{"https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/venus/e/venus/tannh-user-opera/": {"t": "Tannhäuser (opera)", "s": "Wagner's opera of sacred and profane love."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/guglielmo-marconi/": {"t": "Guglielmo Marconi", "s": "Italian inventor of practical wireless telegraphy and Nobel laureate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/guglielmo-marconi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Guglielmo Marconi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/holy-grail-in-fiction/e/holy-grail-in-fiction/parsifal/": {"t": "Parsifal", "s": "Wagner's final music drama on the quest for the Holy Grail."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/tristan-und-isolde/": {"t": "Tristan und Isolde", "s": "A music drama of endless melody and transcendent love."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/legends/e/legends/swan-song/": {"t": "Swan song", "s": "Metaphor for a final performance before death or retirement."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/kirsten-flagstad/": {"t": "Kirsten Flagstad", "s": "Norwegian soprano who defined Wagnerian opera in the 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/george-szell/": {"t": "George Szell", "s": "The architect of the Cleveland Orchestra's golden age", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/george-szell.webp", "c": "Carl Van Vechten · via Wikipedia: George Szell · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/contract-bridge/": {"t": "Contract bridge", "s": "A trick-taking card game of bidding and partnership."}, "https://codexery.com/film-history-milestones/e/film-history-and-milestones/cinema-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "Cinema of the United States", "s": "Hollywood shaped global cinema from the early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/judy-garland/": {"t": "Judy Garland", "s": "The voice that defined an era."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/juilliard-school/": {"t": "Juilliard School", "s": "Private conservatory for dance, drama, and music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/juilliard-school.webp", "c": "Jmyjmyz814 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/die-walk-re/": {"t": "Die Walküre", "s": "Second opera of Wagner's Ring cycle, premiered 1870.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/die-walk-re.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Die Walküre · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/": {"t": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "s": "Classical composer and child prodigy who completed over 800 works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/bookbinding/": {"t": "Bookbinding", "s": "A skilled trade combining paper, textile, and leather crafts."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/joseph-haydn/": {"t": "Joseph Haydn", "s": "Father of the Symphony and String Quartet", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/joseph-haydn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Joseph Haydn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/bagpipes/": {"t": "Bagpipes", "s": "A woodwind instrument with enclosed reeds fed from a bag."}, "/e/classical-virtuosos/paul-hindemith/": {"t": "Paul Hindemith", "s": "German and American composer, music theorist, teacher, violist, and conductor; advocate of the Neue Sachlichkeit style."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/gustav-holst/": {"t": "Gustav Holst", "s": "English composer of The Planets and influential teacher.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/gustav-holst.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gustav Holst · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/ralph-vaughan-williams/": {"t": "Ralph Vaughan Williams", "s": "English composer who broke from German-dominated style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/ralph-vaughan-williams.webp", "c": "E. O. Hoppé · via Wikipedia: Ralph Vaughan Williams · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/william-walton/": {"t": "William Walton", "s": "English composer of classical genres, from film scores to opera.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/william-walton.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: William Walton · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss/": {"t": "Richard Strauss", "s": "German composer and conductor of tone poems and operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss.webp", "c": "Joseph Gaylord Gessford · via Wikipedia: Richard Strauss · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/pablo-casals/": {"t": "Pablo Casals", "s": "Catalan cellist who revived Bach's Cello Suites and opposed Franco.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/pablo-casals.webp", "c": "Bain News Service · via Wikipedia: Pablo Casals · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/edward-elgar/": {"t": "Edward Elgar", "s": "English composer of orchestral and choral works."}, "/e/classical-virtuosos/steve-reich/": {"t": "Steve Reich", "s": "American composer and pioneer of minimal music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/img/classical-virtuosos/steve-reich.webp", "c": "Hans Peters for Anefo · via Wikipedia: Steve Reich · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/liguria/": {"t": "Liguria", "s": "A narrow Italian region between the Alps, Apennines, and Ligurian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/b-la-bart-k/": {"t": "Béla Bartók", "s": "Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/serialism/": {"t": "Serialism", "s": "A method of composition using ordered series of musical elements."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/karlheinz-stockhausen/": {"t": "Karlheinz Stockhausen", "s": "German composer and pioneer of electronic music (1928–2007)"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/gy-rgy-ligeti/": {"t": "György Ligeti", "s": "Avant-garde composer known for micropolyphony and film music adaptations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/gy-rgy-ligeti.