{"https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/municipality/": {"t": "Municipality", "s": "A general-purpose administrative subdivision with self-government powers."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/west-bengal/": {"t": "West Bengal", "s": "A state of eastern India, rich in history, culture, and diversity."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hindi/": {"t": "Hindi", "s": "Official language of India and lingua franca of northern India."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/urdu/": {"t": "Urdu", "s": "Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language and national lingua franca of Pakistan."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/jainism/": {"t": "Jainism", "s": "Indian religion centered on nonviolence and spiritual liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/strait-of-malacca/": {"t": "Strait of Malacca", "s": "A vital maritime chokepoint linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/malay-peninsula/": {"t": "Malay Peninsula", "s": "Southernmost point of mainland Asia, rich in history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/malay-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Malay Peninsula · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/srivijaya/": {"t": "Srivijaya", "s": "A Malay thalassocratic empire dominating western Maritime Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/java/": {"t": "Java", "s": "World's most populous island, center of Indonesian history and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands/": {"t": "Maluku Islands", "s": "The Spice Islands at the crossroads of Asia and Oceania.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/maluku-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Maluku Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/malays-ethnic-group/": {"t": "Malays (ethnic group)", "s": "An Austronesian ethnoreligious group native to the Malay world."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/penang/": {"t": "Penang", "s": "Malaysian state, leading exporter, densely populated, culturally diverse."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/maritime-silk-road/": {"t": "Maritime Silk Road", "s": "The ancient maritime network that connected East and West, shaped by Austronesian sailors and global trade.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/maritime-silk-road.webp", "c": "Yumeto · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/palembang/": {"t": "Palembang", "s": "Ancient Srivijayan capital and modern Sumatran metropolis."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/zheng-he/": {"t": "Zheng He", "s": "Chinese admiral who led seven voyages across the Indian Ocean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/zheng-he.webp", "c": "User:Vmenkov · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/middle-east/": {"t": "Middle East", "s": "A geopolitical region encompassing West Asia, Egypt, and European Turkey, rich in history and strategic importance."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/porcelain/": {"t": "Porcelain", "s": "A high-fired ceramic prized for strength, whiteness, and translucence."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/black-pepper/": {"t": "Black pepper", "s": "A flowering vine whose dried fruit is a ubiquitous spice, native to South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/goa/": {"t": "Goa", "s": "India's smallest state by area, with a rich Portuguese heritage and vibrant biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/goa.webp", "c": "Fredericknoronha · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/afonso-de-albuquerque/": {"t": "Afonso de Albuquerque", "s": "Portuguese general, admiral, statesman, and conquistador; viceroy of Portuguese India from 1509 to 1515."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/riau/": {"t": "Riau", "s": "Wealthy Indonesian province on Sumatra's east coast.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/riau.webp", "c": "Gunkarta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/land-reclamation/": {"t": "Land reclamation", "s": "Creating new land from water bodies for human use.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/img/geomorphology/land-reclamation.webp", "c": "Fabian Horst · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/metropolitan-area/": {"t": "Metropolitan area", "s": "A region of dense urban core and integrated surrounding territories."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/javanese-people/": {"t": "Javanese people", "s": "Largest ethnic group in Indonesia and Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/overseas-empires/e/overseas-empires/dutch-colonial-empire/": {"t": "Dutch colonial empire", "s": "Global trading empire spanning Asia, Africa, and the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malay-language/": {"t": "Malay language", "s": "An Austronesian language native to Maritime Southeast Asia and the Malay Peninsula, official in Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sumatra/": {"t": "Sumatra", "s": "Large Indonesian island with rich history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands/img/islands/sumatra.webp", "c": "Sadalmelik · via Wikipedia: Sumatra · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/tehran-province/": {"t": "Tehran province", "s": "Iran's most populous and economically dominant province.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/img/provinces-of-iran/tehran-province.webp", "c": "Mostafameraji · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/arslantepe/": {"t": "Arslantepe", "s": "Ancient city on the Euphrates, home to the earliest known swords."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-hittites/": {"t": "The Hittites", "s": "Anatolian Indo-European people of the Bronze Age Hittite Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/hittite-language/": {"t": "Hittite language", "s": "Earliest attested Indo-European language, preserved in cuneiform from Bronze Age Anatolia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/urartu/": {"t": "Urartu", "s": "Iron Age kingdom centered on the Armenian highlands, rival of Assyria.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/urartu.webp", "c": "Esayi-Muse · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-scythians/": {"t": "The Scythians", "s": "Ancient Iranic nomads who dominated the Pontic Steppe."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/macedonia-ancient-kingdom/": {"t": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "s": "Ancient kingdom that became the dominant Hellenistic state."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/procopius/": {"t": "Procopius", "s": "Principal historian of the 6th century, chronicler of Justinian's wars and scandals."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/justinian-i/": {"t": "Justinian I", "s": "Roman emperor who codified Roman law and reconquered lost territories."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire/": {"t": "Sasanian Empire", "s": "Iranian empire lasting from 224 to 651 AD.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire.webp", "c": "Original file by Ro4444, edited by me · via Wikipedia: Sasanian Empire · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mu-awiya-i/": {"t": "Mu'awiya I", "s": "Founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-al-malik-ibn-marwan/": {"t": "Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan", "s": "Fifth Umayyad caliph who reunified the Caliphate and introduced key administrative reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-v/": {"t": "Constantine V", "s": "Byzantine emperor who strengthened borders and enforced iconoclast policies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/img/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-world/constantine-v.webp", "c": "Kostisl · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-and-beyond/al-mansur/": {"t": "Al-Mansur", "s": "Second Abbasid caliph, founder of Baghdad's Round City."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/basil-ii/": {"t": "Basil II", "s": "The Bulgar Slayer who expanded the Byzantine Empire to its greatest extent in four centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sultanate-of-rum/": {"t": "Sultanate of Rum", "s": "Turco-Persian Sunni sultanate in Anatolia, founded after Manzikert.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sultanate-of-rum.webp", "c": "Swordrist · via Wikipedia: Sultanate of Rum · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate/": {"t": "Ilkhanate", "s": "Mongol khanate ruling Iran and West Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate.webp", "c": "Ali Zifan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/madrasa/": {"t": "Madrasa", "s": "An Arabic term for any educational institution, historically a college of Islamic law."