{"https://codexery.com/materials/e/materials/leather/": {"t": "Leather", "s": "A durable material made from tanned animal hides."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/teotihuacan/": {"t": "Teotihuacan", "s": "Ancient Mesoamerican city of pyramids, murals, and monumental influence."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/san-luis-potos/": {"t": "San Luis Potosí", "s": "A Mexican state with a rich mining and revolutionary history."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/mary-mother-of-jesus/": {"t": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "s": "First-century Jewish woman, mother of Jesus, venerated in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/mexico-city/": {"t": "Mexico City", "s": "La Ciudad de los Palacios"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/mexican-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Mexican War of Independence", "s": "Armed conflict ending Spanish rule in Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-mexico/e/world-heritage-sites-in-mexico/guanajuato-city/": {"t": "Guanajuato (city)", "s": "Colonial silver-mining city and UNESCO World Heritage site."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/plastic/": {"t": "Plastic", "s": "Synthetic materials defined by plasticity, widely used since the early 20th century."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/polymer/": {"t": "Polymer", "s": "Large molecules of repeating subunits essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/automotive-industry/": {"t": "Automotive industry", "s": "The global automotive industry: a $2.75 trillion market in 2025, with China leading production and a shift toward zero-emission vehicles by 2035 in Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/img/automotive-industry/automotive-industry.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/automotive-industry/e/automotive-industry/general-motors/": {"t": "General Motors", "s": "American multinational automaker headquartered in Detroit, owner of Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/malawi/": {"t": "Malawi", "s": "Malawi, whose official name is the Republic of Malawi, sits landlocked in Southeast Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/malawi.webp", "c": "Sputink · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/e/african-leaders/hastings-banda/": {"t": "Hastings Banda", "s": "First president of Malawi, ruling from 1964 to 1994.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/img/african-leaders/hastings-banda.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hastings Banda · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-portuguese-colonies/e/former-portuguese-colonies/angola/": {"t": "Angola", "s": "A southern African nation shaped by Portuguese colonization and civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/other-geographic-features/metropolitan-area/": {"t": "Metropolitan area", "s": "A region of dense urban core and integrated surrounding territories."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/e/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/slavery-in-angola/": {"t": "Slavery in Angola", "s": "Angola was a principal source of slaves for the Atlantic trade."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/angolan-civil-war/": {"t": "Angolan Civil War", "s": "A 27-year Cold War proxy conflict in Angola between the MPLA and UNITA, marked by foreign intervention and devastating civil strife."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/kongo-people/": {"t": "Kongo people", "s": "Bantu ethnic group primarily defined as speakers of Kikongo, with a rich history of kingdoms, early Portuguese contact, and resistance to slavery."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/colonial-brazil/": {"t": "Colonial Brazil", "s": "Portuguese colony in South America, 1500–1815, united by language and faith."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/palm-oil/e/palm-oil/palm-oil/": {"t": "Palm oil", "s": "Edible oil from oil palm fruit, widely used and controversial."}, "https://codexery.com/resins/e/resins/copal/": {"t": "Copal", "s": "A tree resin intermediate between gum and amber, used ceremonially and in varnishes."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/cocoa-bean/": {"t": "Cocoa bean", "s": "The dried and fermented seed of Theobroma cacao, source of chocolate and cocoa products."}, "https://codexery.com/jamaican-cuisine/e/jamaican-cuisine/cassava/": {"t": "Cassava", "s": "A drought-tolerant tropical staple feeding over 500 million people.", "i": "https://codexery.com/jamaican-cuisine/img/jamaican-cuisine/cassava.webp", "c": "Mokkie · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/estado-novo-portugal/": {"t": "Estado Novo (Portugal)", "s": "Corporatist Portuguese state installed in 1933, ended by the Carnation Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/e/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-angola/": {"t": "Portuguese Angola", "s": "Portuguese colony in Africa from 1575 to 1975.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/img/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-angola.