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: György Ligeti · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/john-cage/": {"t": "John Cage", "s": "American composer known for 4′33″ and chance-controlled music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/john-cage.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Cage · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/e/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/darius-milhaud/": {"t": "Darius Milhaud", "s": "French modernist composer and member of Les Six."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dante-alighieri/": {"t": "Dante Alighieri", "s": "Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the vernacular."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-lennon/": {"t": "John Lennon", "s": "Founder of the Beatles, peace activist, and solo artist."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/e/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce/": {"t": "James Joyce", "s": "Modernist prose master whose works center on Dublin and revolutionized literary style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/img/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Joyce · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-works/e/literary-works/ulysses-novel/": {"t": "Ulysses (novel)", "s": "A modernist novel chronicling a single day in Dublin."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-flute/": {"t": "The Flute", "s": "The flute is an edge-blown aerophone, one of the oldest known musical instruments, with a history spanning tens of thousands of years across Europe, Asia, and t", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-flute.webp", "c": "Henry Macaulay Fitzgibbon · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-clarinet/": {"t": "The Clarinet", "s": "Single-reed woodwind with cylindrical bore and flared bell.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-clarinet.webp", "c": "Auckland Museum Collections from Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-violin/": {"t": "The Violin", "s": "A 2005 Mexican drama film directed by Francisco Vargas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-violin.webp", "c": "unknown, released with CC0 license by Smithsonian · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-cello/": {"t": "The Cello", "s": "Bowed string instrument of the violin family, second largest in orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/orchestra/": {"t": "Orchestra", "s": "Large instrumental ensemble central to classical and romantic music."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/martin-luther-king-jr/": {"t": "Martin Luther King Jr.", "s": "Civil rights leader who championed nonviolent resistance against racial discrimination."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/t-s-eliot/": {"t": "T. S. Eliot", "s": "Anglo-Catholic poet linked to the broader Catholic literary revival."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/pablo-neruda/": {"t": "Pablo Neruda", "s": "Chilean poet-diplomat and Nobel laureate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/img/authors-and-poets/pablo-neruda.webp", "c": "Unknown (Mondadori Publishers) · via Wikipedia: Pablo Neruda · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/classical-music/": {"t": "Classical music", "s": "Western art music tradition emphasizing formality and polyphony."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/smolensk-oblast/": {"t": "Smolensk Oblast", "s": "The land of the Dnieper and the first cosmonaut."}, "https://codexery.com/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/e/pharmacology-and-therapeutics/quackery/": {"t": "Quackery", "s": "Promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven/": {"t": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "s": "German composer whose work bridged Classical and Romantic eras.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven.webp", "c": "Joseph Karl Stieler · via Wikipedia: Ludwig van Beethoven · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn/": {"t": "Felix Mendelssohn", "s": "German Romantic composer who revived Bach and wrote the 'Wedding March'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Felix Mendelssohn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/gaetano-donizetti/": {"t": "Gaetano Donizetti", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas, of which he wrote about 75 from 1816 to 1845.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/gaetano-donizetti.webp", "c": "Francesco Coghetti · via Wikipedia: Gaetano Donizetti · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/franz-liszt/": {"t": "Franz Liszt", "s": "Hungarian composer and pianist of the Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/franz-liszt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Franz Liszt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/tsar/": {"t": "Tsar", "s": "Slavic imperial title derived from Latin caesar, used in Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Nicholas I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia known for autocratic rule, territorial expansion, and suppression of dissent."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexander-pushkin/": {"t": "Alexander Pushkin", "s": "Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era, considered the greatest Russian poet and founder of modern Russian literature."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/overture/": {"t": "Overture", "s": "Instrumental opening to stage works and concert pieces."}, "https://codexery.com/works-based-on-the-don-juan-legend/e/works-based-on-the-don-juan-legend/the-stone-guest-dargomyzhsky/": {"t": "The Stone Guest (Dargomyzhsky)", "s": "An opera set directly to Pushkin's unchanged blank verse."