{"https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/frederic-chopin/": {"t": "Frederic Chopin", "s": "Polish composer and pianist of the early Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/frederic-chopin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Heart of Frédéric Chopin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/franz-liszt/": {"t": "Franz Liszt", "s": "Hungarian composer and pianist of the Romantic period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/franz-liszt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Franz Liszt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns/": {"t": "Camille Saint-Saëns", "s": "French Romantic composer, organist, and musical prodigy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/camille-saint-sa-ns.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Camille Saint-Saëns · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-concerto-no-1-chopin/": {"t": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (Chopin)", "s": "Frédéric Chopin composed his Piano Concerto No."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven/": {"t": "Ludwig van Beethoven", "s": "German composer whose work bridged Classical and Romantic eras.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/ludwig-van-beethoven.webp", "c": "Joseph Karl Stieler · via Wikipedia: Ludwig van Beethoven · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/joseph-haydn/": {"t": "Joseph Haydn", "s": "Father of the Symphony and String Quartet", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/joseph-haydn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Joseph Haydn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/hedy-lamarr/": {"t": "Hedy Lamarr", "s": "Actress and co-inventor of a radio guidance system.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/hedy-lamarr.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hedy Lamarr · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/american-inventors/e/american-inventors/national-inventors-hall-of-fame/": {"t": "National Inventors Hall of Fame", "s": "Honoring US patent holders who advanced science and welfare."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/trenton-new-jersey/": {"t": "Trenton, New Jersey", "s": "Capital of New Jersey and brief U.S. capital."}, "https://codexery.com/philadelphia-76ers/e/stadiums/philadelphia/": {"t": "Philadelphia", "s": "The gritty, soulful city where the Sixers legacy is forged in fire and celebrated with unmatched passion."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/claude-debussy/": {"t": "Claude Debussy", "s": "French composer who rejected the term Impressionist but shaped modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/claude-debussy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Debussy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/george-gershwin/": {"t": "George Gershwin", "s": "American composer and pianist of jazz, popular, and classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/nadia-boulanger/": {"t": "Nadia Boulanger", "s": "French teacher, conductor, and composer who shaped 20th-century music"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/erik-satie/": {"t": "Erik Satie", "s": "French composer and pianist"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ezra-pound/": {"t": "Ezra Pound", "s": "American poet and critic who shaped modernism and faced treason charges."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/e/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce/": {"t": "James Joyce", "s": "Modernist prose master whose works center on Dublin and revolutionized literary style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/img/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Joyce · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/virgil-thomson/": {"t": "Virgil Thomson", "s": "American composer and critic who shaped the 'American Sound'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/img/classical-and-opera/virgil-thomson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Virgil Thomson · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernest-hemingway/": {"t": "Ernest Hemingway", "s": "American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist known for his economical style and adventurous life."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/samuel-barber/": {"t": "Samuel Barber", "s": "American composer celebrated for lyrical, traditionalist works and vocal music"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/giacomo-puccini/": {"t": "Giacomo Puccini", "s": "Italian composer of La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly, and Turandot."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/modest-mussorgsky/": {"t": "Modest Mussorgsky", "s": "Russian composer of The Five, innovator of national music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/modest-mussorgsky.webp", "c": "Self-scanned · via Wikipedia: Modest Mussorgsky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/atonality/": {"t": "Atonality", "s": "Music lacking a tonal center, emerging in the early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/richard-wagner/": {"t": "Richard Wagner", "s": "German composer who revolutionized opera through his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/richard-wagner.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Wagner · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/broadway-theatre/": {"t": "Broadway theatre", "s": "The highest commercial level of live theater in the English-speaking world."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/chamber-music/": {"t": "Chamber music", "s": "Classical music for small ensembles, one performer per part."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/metaphysics/": {"t": "Metaphysics", "s": "Study of the most fundamental structure of reality."