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Portuguese Angola · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/angolan-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Angolan War of Independence", "s": "The Angolan War of Independence (1961–1974), known in Angola as the Armed Struggle of National Liberation, was a conflict fought by the nationalist movements MP"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/guatemala-city/": {"t": "Guatemala City", "s": "National capital and largest city of Guatemala."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/portuguese-language/": {"t": "Portuguese language", "s": "A Western Romance language spoken by over 267 million people, official in eight countries and co-official in Macau and Equatorial Guinea."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/portuguese-people/": {"t": "Portuguese people", "s": "Romance ethnic group indigenous to Portugal, key in global exploration."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mobutu-sese-seko/": {"t": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "s": "First and only president of Zaire, known for totalitarian rule."}, "https://codexery.com/african-and-asian-leaders/e/african-and-asian-leaders/laurent-d-sir-kabila/": {"t": "Laurent-Désiré Kabila", "s": "President of the DRC assassinated by a former child soldier bodyguard."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, descended from Vulgar Latin and shaped by Celtic and Frankish influences."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/e/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/swahili-language/": {"t": "Swahili language", "s": "A Bantu lingua franca of East Africa with significant Arabic influence."}, "https://codexery.com/religion-in-the-british-empire/e/religion-in-the-british-empire/anglican-communion/": {"t": "Anglican Communion", "s": "Global fellowship of autonomous Anglican churches in communion with Canterbury.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religion-in-the-british-empire/img/religion-in-the-british-empire/anglican-communion.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Anglican Communion · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/textile-production/e/textile-production/textile/": {"t": "Textile", "s": "Fibre-based materials from clothing to geotextiles."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/printing/": {"t": "Printing", "s": "Printing enabled mass reproduction of text and images across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements/e/chemical-elements/zinc/": {"t": "Zinc", "s": "The essential trace element with a shiny blue whitish appearance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/cape-town/": {"t": "Cape Town", "s": "Legislative capital of South Africa, oldest city, and gateway to the Cape Floristic Region."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/harare/": {"t": "Harare", "s": "Harare is the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe, serving as the nation's commercial and governmental hub."}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/cecil-rhodes/": {"t": "Cecil Rhodes", "s": "British mining magnate, Cape prime minister, founder of Rhodesia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/img/british-colonisation-in-africa/cecil-rhodes.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Cecil Rhodes · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/cape-to-cairo-railway/": {"t": "Cape to Cairo Railway", "s": "Unfinished British colonial railway from Cape Town to Cairo."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/indirect-rule/": {"t": "Indirect rule", "s": "Co-opting local rulers for colonial control."}, "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/e/governance-of-the-british-empire/colonial-office/": {"t": "Colonial Office", "s": "British government department for colonial administration, 1768–1966.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governance-of-the-british-empire/img/governance-of-the-british-empire/colonial-office.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Colonial Office · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/1931-cyprus-revolt/": {"t": "1931 Cyprus revolt", "s": "Greek Cypriot revolt for union with Greece, suppressed by British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/1931-cyprus-revolt.webp", "c": "Anonymous. Taken during exile in Cyprus, between 1924 and 1929. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/racial-segregation/": {"t": "Racial segregation", "s": "Separation of people by race or ethnicity, often enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/e/nigerian-states/borno-state/": {"t": "Borno State", "s": "Nigeria's only state bordering three countries, second largest in area, and epicenter of the Boko Haram insurgency since 2009.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/img/nigerian-states/borno-state.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Borno State · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-chad/": {"t": "Lake Chad", "s": "Endorheic lake at the crossroads of four African nations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-chad.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Chad · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/abrahamic-religions/ulama/": {"t": "Ulama", "s": "Guardians and interpreters of Islamic doctrine and law."