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky/": {"t": "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky", "s": "The Romantic-era Russian behind Swan Lake, The Nutcracker and the 1812 Overture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/nikolai-rimsky-korsakov/": {"t": "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov", "s": "Russian composer who shaped the nationalist style and trained generations."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/minor-planet/": {"t": "Minor planet", "s": "A Sun-orbiting body that is neither a planet nor a comet."}, "/e/classical-virtuosos/pablo-de-sarasate/": {"t": "Pablo de Sarasate", "s": "Spanish virtuoso violinist, composer, and conductor of the Romantic period"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/odesa/": {"t": "Odesa", "s": "Pearl by the Sea"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/henryk-wieniawski/": {"t": "Henryk Wieniawski", "s": "Polish virtuoso violinist, composer, and pedagogue of lasting influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/henryk-wieniawski.webp", "c": "Zakład Fotograficzny \"Vezenberg\" Petersburg · via Wikipedia: Henryk Wieniawski · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/niccol-paganini/": {"t": "Niccolò Paganini", "s": "The most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, known for technical brilliance and showmanship."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/alexander-glazunov/": {"t": "Alexander Glazunov", "s": "Russian composer who led the Saint Petersburg Conservatory through revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/alexander-glazunov.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Glazunov · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/new-york-state/": {"t": "New York (state)", "s": "The Empire State: A global node of creativity, entrepreneurship, and natural wonder."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/atami/": {"t": "Atami", "s": "Japanese resort city on the Izu Peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/wilhelm-kempff/": {"t": "Wilhelm Kempff", "s": "German pianist renowned for his lyrical interpretations of Beethoven and Schubert, and a leading figure of the Germanic tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/frederic-chopin/": {"t": "Frederic Chopin", "s": "Polish composer and pianist of the early Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/frederic-chopin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Heart of Frédéric Chopin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/claude-debussy/": {"t": "Claude Debussy", "s": "French composer who rejected the term Impressionist but shaped modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/claude-debussy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Debussy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/benjamin-britten/": {"t": "Benjamin Britten", "s": "English composer, conductor, and pianist (1913–1976)"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/leonard-bernstein/": {"t": "Leonard Bernstein", "s": "First American-born conductor to receive international acclaim.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/leonard-bernstein.webp", "c": "Jack Mitchell · via Wikipedia: Leonard Bernstein · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/classical-virtuosos/radu-lupu/": {"t": "Radu Lupu", "s": "Romanian pianist who won three major competitions and recorded extensively for Decca."}, "/e/classical-virtuosos/rudolf-serkin/": {"t": "Rudolf Serkin", "s": "American classical pianist, Grammy winner, and champion of contemporary music."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/george-frideric-handel/": {"t": "George Frideric Handel", "s": "German-British Baroque composer known for operas, oratorios, and anthems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/george-frideric-handel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Frideric Handel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/robert-schumann/": {"t": "Robert Schumann", "s": "German Romantic composer, pianist, and music critic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/robert-schumann.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Schumann · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/philadelphia-76ers/e/stadiums/philadelphia/": {"t": "Philadelphia", "s": "The gritty, soulful city where the Sixers legacy is forged in fire and celebrated with unmatched passion."}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/vladimir-horowitz/": {"t": "Vladimir Horowitz", "s": "Russian and American pianist, known for virtuoso technique and public excitement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/vladimir-horowitz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Horowitz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-sonatas-beethoven/": {"t": "Piano sonatas (Beethoven)", "s": "Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas form a bridge between salon and concert hall."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/isaac-stern/": {"t": "Isaac Stern", "s": "American violinist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/isaac-stern.webp", "c": "PBS · via Wikipedia: Isaac Stern · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/haaretz/": {"t": "Haaretz", "s": "Israeli daily newspaper of record with a liberal stance."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/karol-szymanowski/": {"t": "Karol Szymanowski", "s": "Polish composer of modernist and folk-inspired works", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/karol-szymanowski.webp", "c": "George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress) · via Wikipedia: Karol Szymanowski · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/sergei-prokofiev/": {"t": "Sergei Prokofiev", "s": "Russian composer of Peter and the Wolf and Romeo and Juliet, one of the giants of 20th-century music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/sergei-prokofiev.