{"https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/imperialism/": {"t": "Imperialism", "s": "Imperialism is the extension of power over foreign nations through hard and soft power."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war/": {"t": "Seven Years' War", "s": "Global war that reshaped European and colonial power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war.webp", "c": "Blaue Max · via Wikipedia: Seven Years' War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/porcelain/": {"t": "Porcelain", "s": "A ceramic material known for its strength, whiteness, and translucency, fired at high temperatures."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/tea/": {"t": "Tea", "s": "The world's most consumed beverage after water, steeped in history and tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/developed-country/": {"t": "Developed country", "s": "A country with high living standards and advanced economy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/singapore/": {"t": "Singapore", "s": "The Lion City, a global hub of trade and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/marco-polo/": {"t": "Marco Polo", "s": "Venetian merchant whose travels opened the East to European understanding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/marco-polo.webp", "c": "Marco Polo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/bartolomeu-dias/": {"t": "Bartolomeu Dias", "s": "Portuguese explorer who first rounded Africa's southern tip."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope/": {"t": "Cape of Good Hope", "s": "Rocky headland on the Cape Peninsula, key to the Cape Route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope.webp", "c": "Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/continent/": {"t": "Continent", "s": "Large terrestrial region identified by convention, not strict criteria."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/great-power/": {"t": "Great power", "s": "Sovereign state with global influence and recognized power status."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/sinai-peninsula/": {"t": "Sinai Peninsula", "s": "Peninsula in the Russian Far East, part of the Ring of Fire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/sinai-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kamchatka Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/negev/": {"t": "Negev", "s": "A desert region covering over half of Israel, rich in history and geology."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/tel-aviv/": {"t": "Tel Aviv", "s": "The economic and technological center of Israel, a global high-tech hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/gaza-strip/": {"t": "Gaza Strip", "s": "A densely populated Palestinian territory under blockade and conflict.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/img/cultural-and-historical-regions/gaza-strip.webp", "c": "TUBS · via Wikipedia: Gaza Strip · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/damascus/": {"t": "Damascus", "s": "The oldest capital city in the world, nestled at the foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/1936-1939-arab-revolt-in-palestine/": {"t": "1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine", "s": "A Palestinian Arab uprising against British rule and Zionist immigration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/1936-1939-arab-revolt-in-palestine.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/david-ben-gurion/": {"t": "David Ben-Gurion", "s": "Primary national founder and first prime minister of the State of Israel."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/druze/": {"t": "Druze", "s": "Esoteric monotheistic group originating from Ismā‘īli Shiʿa Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/light-machine-gun/": {"t": "Light machine gun", "s": "A portable machine gun for one soldier, providing squad suppressive fire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/light-machine-gun.webp", "c": "Joost J. Bakker from IJmuiden · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/warplanes/e/warplanes/b-17-flying-fortress/": {"t": "B-17 Flying Fortress", "s": "The American four-engined heavy bomber that dropped more bombs than any other aircraft in World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warplanes/img/warplanes/b-17-flying-fortress.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/coup-d-tat/": {"t": "Coup d'état", "s": "Illegal seizure of power by military or elites."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi/": {"t": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", "s": "Last Shah of Iran, overthrown in the Islamic Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi.webp", "c": "Ghazarians · via Wikipedia: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/clement-attlee/": {"t": "Clement Attlee", "s": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951, leader of the Labour Party, and architect of the post-war welfare state."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/iranian-revolution/": {"t": "Iranian Revolution", "s": "Overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty and establishment of an Islamic republic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/iranian-revolution.webp", "c": "Bagher Nasir · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/part-1/george-curzon-1st-marquess-curzon-of-kedleston/": {"t": "George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston", "s": "British statesman, Viceroy of India, and Foreign Secretary who shaped borders in the Middle East and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/william-knox-d-arcy/": {"t": "William Knox D'Arcy", "s": "Businessman who founded the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, later BP.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/william-knox-d-arcy.webp", "c": "Life magazine · via Wikipedia: William Knox D'Arcy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anglo-soviet-invasion-of-iran/": {"t": "Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran", "s": "Joint Allied invasion of neutral Iran in August 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anglo-soviet-invasion-of-iran.webp", "c": "Raymond James Sontag and James Stuart Beddie · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/saudi-aramco/": {"t": "Saudi Aramco", "s": "The world's largest oil producer and a cornerstone of the global energy industry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/saudi-aramco.webp", "c": "Carlos Figueroa Rojas · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-court-of-justice/": {"t": "International Court of Justice", "s": "Principal judicial organ of the United Nations."