}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/goodluck-jonathan/": {"t": "Goodluck Jonathan", "s": "First Nigerian president to concede election defeat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/img/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/goodluck-jonathan.webp", "c": "World Economic Forum · via Wikipedia: Goodluck Jonathan · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/state-of-emergency/": {"t": "State of emergency", "s": "Government empowerment to act beyond normal limits for citizen safety."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/yoruba-people/": {"t": "Yoruba people", "s": "West African ethnic group native to Nigeria, Benin, and Togo"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/fula-language/": {"t": "Fula language", "s": "A Senegambian language spoken across 18 West and Central African countries."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hausa-language/": {"t": "Hausa language", "s": "The most widely spoken Chadic language, serving as a lingua franca across West Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/e/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/kanuri-language/": {"t": "Kanuri language", "s": "Saharan language of the Kanem and Bornu empires."}, "/e/cities-and-urban-areas/port-harcourt/": {"t": "Port Harcourt", "s": "Major Nigerian port city and oil industry hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/img/cities-and-urban-areas/port-harcourt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Port Harcourt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/enugu-city/": {"t": "Enugu (city)", "s": "Capital of Enugu State and former Biafran capital."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/abuja/": {"t": "Abuja", "s": "Nigeria's administrative and political capital, built for unity and growth."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/lagos/": {"t": "Lagos", "s": "Africa's most populous city and a major financial and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/former-dutch-colonies/e/former-dutch-colonies/maputo-bay/": {"t": "Maputo Bay", "s": "Inlet of the Indian Ocean on the coast of Mozambique."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/gujarati-language/": {"t": "Gujarati language", "s": "An Indo-Aryan language native to Gujarat, spoken by millions in India and across the global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/e/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-mozambique/": {"t": "Portuguese Mozambique", "s": "Portuguese East Africa, a colony that became the Republic of Mozambique.", "i": "https://codexery.com/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/img/portuguese-colonisation-in-africa/portuguese-mozambique.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Portuguese Mozambique · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/portuguese-empire/e/portuguese-empire/fort-nossa-senhora-da-concei-o-de-louren-o-marques/": {"t": "Fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Lourenço Marques", "s": "A square stone fortress in Maputo, housing a statue and royal remains."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/neoclassical-architecture/": {"t": "Neoclassical architecture", "s": "A return to pure classical forms adapted to modern purposes."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/modern-architecture/": {"t": "Modern architecture", "s": "A 20th-century movement emphasizing function, minimalism, and new materials."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/art-deco/": {"t": "Art Deco", "s": "A decorative style of luxury and geometric form.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/img/art-movements-and-styles/art-deco.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Art Deco · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/bauhaus/": {"t": "Bauhaus", "s": "German art school that merged crafts with fine arts."}, "https://codexery.com/agriculture-food/e/agriculture-and-food/cotton/": {"t": "Cotton", "s": "Natural fiber from Gossypium plants, widely used in textiles."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-cities/e/latin-american-cities/goi-nia/": {"t": "Goiânia", "s": "Goiânia is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Goiás."}, "/e/cities-and-urban-areas/lubumbashi/": {"t": "Lubumbashi", "s": "Mining hub and former legislative capital of the DRC."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/kinshasa/": {"t": "Kinshasa", "s": "Capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a fast-growing megacity on the Congo River."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/diamond/": {"t": "Diamond", "s": "A metastable carbon allotrope with extreme hardness and thermal conductivity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/diamond.webp", "c": "Blackout Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/african-wars-of-independence/e/african-wars-of-independence/first-congo-war/": {"t": "First Congo War", "s": "Conflict that overthrew Mobutu and led to the Second Congo War."