "Northeasternmost state in the contiguous United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maine.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-and-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/jacques-marquette/": {"t": "Jacques Marquette", "s": "French Jesuit missionary and explorer of the Mississippi River."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/hudson-bay/": {"t": "Hudson Bay", "s": "A vast inland marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean in northeastern Canada."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/louisiana-new-france/": {"t": "Louisiana (New France)", "s": "Vast French territory in North America, sold to the U.S. in 1803."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonization-of-the-americas/e/french-colonization-of-the-americas/new-france/": {"t": "New France", "s": "French colonial territory in mainland North America, 1534–1763.", "i": "https://codexery.com/french-colonization-of-the-americas/img/french-colonization-of-the-americas/new-france.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New France · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malayalam/": {"t": "Malayalam", "s": "A Dravidian classical language of Kerala and the Malayali people."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/governor/": {"t": "Governor", "s": "Administrative leader and head of a political region."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/representative-assembly-of-french-india/": {"t": "Representative Assembly of French India", "s": "Legislative body of French India from 1946 to 1955."}, "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/e/former-dutch-colonies/coromandel-coast/": {"t": "Coromandel Coast", "s": "Southeastern Indian coast, site of colonial trade rivalries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/img/former-dutch-colonies/coromandel-coast.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Coromandel Coast · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/e/olympic-sailing-venues/le-havre/": {"t": "Le Havre", "s": "Normandy port city rebuilt after WWII, now a UNESCO site.", "i": "https://codexery.com/olympic-sailing-venues/img/olympic-sailing-venues/le-havre.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Le Havre · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/letters-patent/": {"t": "Letters patent", "s": "Open royal decrees granting offices, rights, or titles."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/mughal-empire/": {"t": "Mughal Empire", "s": "An early modern empire in South Asia, founded in 1526."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/battle-of-wandiwash/": {"t": "Battle of Wandiwash", "s": "It formed part of the Third Carnatic War, itself a theater of the global Seven Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/west-bengal/": {"t": "West Bengal", "s": "A state of eastern India, rich in history, culture, and diversity."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/deccan-plateau/": {"t": "Deccan Plateau", "s": "Ancient plateau forming the bulk of the Indian peninsula.", "i": 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"https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/settler-colonialism.webp", "c": "Neve Gordon · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/songhai-empire/": {"t": "Songhai Empire", "s": "A large Sahelian empire at its peak in the 15th–16th centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/songhai-empire.webp", "c": "HetmanTheResearcher · via Wikipedia: Songhai Empire · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/e/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-gold-coast/": {"t": "Portuguese Gold Coast", "s": "Portuguese colony on the Gold Coast, 1482–1642.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/img/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-gold-coast.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Portuguese Gold Coast · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/dutch-people/": {"t": "Dutch people", "s": "Ethnic group native to the Netherlands, with global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/former-danish-colonies/e/former-danish-colonies/danish-gold-coast/": {"t": "Danish Gold Coast", "s": "Denmark–Norway's former colony on the Gulf of Guinea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-danish-colonies/img/former-danish-colonies/danish-gold-coast.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Danish Gold Coast · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/columbian-exchange/": {"t": "Columbian exchange", "s": "The Columbian exchange—sometimes called the Columbian interchange—describes the large-scale movement of plants, animals, and diseases linking the Americas (the ", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/columbian-exchange.webp", "c": "Warren LeMay from Chicago, IL, United States · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/spaniards/": {"t": "Spaniards", "s": "Spaniards are an ethnic group indigenous to Spain with a global legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mercury-element/": {"t": "Mercury (element)", "s": "A heavy, silvery liquid metal with unique physical properties and high toxicity."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing 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"https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/crown-of-aragon/": {"t": "Crown of Aragon", "s": "A medieval Mediterranean thalassocracy of autonomous realms under one king."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/john-iv-of-portugal/": {"t": "John IV of Portugal", "s": "King who ended the Iberian Union and restored Portuguese independence."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/council-of-the-indies/": {"t": "Council of the Indies", "s": "Supreme royal council governing Spanish America and the East Indies."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/alfonso-vii-of-le-n-and-castile/": {"t": "Alfonso VII of León and Castile", "s": "King of León, Castile, and Galicia who claimed 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"https://codexery.com/portuguese-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/portuguese-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/spice-trade/": {"t": "Spice trade", "s": "Ancient network linking Asia, Africa and Europe through spice exchange."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/portuguese-maritime-exploration/": {"t": "Portuguese maritime exploration", "s": "Portuguese sailors pioneered global sea routes in the Age of Discovery."}, "https://codexery.com/overseas-empires/e/overseas-empires/polysynodial-system/": {"t": "Polysynodial System", "s": "Collegiate councils administered the Spanish Habsburg composite monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/former-portuguese-colonies/e/former-portuguese-colonies/ceuta/": {"t": "Ceuta", "s": "Spanish autonomous city on the North African coast."