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/korean-war/": {"t": "Korean War", "s": "A frozen conflict that divided a peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dwight-d-eisenhower/": {"t": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "s": "34th president of the United States and Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/guatemala-city/": {"t": "Guatemala City", "s": "National capital and largest city of Guatemala."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/european-colonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "European colonization of the Americas", "s": "European colonization of the Americas: from Norse voyages to the establishment of settler colonial states."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/part-1/grover-cleveland/": {"t": "Grover Cleveland", "s": "22nd and 24th U.S. president; first to serve nonconsecutive terms."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/liberal-democracy/": {"t": "Liberal democracy", "s": "A government combining democracy with liberal political philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/land-reform/": {"t": "Land reform", "s": "Reforms altering land ownership, use, and tenure systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/img/economic-and-social-concepts/land-reform.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/feudalism/": {"t": "Feudalism", "s": "A system of land-for-service obligations in medieval Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/supernatural/e/world/new-orleans-louisiana/": {"t": "New Orleans, Louisiana", "s": "The Crescent City on the Mississippi, where Creole culture, Voodoo and Mardi Gras grew up together.", "i": "https://codexery.com/supernatural/img/world/new-orleans-louisiana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: New Orleans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/pablo-neruda/": {"t": "Pablo Neruda", "s": "Chilean poet-diplomat and Nobel laureate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/pablo-neruda.webp", "c": "Unknown (Mondadori Publishers) · via Wikipedia: Pablo Neruda · Public domain"}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/1953-iranian-coup-d-tat/": {"t": "1953 Iranian coup d'état", "s": "The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, instigated by the UK and US, overthrew Prime Minister Mosaddegh and strengthened the Shah's rule."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organization-of-american-states/": {"t": "Organization of American States", "s": "Promoting democracy, human rights, and security across the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/caracas/": {"t": "Caracas", "s": "Capital and largest city of Venezuela, cultural and economic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/maya-peoples/": {"t": "Maya peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica, descendants of the ancient Maya civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lhasa/": {"t": "Lhasa", "s": "High-altitude capital of Tibet, center of Buddhist culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/dalai-lama/": {"t": "Dalai Lama", "s": "Spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and historical symbol of Tibetan unity."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/tibetan-independence-movement/": {"t": "Tibetan independence movement", "s": "The Tibetan independence movement (Tibetan: བོད་རང་བཙན Bod rang btsan; simplified Chinese: 西藏独立运动; traditional Chinese: 西藏獨立運動) is a political campaign that see", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/tibetan-independence-movement.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tibetan independence movement · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/sichuan.webp", "c": "Md Shaifuzzaman Ayon · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jawaharlal-nehru/": {"t": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "s": "India's first prime minister and architect of its modern secular democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/arrow-poison/": {"t": "Arrow poison", "s": "Arrow poisons have been used for millennia in hunting and warfare worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/himachal-pradesh/": {"t": "Himachal Pradesh", "s": "Land of Gods and the Brave", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/himachal-pradesh.webp", "c": "Timothy Gonsalves · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/abadan-iran/": {"t": "Abadan, Iran", "s": "A resilient city on an island of oil and history."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/shell-plc/": {"t": "Shell plc", "s": "Shell plc is a British publicly traded oil and gas company with its headquarters in London, England.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/shell-plc.webp", "c": "Marek Ślusarczyk ( Tupungato ) Photo portfolio · CC BY 3.0"}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/afghan-civil-war-1992-1996/": {"t": "Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)", "s": "A civil war between the Taliban and the United Front, ending with the U.S. invasion."}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/afghan-civil-war-1996-2001/": {"t": "Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)", "s": "Conflict between Taliban and Northern Alliance before U.S. invasion."}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/soviet-afghan-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Afghan War", "s": "Decade-long conflict that contributed to the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pashto/": {"t": "Pashto", "s": "Eastern Iranian language, official in Afghanistan, key to Pashtun identity."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mujahideen/": {"t": "Mujahideen", "s": "Arabic term for those who engage in jihad."}, "https://codexery.com/castrated-people/e/castrated-people/mohammad-najibullah/": {"t": "Mohammad Najibullah", "s": "Last Soviet-backed president of Afghanistan, assassinated by the Taliban."