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hieronymus-bosch/": {"t": "Hieronymus Bosch", "s": "Dutch painter from Brabant, known for fantastic religious imagery and nightmarish depictions of hell."}, "https://codexery.com/angels-in-art/e/angels-in-art/adoration-of-the-magi-bosch-new-york/": {"t": "Adoration of the Magi (Bosch, New York)", "s": "Bosch's Adoration of the Magi with gold leaf and strong perspective."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress/": {"t": "Library of Congress", "s": "Oldest federal cultural institution and de facto national library of the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/img/media-and-publishing/library-of-congress.webp", "c": "Library of Congress Life · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/dance-pioneers/e/dance-pioneers/arthur-mitchell-dancer/": {"t": "Arthur Mitchell (dancer)", "s": "First African-American principal dancer at New York City Ballet."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-children-s-crusade/": {"t": "The Children's Crusade", "s": "A failed popular crusade of the early 13th century, involving two movements led by Nicholas of Cologne and Stephen of Cloyes, marked by tragedy and myth."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/elisabeth-schwarzkopf/": {"t": "Elisabeth Schwarzkopf", "s": "German-born Austro-British lyric soprano, renowned for lieder and opera.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/img/opera-singers/elisabeth-schwarzkopf.webp", "c": "Max Albert Wyss · via Wikipedia: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf · CC BY 2.5 ch"}, "https://codexery.com/circus-performance-art/e/circus-and-performance-art/paul-taylor-choreographer/": {"t": "Paul Taylor (choreographer)", "s": "American modern dance choreographer and founder of the Paul Taylor Dance Company.", "i": "https://codexery.com/circus-performance-art/img/circus-and-performance-art/paul-taylor-choreographer.webp", "c": "The original uploader was Noirish at English Wikipedia. · via Wikipedia: Paul Taylor (choreographer) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dancers-and-choreographers/e/dancers-and-choreographers/twyla-tharp/": {"t": "Twyla Tharp", "s": "American choreographer who pioneered crossover ballet."}, "https://codexery.com/film-theater/e/film-and-theater/pl-cido-domingo/": {"t": "Plácido Domingo", "s": "Spanish tenor, conductor, and administrator of wide renown."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/assisi/": {"t": "Assisi", "s": "Birthplace of St. Francis and St. Clare of Assisi."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/padua/": {"t": "Padua", "s": "Ancient city, home to a 1222 university and the world's oldest botanical garden."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/karol-lipi-ski/": {"t": "Karol Lipiński", "s": "Polish composer and virtuoso violinist of the partition era."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/harmony-music/": {"t": "Harmony (music)", "s": "Harmony combines sounds to create musical ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/gangrene/": {"t": "Gangrene", "s": "Tissue death from lack of blood supply, often requiring surgical removal."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/helena-blavatsky/": {"t": "Helena Blavatsky", "s": "Russian and American mystic and writer who co-founded the Theosophical Society."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/niccol-paganini/": {"t": "Niccolò Paganini", "s": "The most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, known for technical brilliance and showmanship."}, "https://codexery.com/witchcraft-in-folklore-and-mythology/e/witchcraft-in-folklore-and-mythology/deal-with-the-devil/": {"t": "Deal with the Devil", "s": "A pact trading a soul for diabolical favors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/witchcraft-in-folklore-and-mythology/img/witchcraft-in-folklore-and-mythology/deal-with-the-devil.webp", "c": "Moncure Daniel Conway · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/vladimir-horowitz/": {"t": "Vladimir Horowitz", "s": "Russian and American pianist, known for virtuoso technique and public excitement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/vladimir-horowitz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Horowitz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/nathan-milstein/": {"t": "Nathan Milstein", "s": "Russian-American violinist known for Bach and Romantic works."}, "https://codexery.com/music-legends/e/music-legends/sergei-prokofiev/": {"t": "Sergei Prokofiev", "s": "Russian composer of Peter and the Wolf and Romeo and Juliet, one of the giants of 20th-century music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-legends/img/music-legends/sergei-prokofiev.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sergei Prokofiev · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/paul-hindemith/": {"t": "Paul Hindemith", "s": "German and American composer, music theorist, teacher, violist, and conductor; advocate of the Neue Sachlichkeit style."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/william-walton/": {"t": "William Walton", "s": "English composer of classical genres, from film scores to opera.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/william-walton.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: William Walton · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss/": {"t": "Richard Strauss", "s": "German composer and conductor of tone poems and operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/richard-strauss.webp", "c": "Joseph Gaylord Gessford · via Wikipedia: Richard Strauss · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-singers/e/opera-singers/feodor-chaliapin/": {"t": "Feodor Chaliapin", "s": "The Russian bass who brought naturalistic acting to opera."