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/pumping-station/": {"t": "Pumping station", "s": "Public utility buildings that pump fluids to overcome gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/biosafety-level-4-laboratories/e/biosafety-level-4-laboratories/centers-for-disease-control-and-prevention/": {"t": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention", "s": "U.S. federal agency for disease control and prevention."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/malnutrition/": {"t": "Malnutrition", "s": "A disease category including undernutrition and overnutrition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/malnutrition.webp", "c": "HCUP Outreach2016 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/somalia/": {"t": "Somalia", "s": "Easternmost country in continental Africa, with a long history of trade and conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/ajuran-sultanate/": {"t": "Ajuran Sultanate", "s": "A hydraulic empire and commercial hub in the Horn of Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/e/italian-colonisation-in-africa/hiraab-imamate/": {"t": "Hiraab Imamate", "s": "Somali kingdom that succeeded the Ajuran Sultanate."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-colonisation-in-africa/e/italian-colonisation-in-africa/italian-somaliland/": {"t": "Italian Somaliland", "s": "Italian colony in Somalia from late 1800s to 1941."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/italian-empire/": {"t": "Italian Empire", "s": "Italian colonial empire from 1882 to 1943, revived as trust until 1960.", "i": "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/img/colonialism-and-exploration/italian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Colonial empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/somali-civil-war/": {"t": "Somali Civil War", "s": "Ongoing civil war stemming from resistance to Siad Barre's regime.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/somali-civil-war.webp", "c": "X-Wu-Z · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/somali-language/": {"t": "Somali language", "s": "A Cushitic language spoken by millions across the Horn of Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/hebrew-language/": {"t": "Hebrew language", "s": "A revived Canaanite language, once extinct, now spoken by millions."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia/": {"t": "Phoenicia", "s": "Ancient Semitic maritime traders who spread the alphabet across the Mediterranean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/phoenicia.webp", "c": "Kordas, based on Alvaro's work · via Wikipedia: Phoenicia · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ptolemaic-kingdom/": {"t": "Ptolemaic Kingdom", "s": "The final dynasty of ancient Egypt, blending Greek and Egyptian cultures for nearly three centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/ibn-battuta/": {"t": "Ibn Battuta", "s": "The greatest traveller of the pre-modern world, whose journeys spanned Africa, Asia, and the Iberian Peninsula.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/ibn-battuta.webp", "c": "Léon Benett · via Wikipedia: Ibn Battuta · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/horn-of-africa/": {"t": "Horn of Africa", "s": "A strategically vital peninsula and cultural crossroads in eastern Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-ethiopia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-ethiopia/harar/": {"t": "Harar", "s": "Walled city in eastern Ethiopia, fourth holiest in Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mamluk-sultanate/": {"t": "Mamluk Sultanate", "s": "A slave-soldier dynasty that ruled Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz."}, "https://codexery.com/castrated-people/e/castrated-people/eunuch/": {"t": "Eunuch", "s": "Castrated men serving in royal courts and religious roles across history."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun/": {"t": "Ibn Khaldun", "s": "Arab scholar and forerunner of modern social sciences.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/img/philosophers-and-thinkers/ibn-khaldun.webp", "c": "Reda Kerbush · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/marco-polo/": {"t": "Marco Polo", "s": "Venetian merchant whose travels opened the East to European understanding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/marco-polo.webp", "c": "Marco Polo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama/": {"t": "Vasco da Gama", "s": "The Portuguese explorer who opened the sea route to India", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/vasco-da-gama.webp", "c": "Diego Delso · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/cities-and-urban-areas/mombasa/": {"t": "Mombasa", "s": "Oldest city in Kenya, historic Indian Ocean trading hub."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/kenya/": {"t": "Kenya", "s": "East African nation with ancient human origins and diverse landscapes."