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation/": {"t": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation", "s": "The collective voice of the Muslim world", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-islamic-cooperation.webp", "c": "Tahir mq · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/ahmad-shah-massoud/": {"t": "Ahmad Shah Massoud", "s": "Lion of Panjshir"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benazir-bhutto/": {"t": "Benazir Bhutto", "s": "First woman prime minister of a Muslim-majority country, assassinated in 2007."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/jihad/": {"t": "Jihad", "s": "Islamic concept of striving in God's path, with spiritual and martial dimensions."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/boris-yeltsin/": {"t": "Boris Yeltsin", "s": "Soviet politician and reform leader who visited the US in 1989.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/boris-yeltsin.webp", "c": "Presidential Press and Information Office · via Wikipedia: Boris Yeltsin · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/pashtuns/": {"t": "Pashtuns", "s": "Pashtuns are a tribal ethnic group primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with significant diaspora communities in India and elsewhere."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mazar-i-sharif/": {"t": "Mazar-i-Sharif", "s": "Northern Afghan city, regional hub, site of Imam Ali's shrine."}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/afghan-civil-war-1989-1992/": {"t": "Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)", "s": "Post-Soviet withdrawal civil war among mujahideen and government forces."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/islam-karimov/": {"t": "Islam Karimov", "s": "Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov (30 January 1938 – 2 September 2016) was an Uzbek politician who became the country’s first president after independence in 1991 an"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-and-activists/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-activists/osama-bin-laden/": {"t": "Osama bin Laden", "s": "Founder and first general emir of al-Qaeda"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/cities-starting-with-m/mashhad/": {"t": "Mashhad", "s": "Second-largest Iranian city and major Shia pilgrimage center."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/afghan-conflict/": {"t": "Afghan conflict", "s": "Near-continuous armed conflict in Afghanistan since the 1970s."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world/": {"t": "Arab world", "s": "A region of diverse peoples united by Arabic language and culture, spanning West Asia and North Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world.webp", "c": "Qbox673 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/ayman-al-zawahiri/": {"t": "Ayman al-Zawahiri", "s": "Egyptian surgeon who led al-Qaeda after bin Laden."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/september-11-attacks/": {"t": "September 11 attacks", "s": "Coordinated al-Qaeda suicide hijackings killed nearly 3,000 people."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamid-karzai/": {"t": "Hamid Karzai", "s": "First president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2004–2014.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamid-karzai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hamid Karzai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/emir/": {"t": "Emir", "s": "Arabic title for commander, prince, or monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/hegemony/": {"t": "Hegemony", "s": "Predominance of one state over others, regionally or globally."}, "https://codexery.com/drone-regulation/e/drone-regulation/air-sovereignty/": {"t": "Air sovereignty", "s": "A nation's exclusive control over its territorial airspace."}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/mediation/": {"t": "Mediation", "s": "Neutral third party facilitates voluntary dispute resolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/img/civil-law-and-remedies/mediation.webp", "c": "Francesco Bartolozzi · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/tunisia/": {"t": "Tunisia", "s": "A North African crossroads of ancient civilizations and modern aspirations."}, "https://codexery.com/african-wars-of-independence/e/african-wars-of-independence/insurgency-in-the-maghreb-2002-present/": {"t": "Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)", "s": "Islamist insurgency in North Africa following the Algerian Civil War."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/salafi-movement/": {"t": "Salafi movement", "s": "A late 19th-century Islamic renewal movement emphasizing the salaf."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/fatwa/": {"t": "Fatwa", "s": "A legal ruling on Islamic law issued by a qualified jurist."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sharia/": {"t": "Sharia", "s": "Islamic divine law based on the Qur'an and hadith, distinct from fiqh."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/algiers/": {"t": "Algiers", "s": "Capital of Algeria, historic Mediterranean port and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/law-enforcement-legal-procedures/e/law-enforcement-and-legal-procedures/state-of-emergency/": {"t": "State of emergency", "s": "Government empowerment to enact normally prohibited policies for citizen safety."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/sahara-desert/": {"t": "Sahara Desert", "s": "Largest hot desert, spanning North Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/": {"t": "Caliphate", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate.webp", "c": "أبو العباس · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/arson/": {"t": "Arson", "s": "Illegal act of willfully and deliberately setting fire to property."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/enforced-disappearance/": {"t": "Enforced disappearance", "s": "State-sanctioned secret abduction and denial of a person's fate."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/estado-novo-portugal/": {"t": "Estado Novo (Portugal)", "s": "Corporatist Portuguese state installed in 1933, ended by the Carnation Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/african-wars-of-independence/e/african-wars-of-independence/guinea-bissau-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Guinea-Bissau War of Independence", "s": "The guerrilla war that made Guinea-Bissau the first sub-Saharan African colony to win independence by armed struggle."