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/pablo-casals/": {"t": "Pablo Casals", "s": "Catalan cellist who revived Bach's Cello Suites and opposed Franco.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/pablo-casals.webp", "c": "Bain News Service · via Wikipedia: Pablo Casals · Public domain"}, "/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/fritz-kreisler/": {"t": "Fritz Kreisler", "s": "Austrian-American violinist and composer known for his sweet tone, expressive phrasing, and compositions like 'Liebesleid' and 'Liebesfreud'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/fritz-kreisler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Fritz Kreisler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/mischa-elman/": {"t": "Mischa Elman", "s": "Russian-American violinist famed for passionate style, beautiful tone, and impeccable artistry."}, "https://codexery.com/boardgames/e/board-games/chess/": {"t": "Chess", "s": "The timeless game of strategy and intellect."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/los-angeles/": {"t": "Los Angeles", "s": "The City of Angels, a global hub of culture and commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music/": {"t": "Baroque music", "s": "Baroque music formalized common-practice tonality and saw the creation of the modern orchestra.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/baroque-music.webp", "c": "U. S. Army Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach/": {"t": "Johann Sebastian Bach", "s": "Master of counterpoint and Baroque composition", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/johann-sebastian-bach.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/robert-schumann/": {"t": "Robert Schumann", "s": "German Romantic composer, pianist, and music critic.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/robert-schumann.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Robert Schumann · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/soviet-afghan-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Afghan War", "s": "Decade-long conflict that contributed to the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/travel-visa/": {"t": "Travel visa", "s": "Conditional authorization for foreign entry, stay, or departure."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/cremona/": {"t": "Cremona", "s": "City in Lombardy known for its luthiers and medieval history."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/sergei-rachmaninoff/": {"t": "Sergei Rachmaninoff", "s": "Russian composer and pianist, last great Romantic in Russian classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/sergei-rachmaninoff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sergei Rachmaninoff · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/glenn-gould/": {"t": "Glenn Gould", "s": "Canadian pianist renowned for Bach interpretations and eccentricities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/glenn-gould.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Glenn Gould · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/state-owned-record-labels/e/state-owned-record-labels/melodiya/": {"t": "Melodiya", "s": "State-owned Soviet record label established in 1964."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/nikolai-rimsky-korsakov/": {"t": "Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov", "s": "Russian composer who shaped the nationalist style and trained generations."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/johann-strauss-ii/": {"t": "Johann Strauss II", "s": "Austrian composer known as 'The Waltz King'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/johann-strauss-ii.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johann Strauss II · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/romani-people/": {"t": "Romani people", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnic group with nomadic traditions and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/circus/": {"t": "Circus", "s": "A circus is a troupe of performers that presents a varied entertainment program."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers/": {"t": "Axis powers", "s": "Military coalition that initiated World War II against the Allies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers.webp", "c": "Sr L · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-concerto-grieg/": {"t": "Piano Concerto (Grieg)", "s": "Grieg's only piano concerto, completed at age 24."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-infarction/": {"t": "Myocardial infarction", "s": "A heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/myocardial-infarction.webp", "c": "Authors of the study: Stefan Gustafsson, Erik Lampa, Karin Jensevik Eriksson, Ad · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/e/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer/": {"t": "Lung cancer", "s": "Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally.", "i": "https://codexery.com/types-of-cancer/img/types-of-cancer/lung-cancer.webp", "c": "Modificado de OpenStax College · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/minotaur-in-popular-culture/e/minotaur-in-popular-culture/the-minotaur-opera/": {"t": "The Minotaur (opera)", "s": "Modernist opera retelling the Greek myth of the Minotaur."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/gilbert-and-sullivan/": {"t": "Gilbert and Sullivan", "s": "Victorian theatrical duo of librettist and composer."