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sergei Prokofiev · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/sergei-rachmaninoff/": {"t": "Sergei Rachmaninoff", "s": "Russian composer and pianist, last great Romantic in Russian classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/sergei-rachmaninoff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sergei Rachmaninoff · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/gregor-piatigorsky/": {"t": "Gregor Piatigorsky", "s": "Ukrainian-born Russian and American cellist, teacher, and composer."}, "https://codexery.com/dancers-and-choreographers/e/dancers-and-choreographers/george-balanchine/": {"t": "George Balanchine", "s": "Russian-American choreographer who shaped 20th-century ballet."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/fritz-kreisler/": {"t": "Fritz Kreisler", "s": "Austrian-American violinist and composer known for his sweet tone, expressive phrasing, and compositions like 'Liebesleid' and 'Liebesfreud'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/fritz-kreisler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fritz Kreisler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/normandy/": {"t": "Normandy", "s": "The historic homeland of the Normans, spanning mainland France and the Channel Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/marriage-and-kinship/godparent/": {"t": "Godparent", "s": "Christian sponsor for a child's baptism and spiritual guidance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/img/marriage-and-kinship/godparent.webp", "c": "U. A. Saarinen · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music/": {"t": "Baroque music", "s": "Baroque music formalized common-practice tonality and saw the creation of the modern orchestra.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music.webp", "c": "U. S. Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-note/": {"t": "Musical note", "s": "Fundamental unit of musical sound and notation."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/war/": {"t": "War", "s": "Armed conflict between states or organized groups, often for political aims."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi/": {"t": "Antonio Vivaldi", "s": "Baroque composer, violinist, and impresario of Venice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Antonio Vivaldi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-four-seasons-vivaldi/": {"t": "The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)", "s": "Four violin concerti evoking each season through music."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/leopold-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Penultimate Holy Roman Emperor; abolished capital punishment in Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/graf/": {"t": "Graf", "s": "Historical German noble title, equivalent to count or earl."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/telefunken/": {"t": "Telefunken", "s": "German electronics pioneer from radio to television and computing."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/henry-purcell/": {"t": "Henry Purcell", "s": "English Baroque composer and organist of the middle Baroque era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/henry-purcell.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Henry Purcell · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/venus/e/venus/l-incoronazione-di-poppea/": {"t": "L'incoronazione di Poppea", "s": "Monteverdi's final opera, based on historical figures and events."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-5-beethoven/": {"t": "Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)", "s": "A symphony defined by its four-note fate motif."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-magic-flute/": {"t": "The Magic Flute", "s": "Mozart's last opera, a Singspiel with spoken dialogue."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/don-giovanni/": {"t": "Don Giovanni", "s": "Mozart and Da Ponte's opera about a libertine's supernatural downfall.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/don-giovanni.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Don Giovanni · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/anna-netrebko/": {"t": "Anna Netrebko", "s": "Russian soprano who rose to global fame after her 2002 Salzburg Festival performance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/img/opera-singers/anna-netrebko.webp", "c": "Manfred Werner (Tsui) · via Wikipedia: Anna Netrebko · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fiction-about-deities/e/fiction-about-deities/king-arthur-opera/": {"t": "King Arthur (opera)", "s": "Purcell and Dryden's semi-opera of Arthur's Saxon wars."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/isabella-ii/": {"t": "Isabella II", "s": "First queen regnant of unified Spain, deposed in 1868."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns/": {"t": "Camille Saint-Saëns", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and musical prodigy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Camille Saint-Saëns · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-bernard-shaw/": {"t": "George Bernard Shaw", "s": "Irish playwright and critic who reshaped modern drama."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dmitri-shostakovich/": {"t": "Dmitri Shostakovich", "s": "Soviet-era composer and pianist, known for his complex relationship with the Soviet government and his 15 symphonies."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/aram-khachaturian/": {"t": "Aram Khachaturian", "s": "Soviet Armenian composer known for colorful harmonies and ballets.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/aram-khachaturian.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aram Khachaturian · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/state-owned-record-labels/e/state-owned-record-labels/balkanton/": {"t": "Balkanton", "s": "State-owned Bulgarian record company from 1952, now reissuing digitally."