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/opium/": {"t": "Opium", "s": "Dried latex from opium poppy, used for millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/aleppo/": {"t": "Aleppo", "s": "Ancient Syrian city, historic Silk Road hub, site of major conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamad-bin-isa-al-khalifa/": {"t": "Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa", "s": "Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa (born 28 January 1950) is the King of Bahrain, a position he has held since 2002, having previously served as Emir from 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/safavid-dynasty/": {"t": "Safavid dynasty", "s": "Iranian dynasty that established Twelver Shi'ism as state religion."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/pearl/": {"t": "Pearl", "s": "A hard, lustrous gem formed by mollusks."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/strait-of-hormuz/": {"t": "Strait of Hormuz", "s": "Strategic waterway for global oil and gas trade."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/shahnameh/": {"t": "Shahnameh", "s": "National epic of Greater Iran by Ferdowsi."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-indus-valley-civilization/": {"t": "The Indus Valley Civilization", "s": "One of four ancient centres of the world, spanning Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/aqueduct-water-supply/": {"t": "Aqueduct (water supply)", "s": "Ancient and modern systems for conveying water from source to users."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sufism/": {"t": "Sufism", "s": "The inward dimension of Islam, focusing on purification and direct experience of the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/mermaids/e/mermaids/atargatis/": {"t": "Atargatis", "s": "Chief goddess of northern Syria, fertility and protection."}, "https://codexery.com/public-health-and-epidemiology/e/public-health-and-epidemiology/self-harm/": {"t": "Self-harm", "s": "Intentional tissue damage usually without suicidal intent."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/tiglath-pileser-iii/": {"t": "Tiglath-Pileser III", "s": "The Neo-Assyrian emperor who doubled Assyrian territory and became the first king to rule both Assyria and Babylonia."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/marcus-licinius-crassus/": {"t": "Marcus Licinius Crassus", "s": "The richest man in Rome and a key figure in the First Triumvirate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/marcus-licinius-crassus.webp", "c": "Rijksmuseum · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/khosrow-i/": {"t": "Khosrow I", "s": "Sasanian King of Kings from 531 to 579, known for reforms, wars, and cultural flourishing."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/harun-al-rashid/": {"t": "Harun al-Rashid", "s": "The fifth Abbasid caliph whose reign marked the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-syria/e/castles-in-syria/al-rahba/": {"t": "Al-Rahba", "s": "Medieval Arab fortress key to Syria and Iraq."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/levant/": {"t": "Levant", "s": "A historical and cultural subregion of West Asia along the Eastern Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/levant.webp", "c": "Bassem Fleifel · CC BY-SA 1.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/saladin/": {"t": "Saladin", "s": "Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty and sultan of Egypt and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878/": {"t": "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)", "s": "War that freed Balkan states and shifted Black Sea power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/russo-turkish-war-1877-1878.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/yangon/": {"t": "Yangon", "s": "Myanmar's largest city and commercial heart, with a rich colonial heritage and sacred pagodas."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/irrawaddy-river/": {"t": "Irrawaddy River", "s": "Principal river of Myanmar, vital for commerce, agriculture, and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/irrawaddy-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Irrawaddy River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/konbaung-dynasty/": {"t": "Konbaung dynasty", "s": "The last dynasty of Burma, from 1752 to 1885."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/overseas-chinese/": {"t": "Overseas Chinese", "s": "People of Chinese ancestry living and working outside Greater China."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pali/": {"t": "Pali", "s": "Sacred language of Theravada Buddhism and the Tipiṭaka."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/victoria-and-albert-museum/": {"t": "Victoria and Albert Museum", "s": "World's largest museum of applied arts, decorative arts and design."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/ne-win/": {"t": "Ne Win", "s": "Burmese general and dictator who ruled Burma for decades.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/ne-win.webp", "c": "Moshe Pridan · via Wikipedia: Ne Win · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/arakan-mountains/": {"t": "Arakan Mountains", "s": "Mountain range dividing Rakhine coast from central Myanmar."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/wet-season/": {"t": "Wet season", "s": "The time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs, lasting at least one month."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/dry-season/": {"t": "Dry season", "s": "A yearly period of low rainfall, especially in the tropics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/dry-season.webp", "c": "Charles J. Sharp · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/bangkok/": {"t": "Bangkok", "s": "City of Angels"}, "/e/cities-starting-with-m/monywa/": {"t": "Monywa", "s": "Neem City, economic heart of the Chindwin Valley"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/rapid-transit/": {"t": "Rapid transit", "s": "High-capacity urban electric rail transit on exclusive rights-of-way."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/south-china-sea/": {"t": "South China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, vital to global trade and fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-266-420/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "s": "The Jin dynasty: a reunified China divided by civil war and barbarian invasions."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-china-plain/": {"t": "North China Plain", "s": "The cradle of Chinese civilization and a densely populated agricultural heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/chinese-civil-war/": {"t": "Chinese Civil War", "s": "Civil war between KMT and CCP, ending in Communist victory."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/zhuang-people/": {"t": "Zhuang people", "s": "The largest minority in China, the Zhuang are a Tai-speaking people with a rich history and complex identity."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/min-chinese/": {"t": "Min Chinese", "s": "A diverse Sinitic language group with deep historical roots.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/min-chinese.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Min Chinese · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hakka-chinese/": {"t": "Hakka Chinese", "s": "A Chinese language group with many dialects, spoken by the Hakka people."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petrochemical/": {"t": "Petrochemical", "s": "Chemical products derived from petroleum and other fossil fuels."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/sinopec/": {"t": "Sinopec", "s": "World's largest oil refiner and major state-owned Chinese enterprise.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/sinopec.webp", "c": "MNXANL · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fruits-and-vegetables/e/fruits-and-vegetables/lychee/": {"t": "Lychee", "s": "Sweet, floral fruit of the evergreen Litchi chinensis tree."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/beach-volleyball/": {"t": "Beach volleyball", "s": "Beach volleyball is a team sport played on sand, with a net dividing the court."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/hafiz-quran/": {"t": "Hafiz (Quran)", "s": "A person who has memorized the entire Qur'an."