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/ralph-vaughan-williams/": {"t": "Ralph Vaughan Williams", "s": "English composer who broke from German-dominated style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/ralph-vaughan-williams.webp", "c": "E. O. Hoppé · via Wikipedia: Ralph Vaughan Williams · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/peter-maxwell-davies/": {"t": "Peter Maxwell Davies", "s": "English composer and conductor, Master of the Queen's Music from 2004"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/benjamin-britten/": {"t": "Benjamin Britten", "s": "English composer, conductor, and pianist (1913–1976)"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/pieter-bruegel-the-elder/": {"t": "Pieter Bruegel the Elder", "s": "Pioneer of landscapes and peasant scenes in Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/pieter-bruegel-the-elder.webp", "c": "Pieter Brueghel the Elder · via Wikipedia: Pieter Bruegel the Elder · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/writers/sean-connery/": {"t": "Sean Connery", "s": "The original James Bond and Oscar-winning Scottish actor."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/henry-purcell/": {"t": "Henry Purcell", "s": "English Baroque composer and organist of the middle Baroque era.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/henry-purcell.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Henry Purcell · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/king-s-college-london/": {"t": "King's College London", "s": "Founded 1829; founding college of University of London."}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-daily-telegraph/": {"t": "The Daily Telegraph", "s": "Was, is, and will be"}, "https://codexery.com/angel-records-artists/e/angel-records-artists/andrew-davis-conductor/": {"t": "Andrew Davis (conductor)", "s": "English conductor of major orchestras and opera houses."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claudio-monteverdi/": {"t": "Claudio Monteverdi", "s": "Italian composer and pioneer of opera, bridging Renaissance and Baroque."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart/": {"t": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart", "s": "Classical composer and child prodigy who completed over 800 works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/wolfgang-amadeus-mozart.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/the-magic-flute/": {"t": "The Magic Flute", "s": "Mozart's last opera, a Singspiel with spoken dialogue."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/george-frideric-handel/": {"t": "George Frideric Handel", "s": "German-British Baroque composer known for operas, oratorios, and anthems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/george-frideric-handel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: George Frideric Handel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/polyphemus/e/polyphemus/acis-and-galatea-handel/": {"t": "Acis and Galatea (Handel)", "s": "Handel's pastoral opera based on Ovid's tale of love and transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/symphony-no-3-beethoven/": {"t": "Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)", "s": "Beethoven's groundbreaking Eroica Symphony, a landmark of the transition from Classical to Romantic era."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/dorset/": {"t": "Dorset", "s": "A ceremonial county in South West England with a varied landscape and a coastline largely part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/wroc-aw/": {"t": "Wrocław", "s": "Historical capital of Silesia on the Oder River."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/jagiellonian-university/": {"t": "Jagiellonian University", "s": "Oldest university in Poland, founded 1364.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/jagiellonian-university.webp", "c": "S. Woźniak uploaded on Flickr by: mik Krakow · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/anton-webern/": {"t": "Anton Webern", "s": "Austrian composer of radical atonal and twelve-tone music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/anton-webern.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Anton Webern · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki/": {"t": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "s": "First and only nuclear attacks in war, ending World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki.webp", "c": "Government Printing Office · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/john-cage/": {"t": "John Cage", "s": "American composer known for 4′33″ and chance-controlled music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/john-cage.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Cage · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/melody/": {"t": "Melody", "s": "Linear succession of musical tones perceived as a single entity."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/serialism/": {"t": "Serialism", "s": "A method of composition using ordered series of musical elements."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/chord-music/": {"t": "Chord (music)", "s": "A chord is the simultaneous sound of two or more notes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/chord-music.webp", "c": "MyCatIsAChonk · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/twin-peaks/e/characters/twin-peaks-season-3/": {"t": "Twin Peaks season 3", "s": "Set 25 years after the original series, following FBI agent Dale Cooper's odyssey."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/anton-bruckner/": {"t": "Anton Bruckner", "s": "Austrian composer and organist of expansive symphonies and sacred works."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/giuseppe-tartini/": {"t": "Giuseppe Tartini", "s": "Baroque composer and violinist known for the Devil's Trill Sonata.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/giuseppe-tartini.