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/counterinsurgency/": {"t": "Counterinsurgency", "s": "State action against irregular forces, blending military and political means."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/luanda/": {"t": "Luanda", "s": "Angola's capital and largest city, a historic port and economic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/e/portuguese-inventions/caravel/": {"t": "Caravel", "s": "A small, fast, windward-sailing ship of Iberian exploration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-inventions/img/portuguese-inventions/caravel.webp", "c": "Farid mernissi · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/diogo-c-o/": {"t": "Diogo Cão", "s": "Portuguese explorer of the west African coast in the 1480s."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-kongo/": {"t": "Kingdom of Kongo", "s": "Central African kingdom, independent for centuries, later a Portuguese vassal."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/cabinet-government/": {"t": "Cabinet (government)", "s": "Executive body advising head of state and managing government.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/cabinet-government.webp", "c": "Neoclassicism Enthusiast · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/local-government/": {"t": "Local government", "s": "Lowest tier of governance within a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-fighter-planes/e/classic-fighter-planes/republic-f-84-thunderjet/": {"t": "Republic F-84 Thunderjet", "s": "First production fighter with inflight refueling and nuclear capability."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mobutu-sese-seko/": {"t": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "s": "First and only president of Zaire, known for totalitarian rule."}, "https://codexery.com/kalashnikov-izhevsk-and-tula-firearms/e/kalashnikov-izhevsk-and-tula-firearms/tt-pistol/": {"t": "TT pistol", "s": "Soviet semi-automatic pistol, widely copied and used globally."}, "https://codexery.com/submachine-guns/e/submachine-guns/pps-submachine-gun/": {"t": "PPS submachine gun", "s": "A low-cost Soviet submachine gun designed for mass production."}, "https://codexery.com/battle-rifles-and-carbines/e/battle-rifles-and-carbines/avs-36/": {"t": "AVS-36", "s": "Early Soviet selective-fire rifle with a complex gas system."}, "https://codexery.com/assault-rifles/e/assault-rifles/ak-47/": {"t": "AK-47", "s": "The originating firearm of the Kalashnikov family of rifles."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/angolan-civil-war/": {"t": "Angolan Civil War", "s": "A 27-year Cold War proxy conflict in Angola between the MPLA and UNITA, marked by foreign intervention and devastating civil strife."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leonid-brezhnev/": {"t": "Leonid Brezhnev", "s": "Soviet leader who stabilized the party and expanded military power."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/islamic-world/": {"t": "Islamic world", "s": "Global community of those adhering to Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/tashkent/": {"t": "Tashkent", "s": "The Stone City at the Crossroads of Cultures", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/img/asian-cities/tashkent.webp", "c": "Sneedicture · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hafizullah-amin/": {"t": "Hafizullah Amin", "s": "Afghan revolutionary and communist head of state, assassinated in 1979.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hafizullah-amin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hafizullah Amin · see source"}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/sino-soviet-split/": {"t": "Sino-Soviet split", "s": "Ideological and geopolitical rift between China and the Soviet Union."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-russia/e/castles-in-russia/kremlin/": {"t": "Kremlin", "s": "Fortified complex in Moscow, seat of Russian government."}, "https://codexery.com/olympic-games/e/olympic-games/1980-summer-olympics/": {"t": "1980 Summer Olympics", "s": "The 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow were marked by a U.S.-led boycott of 66 nations due to the Soviet–Afghan War, resulting in the smallest participation since 1"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/deng-xiaoping/": {"t": "Deng Xiaoping", "s": "Architect of modern China and paramount leader from 1978 to 1989"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/democracy/": {"t": "Democracy", "s": "Government where power is vested in the people."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/russian-language/": {"t": "Russian language", "s": "An East Slavic language of the Indo-European family, native to Russia and widely spoken across Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/arab-israeli-conflict/": {"t": "Arab–Israeli conflict", "s": "A century of conflict rooted in competing nationalisms and colonial mandates."}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/1948-arab-israeli-war/": {"t": "1948 Arab–Israeli War", "s": "The 1948 Arab–Israeli War: the conflict that reshaped Palestine and established the State of Israel."}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/gamal-abdel-nasser/": {"t": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "s": "Egyptian president who nationalized the Suez Canal and championed Arab unity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/img/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/gamal-abdel-nasser.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gamal Abdel Nasser · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/air-supremacy/": {"t": "Air supremacy", "s": "Highest level of aerial control, preventing effective enemy interference."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/palestine-liberation-organization/": {"t": "Palestine Liberation Organization", "s": "Palestinian nationalist coalition and internationally recognized representative of the Palestinian people."}, "https://codexery.com/amateur-radio-people/e/amateur-radio-people/hussein-of-jordan/": {"t": "Hussein of Jordan", "s": "King of Jordan who balanced regional pressures and became a peacemaker."}, "https://codexery.com/warplanes/e/warplanes/mig-21/": {"t": "MiG-21", "s": "The most-produced supersonic jet fighter in history, still serving seven decades after its maiden flight.