Beijing

Lore & Background

Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world, with recorded history spanning over three millennia. As the last remaining one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD. The name Beijing, meaning 'Northern Capital', was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming dynasty. The city has hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics, and in 2022 became the first city to host both the Summer and Winter Olympics and Paralympics.

In Their Own Story

The morning mist clings to the grey tiles of the Drum Tower as an elderly man sweeps the stone steps, his rhythmic shushing echoing against the silence. A few blocks away, the sleek, steel curves of the CCTV Headquarters pierce the low-hanging clouds, a stark silhouette against the pale dawn. In a quiet hutong courtyard, the scent of sesame oil and boiling dumplings mingles with the exhaust of an electric scooter weaving through the narrow lane. Here, time does not move in a straight line; it spirals, looping from the Ming dynasty to the present day in a single breath.

Reader's Guide

Beijing is a global city and one of the world's leading centers for culture, diplomacy, politics, finance, business, economics, education, research, language, tourism, media, sports, science, technology, transportation, and art. It is home to the headquarters of most of China's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls, and gates. Major tourist attractions include the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Ming Tombs, Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site, Beijing Central Axis, and parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal. Siheyuans and hutongs are also popular. Beijing hosts 176 foreign embassies and the headquarters of many organizations, including the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

Did You Know?

• Beijing Capital International Airport was Asia's busiest airport from 2009 to 2019 and the second-busiest in the world from 2010 to 2019.
• Beijing Daxing International Airport is the largest single-structure airport terminal in the world.
• Beijing has been ranked the city with the largest scientific research output by the Nature Index since the list's inception in 2016.
• The English spelling 'Peking' was used by Jesuit missionary Martino Martini in a popular atlas published in 1655.

Global Hub and Economic Powerhouse

As the political heart of China, Beijing stands as a premier global city, commanding influence across diplomacy, finance, and science. It uniquely hosts the headquarters for the majority of China's largest state-owned enterprises and contains more Fortune Global 500 companies than any other location on Earth. The city is also home to four of the world's biggest financial institutions by total assets, cementing its status as a critical economic engine. Beyond corporate dominance, Beijing serves as the central node for national transportation networks, including highways, railways, and high-speed rail systems. Its aviation infrastructure is equally impressive; for a decade prior to the pandemic, Beijing Capital International Airport was Asia's busiest hub. The city further boasts the world's largest single-structure airport terminal at Daxing International Airport.

Historical Depth and Architectural Heritage

Beijing is one of the world's oldest cities, boasting a recorded history spanning over three millennia. As the last surviving member of China's Four Great Ancient Capitals, it has served as the nation's political center for most of the past eight centuries. The city's strategic location, surrounded by mountains on three sides and protected by ancient fortifications, made it an ideal imperial residence. Its architectural landscape offers a striking juxtaposition of eras: half the city features modern renovations, while the other retains traditional hutong districts and siheyuan courtyard homes. This rich heritage is preserved in eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the opulent Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace, and sections of the Great Wall. These monuments, alongside ancient tombs and gates, attract millions of visitors annually, making Beijing a top global tourist destination known for its profound historical continuity.

Unrivaled Sporting Legacy

The city has etched its name into history as a unique leader in international sports. In a historic milestone during 2022, it became the first city ever to host both the Summer and Winter editions of the Olympic Games, as well as their Paralympic counterparts. This dual achievement underscores Beijing's versatility in managing large-scale international events across different seasons and climates. The city's infrastructure supports this sporting culture with world-class facilities and a massive subway system that was ranked fourth-busiest globally in 2020. These events have not only highlighted the city's logistical prowess but also reinforced its position as a central stage for global athletic competition and cultural exchange.

Center of Education and Innovation

Beijing is a powerhouse of intellectual capital, hosting public universities that constitute more than one-fifth of China's prestigious Double First-Class Construction institutions. Renowned academies like Tsinghua University and Peking University consistently rank among the best globally, driving academic excellence in the Asia-Pacific region. The city's commitment to research is evident in its Zhongguancun district, a world-leading hub for scientific innovation and entrepreneurship. This ecosystem supports major institutions such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and various art conservatories. The city's ability to attract talent and foster breakthroughs in technology and the arts ensures it remains a critical driver of future development and global knowledge production.