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Giuseppe Tartini · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi/": {"t": "Antonio Vivaldi", "s": "Baroque composer, violinist, and impresario of Venice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/antonio-vivaldi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Antonio Vivaldi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-depictions-of-franz-joseph-i/e/cultural-depictions-of-franz-joseph-i-of-austria/the-king-steps-out/": {"t": "The King Steps Out", "s": "A musical comedy about Franz Joseph I and Empress Sisi."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/empress-elisabeth-of-austria/": {"t": "Empress Elisabeth of Austria", "s": "Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, assassinated in 1898.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/empress-elisabeth-of-austria.webp", "c": "Hubertl · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/tempo/": {"t": "Tempo", "s": "Tempo is the speed or pace of a musical composition."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn/": {"t": "Felix Mendelssohn", "s": "German Romantic composer who revived Bach and wrote the 'Wedding March'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/felix-mendelssohn.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Felix Mendelssohn · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/corporations/e/corporations/philips/": {"t": "Philips", "s": "Dutch health technology firm, former electronics and lighting giant."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/romania/": {"t": "Romania", "s": "A country at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, rich in history and natural beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/pablo-de-sarasate/": {"t": "Pablo de Sarasate", "s": "Spanish virtuoso violinist, composer, and conductor of the Romantic period"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/gabriel-faur/": {"t": "Gabriel Fauré", "s": "French composer linking Romanticism with early 20th-century modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/symphonic-poem/": {"t": "Symphonic poem", "s": "Orchestral music evoking non-musical sources in one movement."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/ravi-shankar/": {"t": "Ravi Shankar", "s": "Indian sitar virtuoso who globalized Indian classical music."}, "https://codexery.com/dancers-and-choreographers/e/dancers-and-choreographers/uday-shankar/": {"t": "Uday Shankar", "s": "Indian dancer who fused European theatrical techniques with Indian classical dance."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/20th-century-classical-music/": {"t": "20th-century classical music", "s": "A century of unprecedented stylistic diversity in Western art music."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/rudolf-serkin/": {"t": "Rudolf Serkin", "s": "American classical pianist, Grammy winner, and champion of contemporary music."}, "https://codexery.com/characters-in-epic-poems/e/characters-in-epic-poems/don-juan/": {"t": "Don Juan", "s": "Legendary fictional Spanish libertine and archetypal womanizer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/b-la-bart-k/": {"t": "Béla Bartók", "s": "Hungarian composer and ethnomusicologist"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/reform-judaism/": {"t": "Reform Judaism", "s": "A Jewish denomination emphasizing continuous revelation and individual autonomy."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber/": {"t": "Carl Maria von Weber", "s": "German composer crucial to German Romantic opera.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/carl-maria-von-weber.webp", "c": "Caroline Bardua · via Wikipedia: Carl Maria von Weber · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/oratorio/": {"t": "Oratorio", "s": "Sacred musical drama with minimal staging, often performed in concert form."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-characters/e/mythological-characters/wandering-jew/": {"t": "Wandering Jew", "s": "A cursed immortal condemned to wander until the Second Coming."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/gioachino-rossini/": {"t": "Gioachino Rossini", "s": "Italian composer of 39 operas who retired from large-scale work in his thirties."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/gustav-mahler/": {"t": "Gustav Mahler", "s": "Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer and conductor", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/gustav-mahler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gustav Mahler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-double-bass/": {"t": "The Double bass", "s": "Largest and lowest-pitched chordophone in the modern symphony orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-clarinet/": {"t": "The Clarinet", "s": "Single-reed woodwind with cylindrical bore and flared bell.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-clarinet.webp", "c": "Auckland Museum Collections from Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi/": {"t": "Giuseppe Verdi", "s": "Italian composer best known for his operas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/giuseppe-verdi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Giuseppe Verdi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/cairo/": {"t": "Cairo", "s": "The city of a thousand minarets"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-sonata-in-b-minor-liszt/": {"t": "Piano Sonata in B minor (Liszt)", "s": "The Piano Sonata in B minor (Klaviersonate h-moll), S."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/clara-schumann/": {"t": "Clara Schumann", "s": "German virtuoso pianist, composer, and influential piano teacher."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/tristan-und-isolde/": {"t": "Tristan und Isolde", "s": "A music drama of endless melody and transcendent love."