{"/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/mass/": {"t": "Mass", "s": "Mass measures inertia and gravitational attraction."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/mechanics/": {"t": "Mechanics", "s": "Physics of force, matter, and motion among objects."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/motion/": {"t": "Motion", "s": "Motion is the continuous change of position in space."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/speed/": {"t": "Speed", "s": "Speed is the rate of distance change over time."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/generalized-coordinates/": {"t": "Generalized coordinates", "s": "Parameters that uniquely define a system's configuration in configuration space."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/classical-mechanics/": {"t": "Classical mechanics", "s": "Theory of forces and motion for macroscopic objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/classical-mechanics.webp", "c": "David, but not Hilbert · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/kinematics/": {"t": "Kinematics", "s": "Subfield of physics and geometry describing motion without forces."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/particle/": {"t": "Particle", "s": "A particle is a separate part of a larger system."}, "https://codexery.com/astrology/e/astrology/astrology/": {"t": "Astrology", "s": "Divinatory practice interpreting celestial positions to discern earthly events."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristotle/": {"t": "Aristotle", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath, founder of the Peripatetic school."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/ren-descartes/": {"t": "René 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"https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/spacetime/": {"t": "Spacetime", "s": "A four-dimensional continuum fusing space and time."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/speed-of-light/": {"t": "Speed of light", "s": "Universal constant defining the maximum speed in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/gravity/": {"t": "Gravity", "s": "Gravity is the fundamental attraction between objects with mass.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/gravity.webp", "c": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Nicoguaro · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/rotation/": {"t": "Rotation", "s": "Rotational motion leaves at least one point unchanged."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/coordinate-system/": {"t": "Coordinate system", "s": "A system using numbers to determine positions in space."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/inertial-frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Inertial frame of reference", "s": "Frame where objects obey inertia and laws are simplest."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/galilean-invariance/": {"t": "Galilean invariance", "s": "Laws of motion are identical in all inertial frames."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/manifold/": {"t": "Manifold", "s": "A topological space locally resembling Euclidean space near each point."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/normal-mode/": {"t": "Normal mode", "s": "A pattern of motion with sinusoidal oscillation at fixed frequencies."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/basis-linear-algebra/": {"t": "Basis (linear algebra)", "s": "A basis is a linearly independent spanning set of a vector space."}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-and-foundations/e/set-theory-and-foundations/axiomatic-system/": {"t": "Axiomatic system", "s": "Axiomatic systems: the deductive backbone of mathematics and logic."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/lorentz-transformation/": {"t": "Lorentz transformation", "s": "Linear transformations connecting inertial frames in spacetime."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/galilean-transformation/": {"t": "Galilean transformation", "s": "Transforms coordinates between frames in uniform relative motion."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/karl-schwarzschild/": {"t": "Karl Schwarzschild", "s": "German physicist and astronomer who provided the first exact solution to Einstein's field equations"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/vitruvius/": {"t": "Vitruvius", "s": "Roman architect and engineer, author of De architectura"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci/": {"t": "Leonardo da Vinci", "s": "Italian polymath of the High Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci.webp", "c": "Attributed to Francesco Melzi · via Wikipedia: Leonardo da Vinci · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/leonhard-euler/": {"t": "Leonhard Euler", "s": "Swiss polymath who founded graph theory and topology, introduced key mathematical notation, and was the most prolific mathematician of the 18th century."}, "https://codexery.com/swiss-inventions/e/swiss-inventions/atomic-force-microscopy/": {"t": "Atomic force microscopy", "s": "A high-resolution scanning probe microscope that feels surfaces."}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/metrology/atomic-units/": {"t": "Atomic units", "s": "A system of natural units for atomic physics, based on fundamental constants."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/curling/": {"t": "Curling", "s": "A precision team sport played on ice with stones and brooms."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/oscillation/": {"t": "Oscillation", "s": "Repetitive variation about a central value across many scientific fields."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/vibration/": {"t": "Vibration", "s": "Oscillation of matter about an equilibrium point."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/free-body-diagram/": {"t": "Free body diagram", "s": "Graphical tool for visualizing forces and reactions on a body."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/fractal/": {"t": "Fractal", "s": "Geometric shapes with self-similarity and non-integer fractal dimension."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/velocity/": {"t": "Velocity", "s": "A vector measure of speed with direction."}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/atmosphere/": {"t": "Atmosphere", "s": "A layer of gases enveloping an astronomical object, retained by gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/motor-sports/e/motor-sports/drag-racing/": {"t": "Drag racing", "s": "Two vehicles race from a standing start over a short, straight course."