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/islamic-architecture/": {"t": "Islamic architecture", "s": "Architectural styles of buildings associated with Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "Hellenistic period", "s": "Era of Greek cultural expansion after Alexander the Great's conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/khorasan/": {"t": "Khorasan", "s": "Historical eastern region of the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ghurid-dynasty/": {"t": "Ghurid dynasty", "s": "Persianate dynasty of Tajik origin that ruled from Ghor and built an empire spanning from eastern Iran to Bengal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ghurid-dynasty.webp", "c": "Ali Zifan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/khanate-of-bukhara/": {"t": "Khanate of Bukhara", "s": "The Khanate of Bukhara was an Uzbek monarchy that existed in Central Asia from 1501 to 1785.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/khanate-of-bukhara.webp", "c": "Fabienkhan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/uzbekistan/": {"t": "Uzbekistan", "s": "Doubly landlocked Central Asian republic with ancient Silk Road heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/soviet-afghan-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Afghan War", "s": "Decade-long conflict that contributed to the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/afghan-civil-war-1992-1996/": {"t": "Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)", "s": "A civil war between the Taliban and the United Front, ending with the U.S. invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/entering-heaven-alive/e/entering-heaven-alive/muhammad/": {"t": "Muhammad", "s": "Founder of Islam and final prophet in Islamic belief."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/kushan-empire/": {"t": "Kushan Empire", "s": "Syncretic empire that spread Buddhism and linked Rome and China."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/rumi/": {"t": "Rumi", "s": "Sufi mystic, poet, and founder of the Mevlevi Order"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/abu-bakr/": {"t": "Abu Bakr", "s": "First Rashidun caliph, close companion of Muhammad, and key figure in early Islamic expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/seljuk-sultanate/": {"t": "Seljuk Sultanate", "s": "The Turco-Persian empire of the Oghuz Turks that stretched from Anatolia to the Hindu Kush."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amu-darya/": {"t": "Amu Darya", "s": "Central Asia's historic Oxus, a river of borders and deserts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/amu-darya.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Amu Darya · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mujahideen/": {"t": "Mujahideen", "s": "Arabic term for those who engage in jihad."}, "https://codexery.com/castrated-people/e/castrated-people/mohammad-najibullah/": {"t": "Mohammad Najibullah", "s": "Last Soviet-backed president of Afghanistan, assassinated by the Taliban."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/september-11-attacks/": {"t": "September 11 attacks", "s": "Coordinated al-Qaeda suicide hijackings killed nearly 3,000 people."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamid-karzai/": {"t": "Hamid Karzai", "s": "First president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 2004–2014.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hamid-karzai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hamid Karzai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/e/shortwave-and-numbers-stations/voice-of-america/": {"t": "Voice of America", "s": "U.S. government-funded international broadcaster founded in 1942."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/ashraf-ghani/": {"t": "Ashraf Ghani", "s": "8th and last president of Afghanistan (2014–2021)"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/pashtuns/": {"t": "Pashtuns", "s": "Pashtuns are a tribal ethnic group primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with significant diaspora communities in India and elsewhere."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pashto/": {"t": "Pashto", "s": "Eastern Iranian language, official in Afghanistan, key to Pashtun identity."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/uzbek-language/": {"t": "Uzbek language", "s": "The official language of Uzbekistan, a Karluk Turkic language with over 36 million native speakers."}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health-psychology/e/mental-health-and-psychology/depression-mood/": {"t": "Depression (mood)", "s": "A mental state of low mood and aversion to activity."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-breeds-on-the-geh-red-list/e/animal-breeds-on-the-geh-red-list/karakul-sheep/": {"t": "Karakul sheep", "s": "Fat-tailed sheep from Central Asia, endangered and multi-purpose."}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/public-holidays-and-observances/nowruz/": {"t": "Nowruz", "s": "Nowruz is the Iranian New Year, rooted in Zoroastrianism and spring equinox.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/img/public-holidays-and-observances/nowruz.webp", "c": "U.S. Department of State · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qin-dynasty/": {"t": "Qin dynasty", "s": "First imperial dynasty of China, unifying the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-gaozu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "s": "Founder of the Han dynasty, born a peasant, who rose from rebel to emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/shenzhen/": {"t": "Shenzhen", "s": "Shenzhen: A premier global metropolis and technology hub on the Pearl River estuary."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/e/chinese-classical-poets/li-bai/": {"t": "Li Bai", "s": "Tang dynasty poet, one of the 'Three Wonders'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-classical-poets/img/chinese-classical-poets/li-bai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Li Bai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/three-kingdoms/": {"t": "Three Kingdoms", "s": "A partial revival of the old three kingdoms in early medieval Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/church-of-the-east/": {"t": "Church of the East", "s": "Major Eastern Christian branch, once spanning Asia from Mesopotamia to China."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tibetans/": {"t": "Tibetans", "s": "An East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet, with a rich cultural heritage shaped by Tibetan Buddhism and the harsh geography of the Tibetan Plateau."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/church-congregation/": {"t": "Church (congregation)", "s": "A local Christian congregation meeting for worship and ministry.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/church-congregation.webp", "c": "CnekYT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-revival-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic Revival architecture", "s": "A movement reviving medieval Gothic architecture in the 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partitions-of-poland/": {"t": "Partitions of Poland", "s": "Three partitions ended the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's existence."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/casimir-iv-jagiellon/": {"t": "Casimir IV Jagiellon", "s": "Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-catholic-churches/": {"t": "Eastern Catholic Churches", "s": "23 autonomous Eastern Christian churches in full communion with Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexis-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexis of Russia", "s": "Tsar of all Russia from 1645 to 1676, known for legal reforms, military modernization, and territorial expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/john-ii-casimir-vasa/": {"t": "John II Casimir Vasa", "s": "Last Vasa king of Poland; reign marked by war and abdication."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/great-northern-war/": {"t": "Great Northern War", "s": "A war that ended Swedish dominance and elevated Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-xii-of-sweden/": {"t": "Charles XII of Sweden", "s": "King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718, the sixth King Charles, who inherited absolute monarchy and led Sweden through the Great Northern War."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "/e/cities-starting-with-m/mandalay/": {"t": "Mandalay", "s": "Final royal capital of Burma, now Upper Myanmar's cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/orange-fruit/": {"t": "Orange (fruit)", "s": "Hybrid citrus fruit, widely cultivated for sweet flavor."}, "https://codexery.com/agriculture-food/e/agriculture-and-food/cotton/": {"t": "Cotton", "s": "Natural fiber from Gossypium plants, widely used in textiles."