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/e/opera-and-musical-theatre/die-meistersinger-von-n-rnberg/": {"t": "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg", "s": "Wagner's only mature comedy, set in historical Nuremberg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-and-musical-theatre/img/opera-and-musical-theatre/die-meistersinger-von-n-rnberg.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky/": {"t": "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky", "s": "The Romantic-era Russian behind Swan Lake, The Nutcracker and the 1812 Overture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-concerto-no-1-tchaikovsky/": {"t": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)", "s": "Tchaikovsky's popular concerto premiered in Boston after Rubinstein's harsh criticism."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music-compositions/e/classical-music-compositions/piano-sonatas-beethoven/": {"t": "Piano sonatas (Beethoven)", "s": "Beethoven's 32 piano sonatas form a bridge between salon and concert hall."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/max-stirner/": {"t": "Max Stirner", "s": "German philosopher and forerunner of individualist anarchism and egoism."}, "https://codexery.com/pain/e/pain/neuralgia/": {"t": "Neuralgia", "s": "Pain along a nerve's path, often severe and difficult to treat."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/consonance-and-dissonance/": {"t": "Consonance and dissonance", "s": "Concepts defining musical stability and tension through mutual exclusion."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/modernism-music/": {"t": "Modernism (music)", "s": "A period of innovation and linguistic plurality in music."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/karlheinz-stockhausen/": {"t": "Karlheinz Stockhausen", "s": "German composer and pioneer of electronic music (1928–2007)"}, "/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/krzysztof-penderecki/": {"t": "Krzysztof Penderecki", "s": "Polish composer and conductor known for avant-garde works and sacred choral music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/krzysztof-penderecki.webp", "c": "Adam Kumiszcza · via Wikipedia: Krzysztof Penderecki · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/sheet-music/": {"t": "Sheet music", "s": "Written musical notation enabling performance and study of music."}, "/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/karol-szymanowski/": {"t": "Karol Szymanowski", "s": "Polish composer of modernist and folk-inspired works", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/karol-szymanowski.webp", "c": "George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress) · via Wikipedia: Karol Szymanowski · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/twelve-tone-technique/": {"t": "Twelve-tone technique", "s": "A method ensuring equal use of all twelve chromatic notes."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lublin/": {"t": "Lublin", "s": "Historic Polish city, site of the Union of Lublin."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-music/e/classical-music/sonata/": {"t": "Sonata", "s": "A multi-movement instrumental work that evolved from Baroque chamber and church forms to become a cornerstone of Classical and modern composition."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony/": {"t": "Sony", "s": "Japanese conglomerate known for electronics and entertainment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/sony.webp", "c": "Akonnchiroll · via Wikipedia: Sony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/leonard-bernstein/": {"t": "Leonard Bernstein", "s": "First American-born conductor to receive international acclaim.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/leonard-bernstein.webp", "c": "Jack Mitchell · via Wikipedia: Leonard Bernstein · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/jean-sibelius/": {"t": "Jean Sibelius", "s": "Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early modern periods, known for his seven symphonies and works like Finlandia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/jean-sibelius.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jean Sibelius · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/e/catholic-popes-and-cardinals/pope-benedict-xvi/": {"t": "Pope Benedict XVI", "s": "Pope emeritus who resigned in 2013 and died in 2022", "i": "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/img/catholic-popes-and-cardinals/pope-benedict-xvi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/a24-films/e/people/academy-award-for-best-original-score/": {"t": "Academy Award for Best Original Score", "s": "Annual award for original dramatic film underscoring."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/the-beatles/e/places/liverpool/": {"t": "Liverpool", "s": "The gritty port city where the world's most famous band began their journey."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-inventions/e/spanish-inventions/classical-guitar/": {"t": "Classical guitar", "s": "Acoustic nylon-string guitar established by 19th-century Spanish luthier Antonio de Torres Jurado."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-alhambra/": {"t": "The Alhambra", "s": "Palace and fortress complex in Granada, Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/dance/e/dance/flamenco/": {"t": "Flamenco", "s": "An Andalusian art form rooted in gitano and folk traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/phrygian-mode/": {"t": "Phrygian mode", "s": "A diatonic mode with a flattened second scale degree."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-violin/": {"t": "The Violin", "s": "A 2005 Mexican drama film directed by Francisco Vargas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-violin.webp", "c": "unknown, released with CC0 license by Smithsonian · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/bruce-springsteen/e/awards/presidential-medal-of-freedom/": {"t": "Presidential Medal of Freedom", "s": "The nation's highest civilian honor recognizing a lifetime of defining the American spirit through music."