}, "https://codexery.com/state-owned-record-labels/e/state-owned-record-labels/melodiya/": {"t": "Melodiya", "s": "State-owned Soviet record label established in 1964."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/teacher/": {"t": "Teacher", "s": "A person who helps students acquire knowledge, competence, or virtue."}, "/e/classical-virtuosos/lionel-tertis/": {"t": "Lionel Tertis", "s": "English violist and teacher who brought the viola to international prominence."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-form/": {"t": "Musical form", "s": "Musical form shapes compositions through structure and organization."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/chromatic-scale/": {"t": "Chromatic scale", "s": "A twelve-pitch scale with semitone intervals, used in Western music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/chromatic-scale.webp", "c": "Hyacinth · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/alsace/": {"t": "Alsace", "s": "A border region blending German and French cultures, historically contested."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Tom Lemmens · via Wikipedia: Flanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/anton-webern/": {"t": "Anton Webern", "s": "Austrian composer of radical atonal and twelve-tone music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/anton-webern.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Anton Webern · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-goebbels/": {"t": "Joseph Goebbels", "s": "Nazi propagandist and Reich Minister of Propaganda."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/ankara/": {"t": "Ankara", "s": "Capital of Turkey, ancient Galatian and Roman center."}, "/e/classical-virtuosos/serge-koussevitzky/": {"t": "Serge Koussevitzky", "s": "Russian-American conductor who led the Boston Symphony Orchestra for 25 years."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/e/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/mel-powell/": {"t": "Mel Powell", "s": "Pulitzer-winning composer who began as a jazz pianist."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/e/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/pancreatitis/": {"t": "Pancreatitis", "s": "Inflammation of the pancreas causing severe abdominal pain."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/expressionism/": {"t": "Expressionism", "s": "A modernist movement emphasizing subjective emotional experience over physical reality."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/chamber-music/": {"t": "Chamber music", "s": "Classical music for small ensembles, one performer per part."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/matthias-gr-newald/": {"t": "Matthias Grünewald", "s": "German Renaissance painter of religious works, known for the Isenheim Altarpiece and his expressive, anti-classical style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/matthias-gr-newald.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-record-labels/e/jazz-record-labels/naxos-company/": {"t": "Naxos (company)", "s": "Classical music label group founded by Klaus Heymann."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/bertolt-brecht/": {"t": "Bertolt Brecht", "s": "German theatre practitioner, playwright, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/img/writers-and-poets/bertolt-brecht.webp", "c": "Kolbe, Jörg · via Wikipedia: Bertolt Brecht · CC BY-SA 3.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber/": {"t": "Carl Maria von Weber", "s": "German composer crucial to German Romantic opera.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber.webp", "c": "Caroline Bardua · via Wikipedia: Carl Maria von Weber · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/consonance-and-dissonance/": {"t": "Consonance and dissonance", "s": "Concepts defining musical stability and tension through mutual exclusion."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/guillaume-de-machaut/": {"t": "Guillaume de Machaut", "s": "French composer and poet, central figure of ars nova.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/guillaume-de-machaut.webp", "c": "Guillaume de Machaut · Public domain"}, "/e/classical-virtuosos/murray-perahia/": {"t": "Murray Perahia", "s": "Murray David Perahia, born April 19, 1947, in the Bronx, New York City, is an American pianist and conductor widely regarded as one of the finest living pianist"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-genoa/gala-i/": {"t": "Galați", "s": "Danube port city and Romania's largest steel producer."}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/sviatoslav-richter/": {"t": "Sviatoslav Richter", "s": "Soviet and Russian classical pianist praised for depth of interpretations, virtuoso technique, and vast repertoire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/sviatoslav-richter.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sviatoslav Richter · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/universal-music-group/e/universal-music-group/decca-records/": {"t": "Decca Records", "s": "British-American label known for technical innovation and diverse catalogues."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/c-sar-franck/": {"t": "César Franck", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and teacher of lasting influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/c-sar-franck.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: César Franck · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/george-enescu/": {"t": "George Enescu", "s": "Romanian composer, violinist, conductor and teacher, seen as his country's greatest musician.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/george-enescu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Enescu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/leo-jan-ek/": {"t": "Leoš Janáček", "s": "Czech composer who fused Moravian folk music with modern speech melodies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/leo-jan-ek.