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warplanes/img/warplanes/mig-21.webp", "c": "Michael Barera · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/submachine-guns/e/submachine-guns/uzi/": {"t": "Uzi", "s": "Israeli open-bolt submachine gun with telescoping bolt design.", "i": "https://codexery.com/submachine-guns/img/submachine-guns/uzi.webp", "c": "Defensiebladen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/radar/": {"t": "Radar", "s": "Radio waves detect and track objects by reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/suez-canal/": {"t": "Suez Canal", "s": "Artificial waterway connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/amman/": {"t": "Amman", "s": "Jordan's capital and largest city, ancient and modern center."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/temple-mount/": {"t": "Temple Mount", "s": "A contested holy site central to Judaism, Islam, and Christianity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/temple-mount.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Temple Mount · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/infamous-criminals-spies/e/infamous-criminals-and-spies/yigal-amir/": {"t": "Yigal Amir", "s": "Israeli murderer who assassinated Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benjamin-netanyahu/": {"t": "Benjamin Netanyahu", "s": "Israeli politician and diplomat, longest-serving prime minister of Israel.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benjamin-netanyahu.webp", "c": "Avi Ohayon · via Wikipedia: Benjamin Netanyahu · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/western-wall/": {"t": "Western Wall", "s": "Renaissance Revival flatiron building, former steamship and cocoa exchange headquarters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/western-wall.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1 Wall Street Court · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/ramadan/": {"t": "Ramadan", "s": "Islamic month of fasting, prayer, and spiritual reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/ar-15-style-rifles-and-dmrs/e/ar-15-style-rifles-and-dmrs/m1-garand/": {"t": "M1 Garand", "s": "First standard-issue semi-automatic rifle of the U.S. military."}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/public-holidays-and-observances/passover/": {"t": "Passover", "s": "Major Jewish holiday commemorating the Exodus from Egypt.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/img/public-holidays-and-observances/passover.webp", "c": "Scribe: Yôsēf ben Dāwīd mil-Leypnîq Yosef ben David, of Leipnik Joseph ben David · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/israeli-palestinian-conflict/": {"t": "Israeli–Palestinian conflict", "s": "Ongoing conflict over land and self-determination in former Mandatory Palestine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/israeli-palestinian-conflict.webp", "c": "Nizzan Cohen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/recreational-drug-use/": {"t": "Recreational drug use", "s": "Use of psychoactive drugs for pleasure or pastime."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/v-nguy-n-gi-p/": {"t": "Võ Nguyên Giáp", "s": "Vietnamese general and communist revolutionary"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-indochina-war/": {"t": "First Indochina War", "s": "A conflict from 1946 to 1954 between France and the Viet Minh, ending with French withdrawal and the division of Vietnam."}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/democratic-party-united-states/": {"t": "Democratic Party (United States)", "s": "World's oldest active political party, center to center-left."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/geopolitics/": {"t": "Geopolitics", "s": "Study of geography's effects on politics and international relations."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution/": {"t": "Cultural Revolution", "s": "A sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong from 1966 to 1976.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution.webp", "c": "闫恩铭／Enming Yan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Largest Asian war of the 20th century, intertwined with World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Unknown photographer, Ministry of the Navy · via Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/chinese-civil-war/": {"t": "Chinese Civil War", "s": "Civil war between KMT and CCP, ending in Communist victory."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/republic-of-china-1912-1949/": {"t": "Republic of China (1912–1949)", "s": "First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan/": {"t": "Surrender of Japan", "s": "Japan's surrender ended World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan.webp", "c": "Harry Beanham · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/manchukuo/": {"t": "Manchukuo", "s": "Japanese puppet state in Manchuria, 1932–1945."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/george-c-marshall/": {"t": "George C. Marshall", "s": "Organizer of victory and architect of European recovery"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/retreat-of-the-government-of-the-republic-of-china-to-taiwan/": {"t": "Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan", "s": "Retreat of ROC government to Taiwan after civil war defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge/": {"t": "Great Purge", "s": "A Soviet political purge targeting dissenters and perceived enemies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge.webp", "c": "Stefanguzvica · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/hungarian-revolution-of-1956/": {"t": "Hungarian Revolution of 1956", "s": "A 13-day uprising against Soviet domination, crushed by Soviet forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/hungarian-revolution-of-1956.webp", "c": "Globetrotter19 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/sino-indian-war/": {"t": "Sino-Indian War", "s": "The Sino-Indian War, sometimes called the China–India War or the Indo-China War, was a military clash between China and India that lasted from October into Nove"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/pravda/": {"t": "Pravda", "s": "The official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bucharest/": {"t": "Bucharest", "s": "Capital and largest city of Romania, historically called 'Paris of the East'."