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/angel-records-artists/e/angel-records-artists/itzhak-perlman/": {"t": "Itzhak Perlman", "s": "Israeli-American violinist and conductor with 16 Grammy Awards."}, "https://codexery.com/angel-records-artists/e/angel-records-artists/pinchas-zukerman/": {"t": "Pinchas Zukerman", "s": "Israeli-American violinist, violist, and conductor."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-mandolin/": {"t": "The Mandolin", "s": "A plucked lute-family instrument tuned like a violin."}, "https://codexery.com/performance-voice/e/performance-and-voice/bassoon/": {"t": "Bassoon", "s": "A woodwind instrument with a wide range and distinctive tone."}, "/e/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/henryk-wieniawski/": {"t": "Henryk Wieniawski", "s": "Polish virtuoso violinist, composer, and pedagogue of lasting influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/img/classical-composers-and-instrumentalists/henryk-wieniawski.webp", "c": "Zakład Fotograficzny \"Vezenberg\" Petersburg · via Wikipedia: Henryk Wieniawski · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partitions-of-poland/": {"t": "Partitions of Poland", "s": "Three partitions ended the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's existence."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ukraine/lviv/": {"t": "Lviv", "s": "Historic city centre listed as UNESCO World Heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin/": {"t": "Alexander Scriabin", "s": "Russian composer and pianist, innovator of dissonant musical language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/alexander-scriabin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Scriabin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/opera/": {"t": "Opera", "s": "Western theatre where music is fundamental and singers take dramatic roles."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/ukrainian-oblasts/e/ukrainian-oblasts/cherkasy-oblast/": {"t": "Cherkasy Oblast", "s": "Central Ukrainian oblast along the Dnieper River."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/courland/": {"t": "Courland", "s": "Historical Latvian land named for the Curonian tribe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/courland.webp", "c": "Daderot · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/orchestration/": {"t": "Orchestration", "s": "The art of assigning instruments to musical parts."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/homosexuality/": {"t": "Homosexuality", "s": "A natural variation in human sexuality, documented across history and species."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/krak-w/": {"t": "Kraków", "s": "Historic royal capital and UNESCO World Heritage city in southern Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-piano/": {"t": "The Piano", "s": "A haunting, unpredictable tale of love and sex told from a woman's point of view.", "i": "https://codexery.com/instruments/img/musical-instruments/the-piano.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/herbert-von-karajan/": {"t": "Herbert von Karajan", "s": "Austrian conductor, Berlin Philharmonic leader for 34 years.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/herbert-von-karajan.webp", "c": "Bilsen, Joop van / Anefo, derivative work Lämpel · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosos/e/classical-virtuosos/simon-rattle/": {"t": "Simon Rattle", "s": "British conductor who led the Berlin Philharmonic from 2002 to 2018."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/e/classical-and-opera/witold-lutos-awski/": {"t": "Witold Lutosławski", "s": "Polish composer and conductor of 20th-century classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-opera/img/classical-and-opera/witold-lutos-awski.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Witold Lutosławski · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/maurice-ravel/": {"t": "Maurice Ravel", "s": "French composer known for Boléro and masterful orchestration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/maurice-ravel.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maurice Ravel · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/minimal-music/": {"t": "Minimal music", "s": "Minimal music uses limited materials to focus on listening."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory/e/music-theory/musical-composition/": {"t": "Musical composition", "s": "The art of creating original musical works."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/fluxus/": {"t": "Fluxus", "s": "An international community emphasizing chance-based process over finished product."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-inventions/e/russian-inventions/ac-transformer/": {"t": "AC transformer", "s": "Passive component transferring energy via electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-inventions/e/indian-inventions/indian-classical-music/": {"t": "Indian classical music", "s": "Classical music of the Indian subcontinent with two major traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/conceptual-art/": {"t": "Conceptual art", "s": "Art where the idea or concept is the most important aspect."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/artist-s-book/": {"t": "Artist's book", "s": "Artists' books use the book form as a medium of art."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/aleatoric-music/": {"t": "Aleatoric music", "s": "Music where chance determines some element of composition or performance."