}, "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/e/former-dutch-colonies/dutch-brazil/": {"t": "Dutch Brazil", "s": "A Dutch colony in northeastern Brazil, 1630–1654.", "i": "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/img/former-dutch-colonies/dutch-brazil.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Dutch Brazil · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-eritrea/e/italian-eritrea/italian-eritrea/": {"t": "Italian Eritrea", "s": "Italian colony in present-day Eritrea, founded 1890, lost 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/italian-eritrea/img/italian-eritrea/italian-eritrea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Italian Eritrea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/overseas-empires/e/overseas-empires/colonial-empire/": {"t": "Colonial empire", "s": "States that establish and maintain colonies overseas or contiguously."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/e/italian-colonisation-in-africa/italian-libya/": {"t": "Italian Libya", "s": "Italian colony in North Africa, 1934–1943, with major infrastructure and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/img/italian-colonisation-in-africa/italian-libya.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Italian Libya · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/e/italian-colonisation-in-africa/italian-somaliland/": {"t": "Italian Somaliland", "s": "Italian colony in Somalia from late 1800s to 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/img/italian-colonisation-in-africa/italian-somaliland.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Italian Somaliland · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-eritrea/e/italian-eritrea/italian-east-africa/": {"t": "Italian East Africa", "s": "Italian colonial entity uniting Eritrea, Somalia, and Ethiopia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/italian-eritrea/img/italian-eritrea/italian-east-africa.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Italian East Africa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/fascist-italy/": {"t": "Fascist Italy", "s": "Italian totalitarian regime under Mussolini, 1922–1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/img/italian-fascism/fascist-italy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fascist Italy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-genoa/": {"t": "Republic of Genoa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic and major European financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/amerigo-vespucci/": {"t": "Amerigo Vespucci", "s": "Italian explorer after whom the Americas are named."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/horn-of-africa/": {"t": "Horn of Africa", "s": "A strategically vital peninsula and cultural crossroads in eastern Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/guangzhouwan/": {"t": "Guangzhouwan", "s": "A French leased territory on China's coast, returned in 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical 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War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-invasion-of-manchuria.webp", "c": "Tazadeperla · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war/": {"t": "Russo-Japanese War", "s": "War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Imperial Instituto Artistico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/japanese-language/": {"t": "Japanese language", "s": "The principal language of the Japonic family, spoken by over 123 million people, primarily in Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-colonial-governors-and/e/japanese-colonial-governors-and-administrators/shigeru-honj/": {"t": "Shigeru Honjō", "s": "Commander of the Kwantung Army during the invasion of Manchuria.", "i": "https://codexery.com/japanese-colonial-governors-and/img/japanese-colonial-governors-and-administrators/shigeru-honj.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Shigeru Honjō · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/changchun/": {"t": "Changchun", "s": "Capital of Jilin, automotive hub, and former Manchukuo capital."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hirohito/": {"t": "Hirohito", "s": "Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989, reigning through war and reconstruction."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/tianjin/": {"t": "Tianjin", "s": "A dual-core port city on the Hai River and Bohai Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jilin-city/": {"t": "Jilin City", "s": "The River City on the Songhua, former capital of Jilin province in northeast China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/img/cities-starting-with-j/jilin-city.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jilin City · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/qiqihar/": {"t": "Qiqihar", "s": "Second-largest city in Heilongjiang, China; industrial and historical center."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jinzhou/": {"t": "Jinzhou", "s": "Strategic coastal city in Liaoning, site of key Civil War battles."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-colonial-governors-and/e/japanese-colonial-governors-and-administrators/jir-minami/": {"t": "Jirō Minami", "s": "Imperial Japanese Army general and Governor-General of Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/japanese-colonial-governors-and/img/japanese-colonial-governors-and-administrators/jir-minami.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jirō Minami · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-italo-ethiopian-war/": {"t": "Second Italo-Ethiopian War", "s": "Italy's largest colonial campaign, ending in Ethiopia's annexation."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland/": {"t": "Invasion of Poland", "s": "Joint invasion that started World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland.webp", "c": "The National Archives UK · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/antarctica/": {"t": "Antarctica", "s": "Earth's southernmost, coldest, and least-populated continent."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/roald-amundsen/": {"t": "Roald Amundsen", "s": "Norwegian polar explorer who reached both the South and North Poles.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/roald-amundsen.webp", "c": "Anonymous Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/james-cook/": {"t": "James Cook", "s": "British Royal Navy officer who mapped much of the Pacific and Southern Oceans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/james-cook.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Cook · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/antarctic-circle/": {"t": "Antarctic Circle", "s": "Southernmost major latitude circle marking the Antarctic region."