}, "https://codexery.com/food-and-drink/e/food-and-drink/flour/": {"t": "Flour", "s": "Powder made by grinding grains, nuts, seeds, roots, or vegetables.", "i": "https://codexery.com/food-and-drink/img/food-and-drink/flour.webp", "c": "Chandapiwa Malema · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/housing-furniture/e/housing-and-furniture/blanket/": {"t": "Blanket", "s": "A cloth covering used for warmth and comfort.", "i": "https://codexery.com/housing-furniture/img/housing-and-furniture/blanket.webp", "c": "Canada's History Archive featuring The Beaver (The Beaver was a magazine of Cana · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mammals/e/mammals/cattle/": {"t": "Cattle", "s": "Domesticated bovid ungulates raised for meat, dairy, and labor."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/borobudur/": {"t": "Borobudur", "s": "9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Central Java, Indonesia."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/colombo/": {"t": "Colombo", "s": "Colombo is Sri Lanka's executive, judicial, and commercial capital."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/tamil-nadu/": {"t": "Tamil Nadu", "s": "The land of Tamils, with a history spanning over 5,500 years."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/chandragupta-maurya/": {"t": "Chandragupta Maurya", "s": "Founder of the Maurya Empire, unifier of ancient India."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/granite/": {"t": "Granite", "s": "A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, mica, and plagioclase.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/granite.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/bench-law/": {"t": "Bench (law)", "s": "Legal term for judge's seat and judiciary collectively."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-india/": {"t": "Government of India", "s": "National authority of the Republic of India, established by the Constitution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/government-of-india.webp", "c": "Trikkiboy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/vaishnavism/": {"t": "Vaishnavism", "s": "One of the major Hindu denominations, centered on Vishnu as supreme."}, "/e/cities-starting-with-m/mathura/": {"t": "Mathura", "s": "Ancient city, birthplace of Krishna, and historic trade hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/varanasi/": {"t": "Varanasi", "s": "The luminous city on the Ganges, ancient seat of learning and liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-rome/": {"t": "Ancient Rome", "s": "Ancient Rome spanned from 753 BC to 476 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/chola-dynasty/": {"t": "Chola dynasty", "s": "Tamil dynasty ruling a maritime empire from Southern India."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mahatma-gandhi/": {"t": "Mahatma Gandhi", "s": "Leader of India's nonviolent independence movement"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/indian-national-congress/": {"t": "Indian National Congress", "s": "India's oldest political party, a big tent centrist force.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/indian-national-congress.webp", "c": "Trouscht · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/south-sulawesi/": {"t": "South Sulawesi", "s": "Gateway to the Spice Islands, land of the Bugis and Makassar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/south-sulawesi.webp", "c": "Enonico · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/cities-starting-with-m/medan/": {"t": "Medan", "s": "Capital of North Sumatra and a major Indonesian economic hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/surabaya/": {"t": "Surabaya", "s": "Surabaya: Bravely facing danger on the Madura Strait."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bandung/": {"t": "Bandung", "s": "Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia, located on the western highland of Java island."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies/": {"t": "Dutch East Indies", "s": "Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia after war and negotiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies.webp", "c": "Roger Veringmeier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/b-j-habibie/": {"t": "B. J. Habibie", "s": "Third Indonesian president; engineer who liberalized press and ended East Timor occupation."}, "https://codexery.com/islands/e/islands/sulawesi/": {"t": "Sulawesi", "s": "Sulawesi is a large Indonesian island with four peninsulas."}, "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/e/marine-invertebrates/sea-cucumber/": {"t": "Sea cucumber", "s": "Benthic detritivores with a leathery skin and catch collagen.", "i": "https://codexery.com/marine-invertebrates/img/marine-invertebrates/sea-cucumber.webp", "c": "Diego Delso / Diego Delso · via Wikipedia: Sea cucumber · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/joseph-conrad/": {"t": "Joseph Conrad", "s": "Polish-British novelist who mastered English prose."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/trade-winds/": {"t": "Trade winds", "s": "Prevailing east-to-west winds that have shaped global exploration, weather, and dust transport.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/trade-winds.webp", "c": "Peter Trimming · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/timor-sea/": {"t": "Timor Sea", "s": "One of the seven seas of the Clipper Ship Tea Route."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/monorail/": {"t": "Monorail", "s": "Single-rail transit system straddling or suspended from a beam."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/mandaluyong/": {"t": "Mandaluyong", "s": "A highly urbanized city in Metro Manila, Philippines."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/taguig/": {"t": "Taguig", "s": "A major Philippine center for finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/pasay/": {"t": "Pasay", "s": "A highly urbanized city south of Manila."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/tagalog-language/": {"t": "Tagalog language", "s": "Austronesian language basis of Filipino, national language of the Philippines."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas/e/explorers-of-the-americas/miguel-l-pez-de-legazpi/": {"t": "Miguel López de Legazpi", "s": "Spanish conquistador who founded the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/spanish-language/": {"t": "Spanish language", "s": "A global Romance language originating in the Kingdom of Castile."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/encomienda/": {"t": "Encomienda", "s": "A Spanish labor system that entrusts conquered peoples to conquerors."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/mexican-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Mexican War of Independence", "s": "Armed conflict ending Spanish rule in Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/muntinlupa/": {"t": "Muntinlupa", "s": "Southern gateway of Metro Manila, home to the national penitentiary."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/corazon-aquino/": {"t": "Corazon Aquino", "s": "The Mother of Philippine Democracy"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/acquittal/": {"t": "Acquittal", "s": "Acquittal frees the accused from a criminal charge."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/pasig/": {"t": "Pasig", "s": "A highly urbanized city on the Pasig River in Metro Manila."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/filipino-language/": {"t": "Filipino language", "s": "The national language of the Philippines, based on Tagalog."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/edible-fruits-and-nuts/e/edible-fruits-and-nuts/papaya/": {"t": "Papaya", "s": "Tropical fruit plant domesticated in Mesoamerica, now grown worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ibn-battuta/": {"t": "Ibn Battuta", "s": "The greatest traveller of the pre-modern world, whose journeys spanned Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ibn-battuta.webp", "c": "Léon Benett · via Wikipedia: Ibn Battuta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cowries/e/cowries/cowrie/": {"t": "Cowrie", "s": "The shell most widely used worldwide as shell money."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/artificial-island/": {"t": "Artificial island", "s": "Human-made landforms built for settlement, defense, or economic purposes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/artificial-island.webp", "c": "Luka Peternel · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/suez-canal/": {"t": "Suez Canal", "s": "The Suez Canal: a vital sea-level waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas, dividing Africa and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/local-government/": {"t": "Local government", "s": "Lowest tier of governance within a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/east-java/": {"t": "East Java", "s": "Land of Majapahit and Bromo", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/east-java.