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Leoš Janáček · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/aaron-copland/": {"t": "Aaron Copland", "s": "Dean of American Music"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-washington-post/": {"t": "The Washington Post", "s": "American daily newspaper and newspaper of record."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-concerto-no-5-beethoven/": {"t": "Piano Concerto No. 5 (Beethoven)", "s": "Heroic piano concerto with military symbolism and novel orchestral interplay."}, "https://codexery.com/led-zeppelin/e/places/royal-albert-hall/": {"t": "Royal Albert Hall", "s": "The 1970 Royal Albert Hall show filmed by Stanley Dorfman and Peter Whitehead, shelved due to copyright disputes and audio issues before its 2003 release on the"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/glenn-gould/": {"t": "Glenn Gould", "s": "Canadian pianist renowned for Bach interpretations and eccentricities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/glenn-gould.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Glenn Gould · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/beirut/": {"t": "Beirut", "s": "Capital and largest city of Lebanon, ancient port and economic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/armenian-apostolic-church/": {"t": "Armenian Apostolic Church", "s": "Ancient autocephalous church of Armenia, first state Christian church."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/strophe/": {"t": "Strophe", "s": "First part of the ode in Ancient Greek tragedy."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/book-of-psalms/": {"t": "Book of Psalms", "s": "Anthology of Hebrew hymns, central to Jewish and Christian liturgy."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/ode/": {"t": "Ode", "s": "A lyric poem of elaborate form, praising a subject."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "s": "A medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of the modern Czech Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/bruce-springsteen/e/awards/presidential-medal-of-freedom/": {"t": "Presidential Medal of Freedom", "s": "The nation's highest civilian honor recognizing a lifetime of defining the American spirit through music."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-double-bass/": {"t": "The Double bass", "s": "Largest and lowest-pitched chordophone in the modern symphony orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-concerto-no-2-rachmaninoff/": {"t": "Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)", "s": "Concerto that restored Rachmaninoff's confidence and compositional output."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin/": {"t": "Alexander Scriabin", "s": "Russian composer and pianist, innovator of dissonant musical language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Scriabin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/maurice-ravel/": {"t": "Maurice Ravel", "s": "French composer known for Boléro and masterful orchestration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/maurice-ravel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maurice Ravel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/mario-lanza/": {"t": "Mario Lanza", "s": "American tenor and Hollywood film star of the 1940s and 1950s."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/george-gershwin/": {"t": "George Gershwin", "s": "American composer and pianist of jazz, popular, and classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/modest-mussorgsky/": {"t": "Modest Mussorgsky", "s": "Russian composer of The Five, innovator of national music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/modest-mussorgsky.webp", "c": "Self-scanned · via Wikipedia: Modest Mussorgsky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/pictures-at-an-exhibition/": {"t": "Pictures at an Exhibition", "s": "Piano suite in ten movements plus Promenade, inspired by an exhibition of Viktor Hartmann's works."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united/e/world-heritage-sites-in-the-united-states/university-of-virginia/": {"t": "University of Virginia", "s": "Founded by Thomas Jefferson, home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/itv-original-programming/e/itv-original-programming/classic-brit-awards/": {"t": "Classic Brit Awards", "s": "Annual UK awards for classical and crossover music."}, "https://codexery.com/the-beatles/e/places/liverpool/": {"t": "Liverpool", "s": "The gritty port city where the world's most famous band began their journey."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-2-mahler/": {"t": "Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)", "s": "Mahler's Resurrection Symphony: a journey from funeral rites to transcendent hope."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/harrison-birtwistle/": {"t": "Harrison Birtwistle", "s": "English composer of myth-based operas and theatrical works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/harrison-birtwistle.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Harrison Birtwistle · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/comedy-legends/e/comedy-legends/rowan-atkinson/": {"t": "Rowan Atkinson", "s": "From Edinburgh Fringe to global comedy icon."}, "https://codexery.com/british-comedy-television-shows/e/british-comedy-television-shows/mr-bean/": {"t": "Mr. Bean", "s": "A child in a grown man's body, solving everyday problems."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/gustav-mahler/": {"t": "Gustav Mahler", "s": "Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer and conductor", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/gustav-mahler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gustav Mahler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-rite-of-spring/": {"t": "The Rite of Spring", "s": "A ballet and concert work that sparked a legendary premiere reaction."}, 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"https://codexery.com/nirvana/e/places/seattle/": {"t": "Seattle", "s": "A rain-drenched crucible where the sound of a generation was forged in feedback and fog."