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/nairobi/": {"t": "Nairobi", "s": "Capital of Kenya, known as the Green City 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"First Liberian Civil War", "s": "First Liberian Civil War began when the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), led by Charles Taylor, invaded from Ivory Coast to overthrow President Samue", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/img/military-conflicts-and-wars/first-liberian-civil-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First Liberian Civil War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/oyo-empire/": {"t": "Oyo Empire", "s": "A major Yoruba empire dominating West Africa through cavalry and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/freetown/": {"t": "Freetown", "s": "Capital and largest city of Sierra Leone, founded by Black Nova Scotians."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southern-united-states/": {"t": "Southern United States", "s": "The Southern United States: a diverse region defined by history, culture, and climate, from the Atlantic to the Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-african-unity/": {"t": "Organisation of African Unity", "s": "The Organisation of African Unity: a Pan-African intergovernmental body established in 1963 to promote unity, eradicate colonialism, and eventually replaced by ", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/organisation-of-african-unity.webp", "c": "Nobelium · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/": {"t": "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf", "s": "Liberia's Iron Lady and first elected female head of state in Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/ellen-johnson-sirleaf.webp", "c": "PMO Barbados · via Wikipedia: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/wet-season/": {"t": "Wet season", "s": "The time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs, lasting at least one month."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/dry-season/": {"t": "Dry season", "s": "A yearly period of low rainfall, especially in the tropics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/dry-season.webp", "c": "Charles J. Sharp · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/nuevo-le-n/": {"t": "Nuevo León", "s": "The industrial heart of northeastern Mexico", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/nuevo-le-n.webp", "c": "Tefita228 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/nomad/": {"t": "Nomad", "s": "Mobile communities moving for food, pasture, or trade."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-cities/e/mexican-cities/tampico/": {"t": "Tampico", "s": "Mexican port city that led the early oil boom."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/chihuahua-state/": {"t": "Chihuahua (state)", "s": "Largest Mexican state, known for Copper Canyon and Paquimé."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/texas/": {"t": "Texas", "s": "Second-largest U.S. state by area, but first in Fortune 500 headquarters and gross state product."}, "https://codexery.com/mexican-states/e/mexican-states/coahuila/": {"t": "Coahuila", "s": "A northern Mexican state with rich history and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/tamaulipas/": {"t": "Tamaulipas", "s": "Northeastern Mexican state with a contested border history."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/mexican-american-war/": {"t": "Mexican–American War", "s": "The Mexican–American War, known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, was an invasion of Mexico by "}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/height-above-mean-sea-level/": {"t": "Height above mean sea level", "s": "Vertical distance referenced to historic mean sea level.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/height-above-mean-sea-level.webp", "c": "NASA/JPL-Caltech · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/quebec/": {"t": "Quebec", "s": "Canada's largest province, heart of Francophone culture in North America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/quebec.webp", "c": "Wilfredor · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/specific-regions/e/specific-regions/island-of-montreal/": {"t": "Island of Montreal", "s": "Most populous freshwater island in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/ottawa/": {"t": "Ottawa", "s": "Canada's capital at the confluence of the Ottawa and Rideau Rivers."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-canada/e/world-heritage-sites-in-canada/quebec-city/": {"t": "Quebec City", "s": "One of the oldest European settlements in North America, and the only fortified city north of Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/toronto/": {"t": "Toronto", "s": "Canada's largest city and a global hub of multiculturalism, finance, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-civil-aviation-organization/": {"t": "International Civil Aviation Organization", "s": "UN specialized agency for safe and orderly international air transport."}, "https://codexery.com/pandemics/e/pandemics/covid-19-pandemic/": {"t": "COVID-19 pandemic", "s": "Global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, beginning in late 2019."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/formula-one/": {"t": "Formula One", "s": "The first successful Formula One video game in arcade history was Pole Position (1982), by Namco."