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Java · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/government/": {"t": "Government", "s": "System or group leading a state with socially acceptable force."}, "/e/cities-starting-with-m/mataram-city/": {"t": "Mataram (city)", "s": "Capital and largest city of West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic architecture", "s": "Medieval architectural style defined by the pointed arch and verticality."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/oceanic-basin/": {"t": "Oceanic basin", "s": "Ocean basins are vast, interconnected depressions holding most of Earth's seawater."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/volcano/": {"t": "Volcano", "s": "A vent in a planet's crust that erupts magma."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-indonesia/e/national-parks-of-indonesia/bromo-tengger-semeru-national-park/": {"t": "Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park", "s": "Home to Java's highest peak and a unique volcanic sand sea."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-recreation/e/sports-and-recreation/collecting/": {"t": "Collecting", "s": "Collecting is a hobby with ancient roots and modern global reach."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/paleolithic/": {"t": "Paleolithic", "s": "The Old Stone Age: from the first stone tools to the end of the Pleistocene."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/mesolithic/": {"t": "Mesolithic", "s": "Intermediate hunter-gatherer period between Paleolithic and Neolithic."}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-inventions/e/indonesian-inventions/gong/": {"t": "Gong", "s": "A percussion instrument originating from Southeast Asia, with a history spanning over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kediri-kingdom/": {"t": "Kediri kingdom", "s": "Hindu-Buddhist Javanese kingdom known for classical literature.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kediri-kingdom.webp", "c": "Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/maharashtra/": {"t": "Maharashtra", "s": "Land of the Deccan Plateau and India's financial heart", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/maharashtra.webp", "c": "Own work based on user:Chumwa · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/mumbai/": {"t": "Mumbai", "s": "Financial and entertainment capital of India, built on seven islands."}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/pomegranate/": {"t": "Pomegranate", "s": "Ancient fruit domesticated in Iran, now cultivated worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/gujarat/": {"t": "Gujarat", "s": "Land of the Gurjars, longest coastline, and the Asiatic lion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/gujarat.webp", "c": "Nileshbandhiya · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/north-sulawesi/": {"t": "North Sulawesi", "s": "Gateway to the Minahasa Peninsula and the northernmost islands of Indonesia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/north-sulawesi.webp", "c": "Bennylin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/cities-starting-with-m/makassar/": {"t": "Makassar", "s": "The largest city in Eastern Indonesia and a historic trading port."}, "https://codexery.com/national-parks-of-indonesia/e/national-parks-of-indonesia/bunaken-national-park/": {"t": "Bunaken National Park", "s": "Marine park in the Coral Triangle with rich coral and fish diversity."}, "https://codexery.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/e/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/diponegoro/": {"t": "Diponegoro", "s": "Javanese prince who led the Java War against Dutch rule."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dutch-language/": {"t": "Dutch language", "s": "A West Germanic language spoken by millions across Europe, the Americas, and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/cuisine-and-condiments/e/cuisine-and-condiments/porridge/": {"t": "Porridge", "s": "A semi-solid staple food made from boiled starchy plants."}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-cuisine/e/indonesian-cuisine/bumbu-seasoning/": {"t": "Bumbu (seasoning)", "s": "Indonesian spice blend and seasoning paste."}, "https://codexery.com/food-cooking/e/food-and-cooking/spice/": {"t": "Spice", "s": "Plant substances used for flavouring, colouring, and historic trade."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/ginger/": {"t": "Ginger", "s": "A spice and folk medicine from Maritime Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/herbs-and-spices/e/herbs-and-spices/turmeric/": {"t": "Turmeric", "s": "A rhizomatous plant used as spice, dye, and in traditional medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/chili-pepper/": {"t": "Chili pepper", "s": "Spicy fruits from the Capsicum genus, originating in Peru and Bolivia."}, "https://codexery.com/thai-cuisine/e/thai-cuisine/lemon-basil/": {"t": "Lemon basil", "s": "A fragrant hybrid basil used across many cuisines."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/cebu-city/": {"t": "Cebu City", "s": "Highly urbanized city, capital of Cebu, and core of Metro Cebu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/cebu-city.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cebu City · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-navigators/e/explorers-and-navigators/antonio-pigafetta/": {"t": "Antonio Pigafetta", "s": "Venetian chronicler of Magellan's circumnavigation."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/road/": {"t": "Road", "s": "A thoroughfare for traffic, distinct from streets and stroads."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/karnataka/": {"t": "Karnataka", "s": "The Land of Elevated Heritage and Innovation", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/karnataka.webp", "c": "Rajeshodayanchal · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/arabian-sea/": {"t": "Arabian Sea", "s": "A historically vital sea linking Old World trade networks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/arabian-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arabian Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/kerala/": {"t": "Kerala", "s": "God's Own Country", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/kerala.webp", "c": "rajaraman sundaram · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/maurya-empire/": {"t": "Maurya Empire", "s": "Iron Age empire unifying much of South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tara-buddhism/": {"t": "Tara (Buddhism)", "s": "Female Buddha and saviouress in Vajrayana and Mahayana Buddhism."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/vajrayana/": {"t": "Vajrayana", "s": "A Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition emphasizing esoteric practices for rapid enlightenment."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/malayalam/": {"t": "Malayalam", "s": "A Dravidian classical language of Kerala and the Malayali people."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "/e/cities-starting-with-m/mecca/": {"t": "Mecca", "s": "Holiest city in Islam and birthplace of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mosque/": {"t": "Mosque", "s": "A place of worship and community for Muslims worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama/": {"t": "Vasco da Gama", "s": "The Portuguese explorer who opened the sea route to India", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/the-hindu/": {"t": "The Hindu", "s": "One of the Indian newspapers of record"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ashoka/": {"t": "Ashoka", "s": "Mauryan emperor who promoted Buddhism and righteous conduct."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-hindu-mythology/e/places-in-hindu-mythology/gandhara/": {"t": "Gandhara", "s": "Ancient crossroads region famed for Greco-Buddhist art and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-rebellion-of-1857/": {"t": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "s": "A mutiny that became a rebellion, reshaping an empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-rebellion-of-1857.