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-il-sung/": {"t": "Kim Il-sung", "s": "Founder and eternal leader of North Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-il-sung.webp", "c": "David Clayton Ellsworth · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/reform-and-opening-up/": {"t": "Reform and opening up", "s": "Economic reforms that transformed China's economy after 1978."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pol-pot/": {"t": "Pol Pot", "s": "Cambodian revolutionary and dictator who led the Khmer Rouge and oversaw the Cambodian genocide."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/zbigniew-brzezinski/": {"t": "Zbigniew Brzezinski", "s": "Polish-American diplomat and political scientist, National Security Advisor to Jimmy Carter", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/zbigniew-brzezinski.webp", "c": "Central Intelligence Agency from Washington, D.C. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/spratly-islands/": {"t": "Spratly Islands", "s": "Disputed archipelago in the South China Sea with strategic and resource significance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/img/coral-reefs/spratly-islands.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/lee-kuan-yew/": {"t": "Lee Kuan Yew", "s": "First prime minister who transformed Singapore into a developed nation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/lee-kuan-yew.webp", "c": "White House Photographic Office. 1974-1977 · via Wikipedia: Lee Kuan Yew · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/auteur-directors/e/auteur-directors/xie-jin/": {"t": "Xie Jin", "s": "Xie Jin (21 November 1923 – 18 October 2008) was a Chinese film director who rose to prominence in 1957 with Woman Basketball Player No."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/nanning/": {"t": "Nanning", "s": "Green City of Southern China"}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/1959-tibetan-uprising/": {"t": "1959 Tibetan uprising", "s": "The 1959 Tibetan uprising, also known as the Lhasa uprising, began on 10 March 1959 with protests in the Tibetan capital driven by concerns that the Chinese gov"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/mcmahon-line/": {"t": "McMahon Line", "s": "Boundary between Tibet and British India, disputed by China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-empire/img/british-empire/mcmahon-line.webp", "c": "Simla Accord 1914 · via Wikipedia: McMahon Line · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/kunlun-mountains/": {"t": "Kunlun Mountains", "s": "A vast Asian mountain chain on the northern rim of the Tibetan Plateau, central to Chinese myth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/kunlun-mountains.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kunlun Mountains · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-independence-movement/": {"t": "Indian independence movement", "s": "Political efforts to end British colonial rule in India."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/manipur/": {"t": "Manipur", "s": "A northeastern Indian state of hills and valleys, known for its diverse ethnic groups and cultural heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/assam/": {"t": "Assam", "s": "The land of the Brahmaputra, tea, and one-horned rhinos.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/assam.webp", "c": "Medhi jyoti · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/konbaung-dynasty/": {"t": "Konbaung dynasty", "s": "The last dynasty of Burma, from 1752 to 1885."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution/": {"t": "1911 Revolution", "s": "The uprising that ended millennia of imperial rule in China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1911 Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partition-of-india/": {"t": "Partition of India", "s": "The partition of India in 1947 divided British India into two independent dominions: the Union of India (today the Republic of India) and the Dominion of Pakist"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/asymmetric-warfare/": {"t": "Asymmetric warfare", "s": "War between belligerents with significantly different power or tactics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/asymmetric-warfare.webp", "c": "David Condrey · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/ghana/": {"t": "Ghana", "s": "First Sub-Saharan African colony to achieve sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/windhoek/": {"t": "Windhoek", "s": "Capital and largest city of Namibia, on the Khomas Highland."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/cape-town/": {"t": "Cape Town", "s": "Legislative capital of South Africa, oldest city, and gateway to the Cape Floristic Region."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/dar-es-salaam/": {"t": "Dar es Salaam", "s": "Largest city and financial hub of Tanzania on the Swahili coast."}, "https://codexery.com/submachine-guns/e/submachine-guns/ppsh-41/": {"t": "PPSh-41", "s": "A stamped-steel Soviet submachine gun used extensively in WWII and Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/battle-rifles-and-carbines/e/battle-rifles-and-carbines/sks/": {"t": "SKS", "s": "Soviet semi-automatic carbine, widely exported and used by insurgent forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/battle-rifles-and-carbines/img/battle-rifles-and-carbines/sks.webp", "c": "Stephen Z · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/neocolonialism/": {"t": "Neocolonialism", "s": "Indirect control of nominally independent states through economic and cultural means."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-african-unity/": {"t": "Organisation of African Unity", "s": "The Organisation of African Unity: a Pan-African intergovernmental body established in 1963 to promote unity, eradicate colonialism, and eventually replaced by ", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-african-unity.webp", "c": "Nobelium · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/lusaka/": {"t": "Lusaka", "s": "Capital and largest city of Zambia, a major commercial and transport hub."