}, "https://codexery.com/nhl-teams/e/nhl-teams/montreal-canadiens/": {"t": "Montreal Canadiens", "s": "Oldest continuously operating professional ice hockey team worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/san-jose-sharks/e/san-jose-sharks/national-hockey-league/": {"t": "National Hockey League", "s": "Premier professional ice hockey league in North America."}, "https://codexery.com/nhl-trophies-and-awards/e/nhl-trophies-and-awards/stanley-cup/": {"t": "Stanley Cup", "s": "The oldest professional sports trophy in North America."}, "https://codexery.com/prophecy/e/prophecy/seven-fires-prophecy/": {"t": "Seven fires prophecy", "s": "Anishinaabe prophecy of seven epochs for Turtle Island."}, "https://codexery.com/non-timber-forest-products/e/non-timber-forest-products/fur/": {"t": "Fur", "s": "Fur is a mammalian hair coat used for insulation and protection."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/st-lawrence-river/": {"t": "St. Lawrence River", "s": "Major North American river connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/st-lawrence-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St. Lawrence River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/french-colonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "French colonization of the Americas", "s": "France built a vast American colonial empire from the 16th century onward."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war/": {"t": "Seven Years' War", "s": "Global war that reshaped European and colonial power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/seven-years-war.webp", "c": "Blaue Max · via Wikipedia: Seven Years' War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/e/latin-american-states-provinces/yucat-n/": {"t": "Yucatán", "s": "Mexican state on the Yucatán Peninsula, heartland of Maya civilization.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-states-provinces/img/latin-american-states-provinces/yucat-n.webp", "c": "Philip N. Cohen · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/yucat-n-peninsula/": {"t": "Yucatán Peninsula", "s": "Large peninsula in southeast Mexico; heart of the Maya lowlands."}, "https://codexery.com/mythology/e/mythology/syncretism/": {"t": "Syncretism", "s": "The blending of distinct beliefs into a new, cohesive system."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/maya-civilization/": {"t": "Maya civilization", "s": "Ancient Mesoamerican civilization known for its temples, glyphs, and advanced mathematics."}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/culture-of-spain/": {"t": "Culture of Spain", "s": "Spanish culture blends Roman, Muslim, and Catholic legacies."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/karolinska-institute/": {"t": "Karolinska Institute", "s": "A research-led medical school awarding the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of/e/spanish-exploration-in-the-age-of-discovery/conquistador/": {"t": "Conquistador", "s": "Spanish and Portuguese explorers who conquered and colonized the New World."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/augusta-emerita/": {"t": "Augusta Emerita", "s": "Roman colonia founded in 25 BC, capital of Lusitania."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/arequipa/": {"t": "Arequipa", "s": "Second most populous city in Peru and its Legal Capital."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/maya-peoples/": {"t": "Maya peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica, descendants of the ancient Maya civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples-of-mexico/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples of Mexico", "s": "Original foundation of Mexico's pluricultural nation."}, "https://codexery.com/latin-american-presidents/e/latin-american-presidents/felipe-calder-n/": {"t": "Felipe Calderón", "s": "63rd president of Mexico who launched a war on drug cartels and oversaw major social and economic reforms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/latin-american-presidents/img/latin-american-presidents/felipe-calder-n.webp", "c": "Presidencia de la Nacion Argentina · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/archery-gear-and-events/e/archery-gear-and-events/archery-world-cup/": {"t": "Archery World Cup", "s": "Annual outdoor archery series with four stages and a final.", "i": "https://codexery.com/archery-gear-and-events/img/archery-gear-and-events/archery-world-cup.webp", "c": "Pierre-Yves Beaudouin · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-mexico/e/world-heritage-sites-in-mexico/campeche-city/": {"t": "Campeche (city)", "s": "Colonial walled city on the Gulf of Mexico."}, "https://codexery.com/food/e/food/meat/": {"t": "Meat", "s": "Animal tissue consumed as food, with cultural and economic significance."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/salt/": {"t": "Salt", "s": "Essential mineral, ancient seasoning, and cornerstone of preservation."}, "https://codexery.com/food-and-drink/e/food-and-drink/cereal/": {"t": "Cereal", "s": "Grasses cultivated for edible grain, global staple foods."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/banque-de-l-afrique-occidentale/": {"t": "Banque de l'Afrique occidentale", "s": "Main bank of issue in French West Africa, later restructured after financial crisis."