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author Cambridge University Press; Stanford's Geogl. Estabt.. · via Wikipedia: Indian Rebellion of 1857 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/punjabi-language/": {"t": "Punjabi language", "s": "Punjabi, also spelled Panjabi, belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family and originates in the Punjab region, which spans parts of Pakistan and India."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/association-football/": {"t": "Association football", "s": "Association football, also called football or soccer, is a team sport where two sides of 11 players each use their feet to move an inflated ball across a pitch."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/field-hockey/": {"t": "Field hockey", "s": "Team sport using curved sticks to hit a ball into the goal."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/basketball/": {"t": "Basketball", "s": "Team sport of shooting a ball through a hoop."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/quezon-city/": {"t": "Quezon City", "s": "Most populous city in the Philippines, former capital."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/antipolo/": {"t": "Antipolo", "s": "City of the Virgin of Antipolo"}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/independence/": {"t": "Independence", "s": "Condition of self-government and sovereignty over a territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/independence.webp", "c": "Ruger, A. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-government-title/": {"t": "President (government title)", "s": "Title for head of state in most republics."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/luzon/": {"t": "Luzon", "s": "The largest and most populous island of the Philippines, economic and political center of the nation."}, "https://codexery.com/philippine-cities/e/philippine-cities/valenzuela-metro-manila/": {"t": "Valenzuela, Metro Manila", "s": "A highly urbanized city in Metro Manila, named after a Katipunan leader."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous/e/miscellaneous/industrial-park/": {"t": "Industrial park", "s": "Zoned area planned for industrial development with shared infrastructure."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/fault-geology/": {"t": "Fault (geology)", "s": "A fracture in rock where displacement occurs, causing earthquakes."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/humidity/": {"t": "Humidity", "s": "Humidity is the concentration of water vapor in air."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/seventh-day-adventist-church/": {"t": "Seventh-day Adventist Church", "s": "A global Protestant denomination rooted in the Millerite movement, emphasizing Saturday Sabbath, the Second Coming, and holistic health."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/sikhism/": {"t": "Sikhism", "s": "Indian monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-iran/e/provinces-of-iran/razavi-khorasan-province/": {"t": "Razavi Khorasan province", "s": "Northeastern Iranian province centered on Mashhad."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/shia-islam/": {"t": "Shia Islam", "s": "The second-largest branch of Islam, rooted in the belief that Ali was Muhammad's chosen successor."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/pilgrimage/": {"t": "Pilgrimage", "s": "A journey to a holy place for spiritual transformation."}, "https://codexery.com/historic-and-sacred-architecture/e/historic-and-sacred-architecture/masjid-al-haram/": {"t": "Masjid al-Haram", "s": "The holiest mosque in Islam, site of the Kaaba."}, "/e/cities-starting-with-m/medina/": {"t": "Medina", "s": "Second holiest city in Islam, cradle of Islamic civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/merv/": {"t": "Merv", "s": "Ancient Silk Road city and capital of empires."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/martyr/": {"t": "Martyr", "s": "A witness who suffers death for a religious or political cause."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/ferdowsi/": {"t": "Ferdowsi", "s": "Author of the Shahnameh, the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries."}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/west-nusa-tenggara/": {"t": "West Nusa Tenggara", "s": "Indonesian province of Lombok and Sumbawa islands."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/lesser-sunda-islands/": {"t": "Lesser Sunda Islands", "s": "Archipelago in Indonesia and Timor Leste, part of the Sunda Islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/lesser-sunda-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lesser Sunda Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-cities/e/indonesian-cities/denpasar/": {"t": "Denpasar", "s": "Capital and largest city of Bali, Indonesia."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/bali/": {"t": "Bali", "s": "Island of the Gods"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alfred-russel-wallace/": {"t": "Alfred Russel Wallace", "s": "English naturalist who co-discovered evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/indonesian-language/": {"t": "Indonesian language", "s": "The official and national language of Indonesia, a standardized variety of Malay spoken by over 97% of the population."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/uttar-pradesh/": {"t": "Uttar Pradesh", "s": "India's most populous state, a historic heartland of empires and pilgrimage."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/agra/": {"t": "Agra", "s": "Mughal capital and home of the Taj Mahal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/agra.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-cinema/e/international-cinema/hema-malini/": {"t": "Hema Malini", "s": "Indian actress, director, producer, and BJP politician from Mathura."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/prison/": {"t": "Prison", "s": "A state-authorized facility for imprisoning individuals as punishment or pre-trial detention."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-hindu-mythology/e/places-in-hindu-mythology/surasena/": {"t": "Surasena", "s": "An ancient Mahajanapada with Mathura as its capital."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-hindu-mythology/e/places-in-hindu-mythology/dwarka/": {"t": "Dwarka", "s": "Coastal pilgrimage town and ancient capital of Krishna."}, "https://codexery.com/daityas/e/daityas/lavanasura/": {"t": "Lavanasura", "s": "The asura slain by Shatrughna, brother of Rama."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-hindu-mythology/e/places-in-hindu-mythology/braj/": {"t": "Braj", "s": "Region in India associated with Radha and Krishna pilgrimage."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/gupta-empire/": {"t": "Gupta Empire", "s": "Classical Indian empire spanning northern subcontinent, noted for cultural achievements."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/brahmi-script/": {"t": "Brahmi script", "s": "Ancient Indian script, ancestor of many modern South Asian writing systems."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mahmud-of-ghazni/": {"t": "Mahmud of Ghazni", "s": "Undefeated Sultan who built a vast empire from Iran to India."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/salween-river/": {"t": "Salween River", "s": "A Southeast Asian river flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the Andaman Sea, known for its rugged canyons, ecological diversity, and contested history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/salween-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Salween River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/tabinshwehti/": {"t": "Tabinshwehti", "s": "Founder of the First Toungoo Empire"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/bayinnaung/": {"t": "Bayinnaung", "s": "King of Burma who built Southeast Asia's largest empire."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-orwell/": {"t": "George Orwell", "s": "English writer known for his critiques of totalitarianism and social injustice."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/anglo-burmese-people/": {"t": "Anglo-Burmese people", "s": "Eurasian community of Burmese and European descent, dispersed after independence."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/rudyard-kipling/": {"t": "Rudyard Kipling", "s": "English writer, Nobel laureate — best known for tales of empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/rudyard-kipling.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Literary nonsense · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/river-delta/": {"t": "River delta", "s": "Landform formed by sediment deposition at a river mouth."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/andaman-sea/": {"t": "Andaman Sea", "s": "Marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean, bounded by Myanmar and Thailand.