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/chord-progression/": {"t": "Chord progression", "s": "Succession of chords forming the harmonic foundation of Western music."}, "https://codexery.com/ifpi-members/e/ifpi-members/ecm-records/": {"t": "ECM Records", "s": "Independent label known for jazz and genre-defying recordings."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-oboe/": {"t": "The Oboe", "s": "The double-reed woodwind that tunes the orchestra with its penetrating A.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-oboe.webp", "c": "Vincenz Kohlert & Sons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-inventions/e/indian-inventions/indian-classical-music/": {"t": "Indian classical music", "s": "Classical music of the Indian subcontinent with two major traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-improvisation/": {"t": "Musical improvisation", "s": "Spontaneous musical composition performed in the moment."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-composition/": {"t": "Musical composition", "s": "The art of creating original musical works."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/la-monte-young/": {"t": "La Monte Young", "s": "American minimalist composer and pioneer of drone music."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony-music/": {"t": "Sony Music", "s": "Second-largest record company, owned by Sony Group Corporation."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/minimalism/": {"t": "Minimalism", "s": "Art reduced to essentials, focusing on the object and viewer's experience."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/john-coltrane/": {"t": "John Coltrane", "s": "American jazz saxophonist and composer who pioneered modal and free jazz.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/john-coltrane.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Coltrane · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/miles-davis/": {"t": "Miles Davis", "s": "The most revered jazz trumpeter of all time, a pioneer of multiple jazz styles."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/e/jazz-innovators/charles-mingus/": {"t": "Charles Mingus", "s": "American jazz upright bassist, composer, bandleader, pianist, and author.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/img/jazz-innovators/charles-mingus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charles Mingus · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/e/jazz-innovators/bill-evans/": {"t": "Bill Evans", "s": "American jazz pianist and composer known for his trio work.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/img/jazz-innovators/bill-evans.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bill Evans · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-arrangers/e/jazz-arrangers/gil-evans/": {"t": "Gil Evans", "s": "Orchestrator who shaped cool jazz and fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/blind-jazz-musicians/e/blind-jazz-musicians/art-tatum/": {"t": "Art Tatum", "s": "American jazz pianist who transformed harmonic and rhythmic possibilities."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/e/jazz-innovators/bud-powell/": {"t": "Bud Powell", "s": "Bebop pioneer who transformed jazz piano with a right-hand attack.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jazz-innovators/img/jazz-innovators/bud-powell.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bebop · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-inventors/e/spanish-inventors/manuel-garc-a-baritone/": {"t": "Manuel García (baritone)", "s": "Spanish vocal pedagogue who invented the laryngoscope."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/nellie-melba/": {"t": "Nellie Melba", "s": "Australian soprano who became a leading voice of her era."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/joan-sutherland/": {"t": "Joan Sutherland", "s": "Australian soprano who revived bel canto and was called La Stupenda."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/kobe/": {"t": "Kobe", "s": "Major Japanese port city and capital of Hyōgo Prefecture."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-manufacturers/e/radio-manufacturers/jvc/": {"t": "JVC", "s": "Japanese electronics pioneer that developed the VHS video recorder."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux/": {"t": "Bordeaux", "s": "Port city and world capital of wine in southwestern France.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bordeaux.webp", "c": "David.J Janssen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi/": {"t": "Giuseppe Verdi", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Giuseppe Verdi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/charles-gounod/": {"t": "Charles Gounod", "s": "French Romantic composer of Faust and Roméo et Juliette.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/charles-gounod.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Charles Gounod · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/hans-von-b-low/": {"t": "Hans von Bülow", "s": "German conductor and pianist who shaped 19th-century music."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/gabriel-faur/": {"t": "Gabriel Fauré", "s": "French composer linking Romanticism with early 20th-century modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/giacomo-puccini/": {"t": "Giacomo Puccini", "s": "Italian composer of La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly, and Turandot."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/cavalleria-rusticana/": {"t": "Cavalleria rusticana", "s": "A verismo masterpiece of love, betrayal, and Easter morning in Sicily.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/cavalleria-rusticana.webp", "c": "Unknown · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/der-rosenkavalier/": {"t": "Der Rosenkavalier", "s": "Comic opera by Richard Strauss with libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/der-rosenkavalier.