}, "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/e/african-leaders/fran-ois-tombalbaye/": {"t": "François Tombalbaye", "s": "First President of Chad, overthrown and assassinated in 1975.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/img/african-leaders/fran-ois-tombalbaye.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: François Tombalbaye · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/e/african-leaders/hiss-ne-habr/": {"t": "Hissène Habré", "s": "Chadian president convicted of war crimes and human rights abuses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/img/african-leaders/hiss-ne-habr.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hissène Habré · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/muammar-gaddafi/": {"t": "Muammar Gaddafi", "s": "Libyan revolutionary who ruled for 42 years until civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/african-leaders/e/african-leaders/idriss-d-by/": {"t": "Idriss Déby", "s": "Chadian president for 30 years, died on the frontline."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/sahel/": {"t": "Sahel", "s": "Transition zone between Sahara and Sudanian savannas."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/confluence/": {"t": "Confluence", "s": "Where two or more watercourses join to form a single channel."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/tennessee/": {"t": "Tennessee", "s": "Southeastern state with three Grand Divisions, rich musical heritage, and a western border on the Mississippi River."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war/": {"t": "American Revolutionary War", "s": "Armed conflict that secured American independence from British rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/img/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/american-revolutionary-war.webp", "c": "EgorovaSvetlana · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/american-civil-war/e/american-civil-war/confederate-states-of-america/": {"t": "Confederate States of America", "s": "Unrecognized republic of 11 Southern states during the American Civil War."}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-music-genres/e/performing-arts-and-music-genres/country-music/": {"t": "Country music", "s": "A genre originating in the United States with diverse folk roots."}, "https://codexery.com/nhl-teams/e/nhl-teams/nashville-predators/": {"t": "Nashville Predators", "s": "NHL expansion team based in Nashville, Tennessee."}, "https://codexery.com/record-label-distributors/e/record-label-distributors/concord-entertainment-company/": {"t": "Concord (entertainment company)", "s": "Independent entertainment company with vast catalog and publishing rights."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/ohio-river/": {"t": "Ohio River", "s": "Major U.S. river, historic boundary and transportation route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/ohio-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ohio River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/nathan-bedford-forrest/": {"t": "Nathan Bedford Forrest", "s": "Confederate general, cavalry tactician, and first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-ame/e/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-americas/ida-b-wells/": {"t": "Ida B. Wells", "s": "Investigative journalist who exposed lynching and fought for civil rights.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-ame/img/revolutionaries-and-activists-of-the-americas/ida-b-wells.webp", "c": "Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Ida B. Wells · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/propaganda-legends/e/propaganda-legends/lost-cause-of-the-confederacy/": {"t": "Lost Cause of the Confederacy", "s": "A myth denying slavery's role in the Civil War."}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/traditional-pop/": {"t": "Traditional pop", "s": "Pre–rock and roll Western popular music and its enduring standards."}, "https://codexery.com/2010s-american-music-television-series/e/2010s-american-music-television-series/nashville-2012-tv-series/": {"t": "Nashville (2012 TV series)", "s": "A musical drama set in Nashville's country music scene."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/niger-river/": {"t": "Niger River", "s": "Main river of West Africa, third-longest in Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/niger-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Niger River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/colony-of-niger/": {"t": "Colony of Niger", "s": "French colony in West Africa, 1900–1960."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sufism/": {"t": "Sufism", "s": "The inward dimension of Islam, focusing on purification and direct experience of the divine."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/gully/": {"t": "Gully", "s": "Erosional landform formed by water and mass movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/img/geomorphology/gully.webp", "c": "Rihards Olups · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/scramble-for-africa/": {"t": "Scramble for Africa", "s": "The late 19th-century invasion, conquest, and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/scramble-for-africa.webp", "c": "Bulllinzoneownere · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/french-dahomey/": {"t": "French Dahomey", "s": "French colony in West Africa, independent as Benin in 1960."