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/andaman-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Andaman Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fruit-trees-berries/e/fruit-trees-and-berries/durian/": {"t": "Durian", "s": "Edible fruit of the genus Durio, known for its strong odour."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/shipbuilding/": {"t": "Shipbuilding", "s": "The construction of ships and other floating vessels, from ancient rafts to modern steel vessels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/img/construction-and-engineering/shipbuilding.webp", "c": "Fengyun Shi/ FBI · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bay-of-bengal/": {"t": "Bay of Bengal", "s": "Northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, rich in history and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/bay-of-bengal.webp", "c": "No machine-readable author provided. NormanEinstein assumed (based on copyright claims). · via Wikipedia: Bay of Bengal · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/hejaz/": {"t": "Hejaz", "s": "Historical region of western Arabia containing Islam's holiest cities."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/prophets-and-messengers-in-islam/": {"t": "Prophets and messengers in Islam", "s": "Individuals believed to spread God's message and exemplify ideal human behaviour."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/quran/": {"t": "Quran", "s": "Central religious text of Islam, believed to be divine revelation."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/notable-buildings-and-monuments/kaaba/": {"t": "Kaaba", "s": "Stone building at Islam's holiest mosque, determining prayer direction worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/e/islamic-mythology/abraham-in-islam/": {"t": "Abraham in Islam", "s": "Prophet and patriarch in Islam, exemplar of faith and builder of the Kaaba.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islamic-mythology/img/islamic-mythology/abraham-in-islam.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/qibla/": {"t": "Qibla", "s": "The direction Muslims face for prayer and ritual."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/abrahamic-religions-and-criticism/islamic-world/": {"t": "Islamic world", "s": "Global community of those adhering to Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/islamic-calendar/": {"t": "Islamic calendar", "s": "Lunar calendar used for Islamic religious observances and dating."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/the-clock-towers/": {"t": "The Clock Towers", "s": "Government-owned hotel complex with the world's tallest clock tower."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula/": {"t": "Arabian Peninsula", "s": "World's largest peninsula, roughly comparable in size to India", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/arabian-peninsula.webp", "c": "SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, and ORBIMAGE · via Wikipedia: Arabian Peninsula · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/e/indonesian-provinces/north-sumatra/": {"t": "North Sumatra", "s": "Land of the Toba supervolcano and diverse cultures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indonesian-provinces/img/indonesian-provinces/north-sumatra.webp", "c": "Gunawan Kartapranata redrawed from official emblem from Government of Indonesia · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldova/": {"t": "Moldova", "s": "Landlocked Eastern European parliamentary republic with a rich history and EU candidate status."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/tea/": {"t": "Tea", "s": "The world's most consumed beverage after water, steeped in history and tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/tamil-language/": {"t": "Tamil language", "s": "Tamil (தமிழ், Tamiḻ) is a Dravidian language native to the Tamil people, primarily spoken in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Puducherr"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan/": {"t": "Surrender of Japan", "s": "Japan's surrender ended World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan.webp", "c": "Harry Beanham · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/lord-mountbatten/": {"t": "Lord Mountbatten", "s": "Last Viceroy of India and mentor to King Charles III"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/javanese-language/": {"t": "Javanese language", "s": "The largest Austronesian language by native speakers, spoken by over 68 million people primarily in Java, Indonesia."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/mandarin-chinese/": {"t": "Mandarin Chinese", "s": "Largest Sinitic language branch, basis of Standard Chinese.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages/img/languages/mandarin-chinese.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mandarin Chinese · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/buddhist-temple/": {"t": "Buddhist temple", "s": "Places of worship in Buddhism, from viharas to pagodas, designed to inspire peace."}, "https://codexery.com/indonesian-cuisine/e/indonesian-cuisine/chinese-indonesian-cuisine/": {"t": "Chinese Indonesian cuisine", "s": "A fusion of Chinese and Indonesian culinary traditions."}, "https://codexery.com/thai-cuisine/e/thai-cuisine/malay-cuisine/": {"t": "Malay cuisine", "s": "Spice-rich cuisine of ethnic Malays across Southeast Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate/": {"t": "Caliphate", "s": "Islamic political-religious institution led by a caliph.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/caliphate.webp", "c": "أبو العباس · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/ummah/": {"t": "Ummah", "s": "The collective community of Muslim believers, transcending tribe and nation."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/fatimid-caliphate/": {"t": "Fatimid Caliphate", "s": "Isma'ili Shi'a caliphate spanning North Africa and West Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mamluk-sultanate/": {"t": "Mamluk Sultanate", "s": "A slave-soldier dynasty that ruled Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/muhammad-ali-of-egypt/": {"t": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt", "s": "Ottoman viceroy who founded modern Egypt and established a hereditary dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/nabonidus/": {"t": "Nabonidus", "s": "Last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, unorthodox reformer, and possible first archaeologist."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/surah/": {"t": "Surah", "s": "Chapters of the Quran, classified by revelation period and length."}, "https://codexery.com/flowering-plant-families/e/flowering-plant-families/arecaceae/": {"t": "Arecaceae", "s": "Palms are a diverse plant family with tropical and subtropical distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/burial/": {"t": "Burial", "s": "Burial is a method of disposing of a dead body.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/burial.webp", "c": "Baptiste Pradier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/muslim-ibn-al-hajjaj/": {"t": "Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj", "s": "Compiler of Sahih Muslim, a canonical hadith collection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/img/philosophers-and-theologians/muslim-ibn-al-hajjaj.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/new-delhi/": {"t": "New Delhi", "s": "The capital city of India, seat of government, and a planned city within the National Capital Territory of Delhi."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lucknow/": {"t": "Lucknow", "s": "Capital of Uttar Pradesh, India."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/meerut-mutiny/": {"t": "Meerut mutiny", "s": "First major armed uprising against British authority in India."}, "https://codexery.com/hinduism-and-jainism/e/hinduism-and-jainism/ravana/": {"t": "Ravana", "s": "Ten-headed rakshasa king and principal antagonist of the Ramayana."}, "https://codexery.com/demigods/e/demigods/yudhishthira/": {"t": "Yudhishthira", "s": "Eldest Pandava, king of Indraprastha, and upholder of dharma."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-hindu-mythology/e/places-in-hindu-mythology/indraprastha/": {"t": "Indraprastha", "s": "Legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Mahabharata."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-hindu-mythology/e/places-in-hindu-mythology/hastinapur/": {"t": "Hastinapur", "s": "Ancient capital of the Kuru kingdom in Hindu tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-legendary-figures/e/mythological-and-legendary-figures/pandava/": {"t": "Pandava", "s": "Five legendary brothers and central figures of the Hindu epic Mahabharata."