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/modern-and-contemporary-artists/yoko-ono/": {"t": "Yoko Ono", "s": "Japanese retired artist, musician, and peace activist", "i": "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/img/modern-and-contemporary-artists/yoko-ono.webp", "c": "Gregor Tatschl from Österreich · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/max-ernst/": {"t": "Max Ernst", "s": "German-born pioneer of Dada and surrealism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/max-ernst.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Max Ernst · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/marcel-duchamp/": {"t": "Marcel Duchamp", "s": "French artist who created readymades as an antidote to retinal art."}, "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/e/electronic-and-experimental/brian-eno/": {"t": "Brian Eno", "s": "English musician and producer who pioneered ambient music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electronic-experimental/img/electronic-and-experimental/brian-eno.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Brian Eno · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/musculoskeletal-system-and-orthopedics/e/musculoskeletal-system-and-orthopedics/scoliosis/": {"t": "Scoliosis", "s": "A spinal condition with irregular curvature, often of unknown cause.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musculoskeletal-system-and-orthopedics/img/musculoskeletal-system-and-orthopedics/scoliosis.webp", "c": "Hwhwh27 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/actors-filmmakers/e/actors-and-filmmakers/jean-luc-godard/": {"t": "Jean-Luc Godard", "s": "French New Wave pioneer who revolutionized cinematic form and narrative.", "i": "https://codexery.com/actors-filmmakers/img/actors-and-filmmakers/jean-luc-godard.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jean-Luc Godard · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/e/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/alain-resnais/": {"t": "Alain Resnais", "s": "French director of memory, time, and narrative innovation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/img/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/alain-resnais.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alain Resnais · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/e/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/bernardo-bertolucci/": {"t": "Bernardo Bertolucci", "s": "Italian director known for visually rich, politically charged films.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renowned-film-directors-producers/img/renowned-film-directors-and-producers/bernardo-bertolucci.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bernardo Bertolucci · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/e/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/ray-bradbury/": {"t": "Ray Bradbury", "s": "American author who brought science fiction into the literary mainstream."}, "https://codexery.com/european-modernists/e/european-modernists/muriel-spark/": {"t": "Muriel Spark", "s": "Scottish novelist known for wit and moral ambiguity."}, "https://codexery.com/instruments/e/musical-instruments/the-cello/": {"t": "The Cello", "s": "Bowed string instrument of the violin family, second largest in orchestra."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/seoul/": {"t": "Seoul", "s": "The dynamic capital of South Korea, blending ancient history with cutting-edge modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/pacific-war/": {"t": "Pacific War", "s": "The largest theater of World War II, fought across the Pacific and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/pacific-war.webp", "c": "Ensign Emment Regan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/orphanage/": {"t": "Orphanage", "s": "Residential institutions for children unable to be cared for by biological families."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/korean-war/": {"t": "Korean War", "s": "A frozen conflict that divided a peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/seoul-national-university/": {"t": "Seoul National University", "s": "A public research university in Seoul, South Korea, founded in 1946.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/seoul-national-university.webp", "c": "U.S. Department of State from United States · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/e/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/boris-blacher/": {"t": "Boris Blacher", "s": "German composer and librettist, influential teacher and postwar music figure."}, "https://codexery.com/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/e/jazz-influenced-classical-composers/hans-werner-henze/": {"t": "Hans Werner Henze", "s": "German composer whose varied style incorporated jazz and political themes."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/gy-rgy-ligeti/": {"t": "György Ligeti", "s": "Avant-garde composer known for micropolyphony and film music adaptations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/gy-rgy-ligeti.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: György Ligeti · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/timbre/": {"t": "Timbre", "s": "Timbre distinguishes sounds by source, even at same pitch and volume."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-topology/e/geometry-and-topology/fractal/": {"t": "Fractal", "s": "Geometric shapes with self-similarity and non-integer fractal dimension."}, "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/e/aging-associated-diseases/glioblastoma/": {"t": "Glioblastoma", "s": "Aggressive brain cancer with poor prognosis and rapid progression.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aging-associated-diseases/img/aging-associated-diseases/glioblastoma.webp", "c": "Jensflorian · CC BY-SA 3.0"}}