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/stiffness/": {"t": "Stiffness", "s": "Measure of an object's resistance to deformation under force."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke/": {"t": "Robert Hooke", "s": "English polymath and pioneer of microscopy", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/robert-hooke.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Hooke · see source"}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/stress-mechanics/": {"t": "Stress (mechanics)", "s": "Physical quantity describing internal forces during material deformation."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/mechanical-equilibrium/": {"t": "Mechanical equilibrium", "s": "State where net force on each part is zero."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/restoring-force/": {"t": "Restoring force", "s": "Force that returns a body to equilibrium."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/pressure/": {"t": "Pressure", "s": "Pressure is force per unit area, a scalar quantity."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/cubic-crystal-system/": {"t": "Cubic crystal system", "s": "A crystal system with a cubic unit cell, common in minerals and metals."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/fluid/": {"t": "Fluid", "s": "A substance that flows and deforms under shear stress."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/dielectric/": {"t": "Dielectric", "s": "An electrical insulator that stores energy through polarisation."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/viscosity/": {"t": "Viscosity", "s": "Viscosity quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/statics/": {"t": "Statics", "s": "Branch of mechanics studying forces on non-accelerating systems."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/elastic-modulus/": {"t": "Elastic modulus", "s": "A measure of a material's resistance to elastic deformation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/elastic-modulus.webp", "c": "Arbitrarily0 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/metrology/dimensional-analysis/": {"t": "Dimensional analysis", "s": "Method for analyzing physical dimensions of quantities."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/newton-s-laws-of-motion/": {"t": "Newton's laws of motion", "s": "Three laws describing motion and force relationships."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/rocket/": {"t": "Rocket", "s": "A self-propelled vehicle using reaction thrust for flight in space."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/power-physics/": {"t": "Power (physics)", "s": "Power is the rate of energy transfer per unit time."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/friction/": {"t": "Friction", "s": "Friction resists motion and converts mechanical energy into heat."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/drag-physics/": {"t": "Drag (physics)", "s": "A force opposing motion through a fluid, dependent on velocity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/drag-physics.webp", "c": "Nubifer // Wiki LIC (Spanish translation) · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/lucretius/": {"t": "Lucretius", "s": "Roman poet and philosopher, author of De rerum natura."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/epicurus/": {"t": "Epicurus", "s": "Ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/averroes/": {"t": "Averroes", "s": "Andalusian polymath and jurist, known as 'The Commentator' for his commentaries on Aristotle."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/set-theory-and-foundations/e/set-theory-and-foundations/axiom/": {"t": "Axiom", "s": "A foundational statement accepted as true without proof."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/nicolaus-copernicus/": {"t": "Nicolaus Copernicus", "s": "Renaissance polymath who proposed the Sun-centered model of the universe."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Frame of reference", "s": "Abstract coordinate system for describing physical space and motion."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ibn-al-haytham/": {"t": "Ibn al-Haytham", "s": "Father of modern optics and pioneer of the scientific method"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/mechanical-engineering/": {"t": "Mechanical engineering", "s": "Engineering branch focused on force, motion, and mechanical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/human-anatomy/e/human-anatomy/human-skeleton/": {"t": "Human skeleton", "s": "The internal framework of the human body, composed of around 206 bones in adulthood."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/lagrangian-mechanics/": {"t": "Lagrangian mechanics", "s": "Alternate formulation of classical mechanics using energy."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/algebraic-geometry/": {"t": "Algebraic geometry", "s": "Branch of mathematics studying zeros of polynomial equations."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/mechanical-advantage/": {"t": "Mechanical advantage", "s": "Force amplification through trade-off of input force and movement."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/length-contraction/": {"t": "Length contraction", "s": "A moving object's length is measured shorter than its proper length."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/werner-heisenberg/": {"t": "Werner Heisenberg", "s": "German physicist who formulated quantum mechanics and the uncertainty principle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/werner-heisenberg.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Werner Heisenberg · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andr-marie-amp-re/": {"t": "André-Marie Ampère", "s": "Founder of electrodynamics and namesake of the ampere"}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/displacement-geometry/": {"t": "Displacement (geometry)", "s": "Vector representing shortest distance and direction of motion."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/tangent/": {"t": "Tangent", "s": "The line that just touches a curve at a point."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/potential-energy/": {"t": "Potential energy", "s": "Energy stored in an object's position or configuration."