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/fabian-gottlieb-von-bellingshausen/": {"t": "Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen", "s": "Russian cartographer and explorer who discovered Antarctica."}, "https://codexery.com/polar-explorers/e/polar-explorers/mikhail-lazarev/": {"t": "Mikhail Lazarev", "s": "Russian fleet commander and Antarctic explorer."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanic-mountains/e/volcanic-mountains/mount-erebus/": {"t": "Mount Erebus", "s": "Southernmost active volcano with a persistent lava lake."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ernest-shackleton/": {"t": "Ernest Shackleton", "s": "Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions and set a Farthest South record of 88°23′ S.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ernest-shackleton.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ernest Shackleton · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/shackleton-s-endurance-expedition/": {"t": "Shackleton's Endurance Expedition", "s": "Failed Antarctic crossing became an epic survival story.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/shackleton-s-endurance-expedition.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/mali-empire/": {"t": "Mali Empire", "s": "West African empire known for wealth and cultural influence."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-regions/e/specific-regions/fouta-djallon/": {"t": "Fouta Djallon", "s": "Highland region in Guinea, headwaters of major West African rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/senegal-river/": {"t": "Senegal River", "s": "A 1086 km West African river forming part of the Senegal-Mauritania border, with a rich history as the 'River of Gold'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/senegal-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Senegal River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/jihad/": {"t": "Jihad", "s": "Islamic concept of striving in God's path, with spiritual and martial dimensions."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/sahel/": {"t": "Sahel", "s": "Transition zone between Sahara and Sudanian savannas."}, "https://codexery.com/herbs-spices/e/herbs-and-spices/kola-nut/": {"t": "Kola nut", "s": "Caffeine-containing seed used in cola drinks and West African ceremonies."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/prime-minister/": {"t": "Prime minister", "s": "Head of government leading the cabinet in parliamentary systems."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/ant-nio-de-oliveira-salazar/": {"t": "António de Oliveira Salazar", "s": "Portuguese dictator who created the longest-lived authoritarian regime in modern Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/e/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-angola/": {"t": "Portuguese Angola", "s": "Portuguese colony in Africa from 1575 to 1975.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/img/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-angola.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Portuguese Angola · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/e/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-mozambique/": {"t": "Portuguese Mozambique", "s": "Portuguese East Africa, a colony that became the Republic of Mozambique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/img/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-mozambique.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Portuguese Mozambique · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/civilizing-mission/": {"t": "Civilizing mission", "s": "A rationale for colonization based on cultural assimilation."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/self-determination/": {"t": "Self-determination", "s": "A people's right to form its own political entity."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/general-agreement-on-tariffs-and-trade/": {"t": "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade", "s": "The multilateral trade treaty that reduced tariffs and paved the way for the WTO."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/republic/": {"t": "Republic", "s": "A state where political power rests with the people."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-fascism/e/italian-fascism/italian-fascism/": {"t": "Italian fascism", "s": "Original fascist ideology developed in Italy by Mussolini and Gentile."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/economic-growth/": {"t": "Economic growth", "s": "Economic growth is the increase in the quantity and quality of goods and services a society produces, measured by real GDP or GDP per capita.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/economic-concepts/economic-growth.webp", "c": "DavidMCEddy · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/developed-country/": {"t": "Developed country", "s": "A country with high living standards and advanced economy."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/smallpox/": {"t": "Smallpox", "s": "Eradicated viral disease that killed hundreds of millions."}, "https://codexery.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/e/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/diego-vel-zquez-de-cu-llar/": {"t": "Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar", "s": "First governor of Cuba who chartered expeditions to Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/veracruz-city/": {"t": "Veracruz (city)", "s": "Mexico's oldest, largest, and historically most significant port city."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural-beings-identified-with-chri/e/supernatural-beings-identified-with-christian-saints/quetzalc-tl/": {"t": "Quetzalcōātl", "s": "Feathered serpent deity of wind, wisdom, and Venus."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/moctezuma-ii/": {"t": "Moctezuma II", "s": "Ninth emperor of the Aztec Empire, whose reign saw the empire's greatest expansion and the first European contact."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pedro-de-alvarado/": {"t": "Pedro de Alvarado", "s": "Spanish conquistador of Central America, known for his military skill and cruelty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pedro-de-alvarado.webp", "c": "Tomás Povedano · via Wikipedia: Pedro de Alvarado · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/cuitl-huac/": {"t": "Cuitláhuac", "s": "10th Huey Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan who led resistance against Spanish conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/pole-vault/": {"t": "Pole vault", "s": "Track and field event using a pole to clear a bar."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/cuauht-moc/": {"t": "Cuauhtémoc", "s": "Last Aztec emperor, captured and executed by Spanish."}, "https://codexery.com/pirate-ships/e/pirate-ships/sloop/": {"t": "Sloop", "s": "A single-masted fore-and-aft rig with one headsail."}}