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-and-epics/e/novels-and-epics/mahabharata/": {"t": "Mahabharata", "s": "Major Sanskrit epic of ancient India, revered in Hinduism."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/ganges/": {"t": "Ganges", "s": "The Ganges: sacred lifeline of India and Bangladesh, second-largest river system by discharge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/ganges.webp", "c": "Picture Prefect ! · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-mythology/e/hindu-mythology/hindu-mythology/": {"t": "Hindu mythology", "s": "Myths from Hindu texts, foundational to society and theology."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/mughal-empire/": {"t": "Mughal Empire", "s": "An early modern empire in South Asia, founded in 1526."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yamuna/": {"t": "Yamuna", "s": "Second-largest tributary of the Ganges, sacred river and goddess in Hinduism."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/english-people/": {"t": "English people", "s": "An ethnic group native to England, descended from Anglo-Saxons and Britons."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/prayagraj/": {"t": "Prayagraj", "s": "The king of confluences, where rivers and history meet."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/northern-cyprus/": {"t": "Northern Cyprus", "s": "De facto state in northern Cyprus, recognized only by Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/adana/": {"t": "Adana", "s": "A historic city on the Seyhan River, gateway to the fertile Çukurova plain.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/adana.webp", "c": "Basak · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/evliya-elebi/": {"t": "Evliya Çelebi", "s": "Ottoman explorer who wrote the ten-volume Seyahatnâme."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/molybdenum/": {"t": "Molybdenum", "s": "Molybdenum is a transition metal essential for life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/pharaohs-of-egypt/e/pharaohs-of-egypt/ptolemy-i-soter/": {"t": "Ptolemy I Soter", "s": "Macedonian Greek general who founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/eumenes/": {"t": "Eumenes", "s": "Greek general and loyalist of Alexander's dynasty", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/eumenes.webp", "c": "CNG Coins · via Wikipedia: Eumenes · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hadrian/": {"t": "Hadrian", "s": "Roman emperor from 117 to 138, builder of Hadrian's Wall and a promoter of philhellenism."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/sesame/": {"t": "Sesame", "s": "One of the oldest oilseed crops, prized for its nutty flavor and drought tolerance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/ankara/": {"t": "Ankara", "s": "Capital of Turkey, ancient Galatian and Roman center."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/faxian/": {"t": "Faxian", "s": "Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled to India for scriptures."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/hindu-shahis/": {"t": "Hindu Shahis", "s": "Dynasty ruling Kabulistan, Gandhara and Punjab from 822 to 1026 CE.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/hindu-shahis.webp", "c": "SpeakingArch · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/marathi-language/": {"t": "Marathi language", "s": "A classical Indo-Aryan language of Maharashtra, with 83 million speakers and a rich literary history."}, "/e/cities-starting-with-m/minsk/": {"t": "Minsk", "s": "Minsk is the capital and largest city of Belarus, situated along the Svislach River and the now-underground Nyamiha River."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/dnieper/": {"t": "Dnieper", "s": "Major transboundary river of Eastern Europe, vital to Ukraine's economy."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/smolensk-oblast/": {"t": "Smolensk Oblast", "s": "The land of the Dnieper and the first cosmonaut."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe/": {"t": "Galicia (Eastern Europe)", "s": "Historical region spanning southeastern Poland and western Ukraine.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/galicia-eastern-europe.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/stephen-b-thory/": {"t": "Stephen Báthory", "s": "King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Prince of Transylvania."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Nicholas II", "s": "Last Emperor of Russia, abdicated in 1917, executed in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/infamous-criminals-and-outlaws/e/infamous-criminals-and-outlaws/erich-von-dem-bach-zelewski/": {"t": "Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski", "s": "SS commander who oversaw mass atrocities and suppressed the Warsaw Uprising.", "i": "https://codexery.com/infamous-criminals-and-outlaws/img/infamous-criminals-and-outlaws/erich-von-dem-bach-zelewski.webp", "c": "August Ahrens · CC BY-SA 3.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/heinrich-himmler/": {"t": "Heinrich Himmler", "s": "Architect of the Holocaust and Reichsführer-SS"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/extermination-camp/": {"t": "Extermination camp", "s": "Nazi camps built for systematic mass murder by gassing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/extermination-camp.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/": {"t": "Metallurgy", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/humayun/": {"t": "Humayun", "s": "The second Mughal emperor who lost and regained his empire."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ahmad-shah-durrani/": {"t": "Ahmad Shah Durrani", "s": "Founder of the Durrani Empire and often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jawaharlal-nehru/": {"t": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "s": "India's first prime minister and architect of its modern secular democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/festivals-and-celebrations/e/festivals-and-celebrations/eid-al-fitr/": {"t": "Eid al-Fitr", "s": "First of Islam's two main festivals, ending Ramadan fasting."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/subtropics/": {"t": "Subtropics", "s": "Climate zones between tropics and temperate regions, with hot summers and mild winters."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/ancient-cities/nineveh/": {"t": "Nineveh", "s": "Nineveh was an ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia, part of the Near East, and now lies within the modern Iraqi city of Mosul on the Tigris River’s eastern bank."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/baghdad/": {"t": "Baghdad", "s": "Center of Learning"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/tigris/": {"t": "Tigris", "s": "Eastern great river of Mesopotamia, flowing through history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/tigris.webp", "c": "Hamza Al Mosuly · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world/": {"t": "Arab world", "s": "A region of diverse peoples united by Arabic language and culture, spanning West Asia and North Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/arab-world.webp", "c": "Qbox673 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/kurds/": {"t": "Kurds", "s": "An Iranic ethnic group indigenous to Kurdistan, spanning parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/twelver-shi-ism/": {"t": "Twelver Shi'ism", "s": "The largest branch of Shia Islam, centred on twelve divinely chosen Imams from the family of Muhammad.", "i": "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/img/abrahamic-religions/twelver-shi-ism.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Twelver Shi'ism · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/marble/": {"t": "Marble", "s": "Metamorphic rock prized for sculpture and architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/xenophon/": {"t": "Xenophon", "s": "Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian of the Ten Thousand"}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/kings-of-the-universe/sennacherib/": {"t": "Sennacherib", "s": "King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 705 BC until his assassination in 681 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/suleiman-the-magnificent/": {"t": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "s": "Ottoman sultan who expanded the empire and reformed its laws."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petroleum/": {"t": "Petroleum", "s": "A fossil fuel central to modern industry and climate change."}}