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/force/": {"t": "Force", "s": "A vector action causing change in motion, shape, or pressure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/classical-mechanics/force.webp", "c": "SpaceX · CC0"}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/inertia/": {"t": "Inertia", "s": "Objects resist changes to their state of motion."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/joule/": {"t": "Joule", "s": "English physicist whose work led to the SI unit of energy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz/": {"t": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "s": "German polymath and co-creator of calculus"}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/thomas-young-scientist/": {"t": "Thomas Young (scientist)", "s": "British polymath who established the wave theory of light."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/lord-kelvin/": {"t": "Lord Kelvin", "s": "Scottish mathematician, physicist, and engineer who determined absolute zero and helped formulate the laws of thermodynamics."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/kinetic-energy/": {"t": "Kinetic energy", "s": "Energy of motion, quantified as ½mv² in classical mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-spacetime/e/relativity-and-spacetime/mass-energy-equivalence/": {"t": "Mass–energy equivalence", "s": "Mass and energy are equivalent, related by the speed of light squared."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/net-force/": {"t": "Net force", "s": "Net force is the vector sum of all forces on an object."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/weighing-scale/": {"t": "Weighing scale", "s": "A device for measuring mass or weight using equilibrium."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/standard-model/": {"t": "Standard Model", "s": "Theory of three fundamental forces and elementary particles."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/higgs-boson/": {"t": "Higgs boson", "s": "Elementary particle confirming the Higgs field and mass mechanism."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-field/": {"t": "Gravitational field", "s": "A vector field explaining gravitational influences around a body.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-field.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant/": {"t": "Gravitational constant", "s": "Fundamental constant quantifying gravitational force strength.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant.webp", "c": "National Institute of Standards and Technology · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori/": {"t": "A priori and a posteriori", "s": "Two categories of knowledge: independent of experience (a priori) or dependent on empirical evidence (a posteriori).", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/a-priori-and-a-posteriori.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/e/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/planck-constant/": {"t": "Planck constant", "s": "Fundamental constant linking energy and frequency in quantum mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/metrology/caesium-standard/": {"t": "Caesium standard", "s": "The caesium standard is a primary frequency standard that works by using the absorption of photons during transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of"}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/metrology/international-prototype-of-the-kilogram/": {"t": "International Prototype of the Kilogram", "s": "The object that defined the kilogram for 130 years."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/litre/": {"t": "Litre", "s": "Metric unit of volume, equal to one cubic decimetre."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/archimedes/": {"t": "Archimedes", "s": "Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor 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"https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/momentum/": {"t": "Momentum", "s": "Vector quantity equal to mass times velocity."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/time/": {"t": "Time", "s": "Time is the fourth dimension, measured by clocks and calendars."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/electromagnetism-and-radiation/radiation/": {"t": "Radiation", "s": "Energy emitted as waves or particles through space or matter."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/animal-anatomy/cell-biology/": {"t": "Cell (biology)", "s": "The fundamental unit of all known life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/animal-anatomy/cell-biology.webp", "c": "DataBase Center for Life Science (DBCLS) · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/subatomic-particle/": {"t": "Subatomic particle", "s": "Particles smaller than atoms, studied in particle physics."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/orbit/": {"t": "Orbit", "s": "Curved trajectory of an object under an attracting force."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/normal-force/": {"t": "Normal force", "s": "Perpendicular contact force preventing surface penetration."}, "https://codexery.com/sets-and-logic/e/sets-and-logic/tautology-logic/": {"t": "Tautology (logic)", "s": "A formula true under all interpretations, central to propositional logic."}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/newton-s-law-of-universal-gravitation/": {"t": "Newton's law of universal gravitation", "s": "Gravity as a universal force between all masses."}, 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"https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/egyptian-inventions/e/egyptian-inventions/scientific-methodology/": {"t": "Scientific methodology", "s": "Empirical method for knowledge through observation, hypothesis, and experiment."}, "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/e/european-scientific-pioneers/tycho-brahe/": {"t": "Tycho Brahe", "s": "The greatest pre-telescopic astronomer", "i": "https://codexery.com/european-scientific-pioneers/img/european-scientific-pioneers/tycho-brahe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tycho Brahe · see source"}, "/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/hooke-s-law/": {"t": "Hooke's law", "s": "Hooke's law describes linear elasticity in springs and materials."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/capacitance/": {"t": "Capacitance", "s": "Capacitance is the ability to store electric charge."}, 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