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Der Rosenkavalier · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-depictions-of-harun-al-rashid/e/cultural-depictions-of-harun-al-rashid/oberon-weber/": {"t": "Oberon (Weber)", "s": "Weber's final opera, premiered in London in 1826."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/francis-poulenc/": {"t": "Francis Poulenc", "s": "French composer and pianist."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/tito-gobbi/": {"t": "Tito Gobbi", "s": "Italian baritone with nearly 100 roles and international renown.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/img/classical-and-opera/tito-gobbi.webp", "c": "Allan warren · via Wikipedia: Tito Gobbi · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henry-wadsworth-longfellow/": {"t": "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow", "s": "American poet and educator, author of 'Paul Revere's Ride' and translator of Dante's Divine Comedy."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/multiracial-people/": {"t": "Multiracial people", "s": "Individuals of two or more races, significant globally."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/nova-scotia/": {"t": "Nova Scotia", "s": "Canada's most populous Atlantic province, rich in Mi'kmaq heritage and Scottish history."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/antonin-dvorak/": {"t": "Antonin Dvorak", "s": "Czech composer who blended folk music with symphonic tradition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/antonin-dvorak.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Antonín Dvořák · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia/": {"t": "Pneumonia", "s": "Inflammatory lung condition primarily affecting alveoli, caused by infection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/pneumonia.webp", "c": "Nephron · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/kerala/": {"t": "Kerala", "s": "God's Own Country", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/kerala.webp", "c": "rajaraman sundaram · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malayalam/": {"t": "Malayalam", "s": "A Dravidian classical language of Kerala and the Malayali people."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/kannada/": {"t": "Kannada", "s": "A classical Dravidian language with 1,200 years of literary history."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/tamil-language/": {"t": "Tamil language", "s": "Tamil (தமிழ், Tamiḻ) is a Dravidian language native to the Tamil people, primarily spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherr"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hindustani-language/": {"t": "Hindustani language", "s": "A pluricentric lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/telugu-language/": {"t": "Telugu language", "s": "Telugu is a Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it serves as the official language."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/marathi-language/": {"t": "Marathi language", "s": "A classical Indo-Aryan language of Maharashtra, with 83 million speakers and a rich literary history."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/carnatic-music/": {"t": "Carnatic music", "s": "South Indian classical music system emphasizing vocal performance."}, "https://codexery.com/vampires/e/vampires/kanjirottu-yakshi/": {"t": "Kanjirottu Yakshi", "s": "A vengeful Yakshi who became a temple guardian."}, "https://codexery.com/regional-musics/e/regional-musics/music-of-india/": {"t": "Music of India", "s": "Indian music spans millennia, from Vedic chants to global fusion."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-classical-musicians/e/indian-classical-musicians/tyagaraja/": {"t": "Tyagaraja", "s": "The foremost composer of Carnatic music and one of the Trinity of Carnatic Music."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-classical-musicians/e/indian-classical-musicians/syama-sastri/": {"t": "Syama Sastri", "s": "The eldest of the Carnatic Trinity, known for his scholarly compositions and pioneering svarajatis."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-classical-musicians/e/indian-classical-musicians/muthuswami-dikshitar/": {"t": "Muthuswami Dikshitar", "s": "Youngest of the Trinity of Carnatic music, master of Sanskrit kritis and rare ragas."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-india/": {"t": "Government of India", "s": "National authority of the Republic of India, established by the Constitution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-india.webp", "c": "Trikkiboy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/madhya-pradesh/": {"t": "Madhya Pradesh", "s": "The central province of India, rich in history and minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/varanasi/": {"t": "Varanasi", "s": "The luminous city on the Ganges, ancient seat of learning and liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/vaishnavism/": {"t": "Vaishnavism", "s": "One of the major Hindu denominations, centered on Vishnu as supreme."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sufism/": {"t": "Sufism", "s": "The inward dimension of Islam, focusing on purification and direct experience of the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hindi/": {"t": "Hindi", "s": "Official language of India and lingua franca of northern India."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/surya/": {"t": "Surya", "s": "Hindu solar deity and one of five major Smarta deities."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-depictions-of-akbar/e/cultural-depictions-of-akbar/tansen-film/": {"t": "Tansen (film)", "s": "A 1943 film on the Mughal court musician Tansen."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-india/e/world-heritage-sites-in-india/fatehpur-sikri/": {"t": "Fatehpur Sikri", "s": "Mughal capital founded by Akbar, now a UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}}