}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/pyongyang/": {"t": "Pyongyang", "s": "Capital and largest city of North Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/pyongyang.webp", "c": "(stephan) · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/angolan-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Angolan War of Independence", "s": "The Angolan War of Independence (1961–1974), known in Angola as the Armed Struggle of National Liberation, was a conflict fought by the nationalist movements MP"}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/south-african-border-war/": {"t": "South African Border War", "s": "Asymmetric conflict between SADF and PLAN in southern Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/rule-of-law/": {"t": "Rule of law", "s": "No one is above the law; all are equal before it."}, "https://codexery.com/battle-rifles-and-carbines/e/battle-rifles-and-carbines/fn-fal/": {"t": "FN FAL", "s": "A widely adopted NATO battle rifle known as the right arm of the free world.", "i": "https://codexery.com/battle-rifles-and-carbines/img/battle-rifles-and-carbines/fn-fal.webp", "c": "Bouillant Achille · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/lee-enfield/": {"t": "Lee–Enfield", "s": "The fastest military bolt-action rifle of its day."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/e/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/northern-ndebele-language/": {"t": "Northern Ndebele language", "s": "A Nguni language of Zimbabwe, closely related to Zulu."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/georgia-country/": {"t": "Georgia (country)", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, with ancient winemaking traditions and a pro-Western trajectory."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/south-ossetia/": {"t": "South Ossetia", "s": "Partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, disputed between Georgia and Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/cyberwarfare/": {"t": "Cyberwarfare", "s": "Cyberattacks causing harm comparable to traditional warfare."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-criminal-court/": {"t": "International Criminal Court", "s": "Permanent international court for genocide, war crimes, and aggression."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/georgian-language/": {"t": "Georgian language", "s": "The official language of Georgia, spoken by about 3.8 million people."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/kingdom-of-georgia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Georgia", "s": "Medieval Christian empire spanning the Caucasus and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples are diverse groups with ancestral ties to traditional territories."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/organized-crime/": {"t": "Organized crime", "s": "Centralized enterprises profiting from illegal activities and racketeering."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/reuters/": {"t": "Reuters", "s": "One of the largest news agencies in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/eduard-shevardnadze/": {"t": "Eduard Shevardnadze", "s": "Soviet and Georgian politician, last Soviet foreign minister, and post-Soviet leader of Georgia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/eduard-shevardnadze.webp", "c": "Robert D. Ward · via Wikipedia: Eduard Shevardnadze · Public domain"}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/russo-ukrainian-war-2022-present/": {"t": "Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)", "s": "Largest war in Europe since World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/donbas/": {"t": "Donbas", "s": "Historical coal-mining region on the Ukraine–Russia border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/donbas.webp", "c": "Ліонкінг · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/neutral-country/": {"t": "Neutral country", "s": "Neutrality in international law: rights, responsibilities, and evolving interpretations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/neutral-country.webp", "c": "The Hawaiian Gazette (newspaper), April 2, 1889, Image 1 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/political-systems-elections/e/political-systems-and-elections/electoral-fraud/": {"t": "Electoral fraud", "s": "Illegal interference with election processes to alter outcomes."}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/russo-georgian-war/": {"t": "Russo-Georgian War", "s": "First European war of the 21st century, involving Russia and Georgia."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/donetsk-oblast/": {"t": "Donetsk Oblast", "s": "Industrial heartland of Ukraine, heavily affected by war."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/luhansk-oblast/": {"t": "Luhansk Oblast", "s": "Easternmost Ukrainian oblast, site of prolonged conflict since 2014."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/odesa/": {"t": "Odesa", "s": "Pearl by the Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/ukrainian-language/": {"t": "Ukrainian language", "s": "East Slavic language of Ukraine, with deep historical roots."}, "/e/cold-war-conflicts/russo-ukrainian-war/": {"t": "Russo-Ukrainian war", "s": "The Russo-Ukrainian war is an ongoing conflict that began in February 2014."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/kharkiv-oblast/": {"t": "Kharkiv Oblast", "s": "Eastern Ukrainian oblast, third-most populous, industrial and agricultural center."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss/": {"t": "Anschluss", "s": "Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organization-for-security-and-co-operation-in-europe/": {"t": "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe", "s": "A regional security organization promoting human rights, arms control, and democratic elections across Europe, North America, and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/organization-for-security-and-co-operation-in-europe.webp", "c": "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe - security-oriented intergo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/emmanuel-macron/": {"t": "Emmanuel Macron", "s": "French president since 2017, youngest in nation's history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/emmanuel-macron.webp", "c": "The Kremlin, Moscow · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/chernihiv-oblast/": {"t": "Chernihiv Oblast", "s": "Northern Ukrainian oblast with deep historical and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/dnieper/": {"t": "Dnieper", "s": "Major transboundary river of Eastern Europe, vital to Ukraine's economy."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/zaporizhzhia-oblast/": {"t": "Zaporizhzhia Oblast", "s": "Oblast in south-east Ukraine, partly occupied since 2022."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/kherson-oblast/": {"t": "Kherson Oblast", "s": "Southern Ukrainian oblast, fruit basket, partially occupied since 2022."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-daily-telegraph/": {"t": "The Daily Telegraph", "s": "Was, is, and will be"}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/north-atlantic-treaty/": {"t": "North Atlantic Treaty", "s": "Founding treaty of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/north-atlantic-treaty.webp", "c": "Diplomatic Security Service · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin/": {"t": "Vladimir Lenin", "s": "First head of Soviet Russia and founder of Leninism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-and-activists/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-activists/nestor-makhno/": {"t": "Nestor Makhno", "s": "Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary and commander of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river/": {"t": "Don (river)", "s": "Fifth-longest river in Europe, key Byzantine trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/don-river.webp", "c": "High Contrast · via Wikipedia: Don (river) · CC BY-SA 2.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-trotsky/": {"t": "Leon Trotsky", "s": "Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/symon-petliura/": {"t": "Symon Petliura", "s": "Ukrainian revolutionary and leader of the Ukrainian People's Republic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/symon-petliura.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Symon Petliura · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vinnytsia/": {"t": "Vinnytsia", "s": "A historic city on the Southern Bug, once a de facto capital of Ukraine."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-insurgent-leaders/e/revolutionaries-and-insurgent-leaders/pyotr-wrangel/": {"t": "Pyotr Wrangel", "s": "Last commander of the White Army in the Russian Civil War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-insurgent-leaders/img/revolutionaries-and-insurgent-leaders/pyotr-wrangel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pyotr Wrangel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/isthmus-of-perekop/": {"t": "Isthmus of Perekop", "s": "Narrow gateway connecting Crimea to mainland Ukraine."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/kyiv-oblast/": {"t": "Kyiv Oblast", "s": "Central Ukrainian province surrounding Kyiv, created in 1932."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/cherkasy-oblast/": {"t": "Cherkasy Oblast", "s": "Central Ukrainian oblast along the Dnieper River."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/russian-far-east/": {"t": "Russian Far East", "s": "The easternmost part of Russia and Asia, coextensive with the Far Eastern Federal District."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Eastern Front (World War II)", "s": "The decisive theatre of World War II where the Axis powers were defeated on the Eastern Front.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii.webp", "c": "FOTO:Fortepan — ID 27693 : Adományozó/Donor: Konok Tamás id. archive copy at the · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/kim-dae-jung/": {"t": "Kim Dae-jung", "s": "South Korean president and Nobel Peace Prize laureate"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-jong-il/": {"t": "Kim Jong-il", "s": "Second supreme leader of North Korea"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/seoul/": {"t": "Seoul", "s": "The dynamic capital of South Korea, blending ancient history with cutting-edge modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-wall-street-journal/": {"t": "The Wall Street Journal", "s": "American business newspaper, newspaper of record, center-right editorial page."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/lee-myung-bak/": {"t": "Lee Myung-bak", "s": "South Korean president and former Hyundai CEO."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/kim-jong-un/": {"t": "Kim Jong Un", "s": "Supreme leader of North Korea since 2011"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/kim-yo-jong/": {"t": "Kim Yo Jong", "s": "North Korean politician and sister of Kim Jong Un"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/treaty-of-san-francisco/": {"t": "Treaty of San Francisco", "s": "Ended WWII occupation and restored Japanese sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/comparative-politics/e/comparative-politics/politics-of-taiwan/": {"t": "Politics of Taiwan", "s": "Taiwan's politics evolved from authoritarian rule to a full democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/capital-punishment/": {"t": "Capital punishment", "s": "State-sanctioned killing as punishment for misconduct."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/taiwanese-indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Taiwanese indigenous peoples", "s": "Austronesian indigenous peoples of Taiwan, origin of oceanic expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/e/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/chen-shui-bian/": {"t": "Chen Shui-bian", "s": "First non-Kuomintang president of the Republic of China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/img/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/chen-shui-bian.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Chen Shui-bian · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/taiwan-under-japanese-rule/": {"t": "Taiwan under Japanese rule", "s": "The period of Japanese rule over Taiwan began in 1895 after the Qing dynasty ceded Fujian-Taiwan Province to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, following Japan"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/supreme-commander-for-the-allied-powers/": {"t": "Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers", "s": "Led Allied occupation of Japan, reshaping its government and society."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/bicameralism/": {"t": "Bicameralism", "s": "A legislature divided into two separate assemblies or houses."}}