}, "https://codexery.com/french-colonial-empire/e/french-colonial-empire/french-union/": {"t": "French Union", "s": "Postwar French entity replacing the colonial empire."}, "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/e/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/hamani-diori/": {"t": "Hamani Diori", "s": "First President of Niger, ousted by a 1974 military coup.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-independence-leaders-post-coloni/img/african-independence-leaders-and-post-colonial-figures/hamani-diori.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hamani Diori · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/common-plants-and-crops/peanut/": {"t": "Peanut", "s": "A legume crop with underground pods, grown worldwide for food and oil."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/charles-de-gaulle/": {"t": "Charles de Gaulle", "s": "French general and statesman who led Free France and founded the Fifth Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/desert-landscapes/e/desert-landscapes/sahara/": {"t": "Sahara", "s": "The vast hot desert spanning North Africa"}, "https://codexery.com/ship-graveyards/e/ship-graveyards/nouadhibou/": {"t": "Nouadhibou", "s": "World's largest ship graveyard, built through bribery over time."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/shoal/": {"t": "Shoal", "s": "Submerged ridge of sand or gravel hazardous to navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/construction-and-materials/cement/": {"t": "Cement", "s": "Binder that sets, hardens, and binds other materials together.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/img/construction-and-materials/cement.webp", "c": "Nnnjens · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/khartoum/": {"t": "Khartoum", "s": "Capital of Sudan at the Nile confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/bazaars/e/bazaars/marketplace/": {"t": "Marketplace", "s": "A place for trade, from ancient bazaars to modern e-commerce."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/sudan/": {"t": "Sudan", "s": "Northeast African nation with ancient kingdoms and modern conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/herbert-kitchener-1st-earl-kitchener/": {"t": "Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener", "s": "British field marshal and colonial administrator, key in Sudan and First World War."}, "https://codexery.com/north-west-mounted-police/e/north-west-mounted-police/martini-henry/": {"t": "Martini–Henry", "s": "Breech-loading single-shot rifle of the British Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/sudanese-civil-war-2023-present/": {"t": "Sudanese civil war (2023–present)", "s": "Ongoing civil war between SAF and RSF in Sudan."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/algiers/": {"t": "Algiers", "s": "Capital of Algeria, historic Mediterranean port and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/bey/": {"t": "Bey", "s": "A Turkic title for chieftains and aristocrats, used across Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Europe, and the Middle East.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/bey.webp", "c": "Bernard Gagnon · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/former-french-colonies/e/former-french-colonies/french-algeria/": {"t": "French Algeria", "s": "French colony and later integral part of France until 1962."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/abd-al-mu-min/": {"t": "Abd al-Mu'min", "s": "First Almohad caliph who built an empire across North Africa and Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/vichy-france/": {"t": "Vichy France", "s": "French rump state headed by Philippe Pétain during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/algerian-war/": {"t": "Algerian War", "s": "Armed conflict leading to Algerian independence from France."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/john-of-austria/": {"t": "John of Austria", "s": "Admiral of the Holy League at Lepanto", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/img/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/john-of-austria.webp", "c": "El Escorial · via Wikipedia: John of Austria · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/castles-by-type/e/castles-by-type/kasbah/": {"t": "Kasbah", "s": "A North African fortress or fortified city quarter."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/war-of-the-spanish-succession/": {"t": "War of the Spanish Succession", "s": "The war was driven by concerns over the balance of power, as the Spanish Empire, though weakened by decades of conflict, remained a prominent global force whose"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/mosque/": {"t": "Mosque", "s": "A place of worship and community for Muslims worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/algerian-ligue-professionnelle-1-clubs/e/algerian-ligue-professionnelle-1-clubs/mc-oran/": {"t": "MC Oran", "s": "Algerian football club based in Oran."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/abidjan/": {"t": "Abidjan", "s": "Economic capital of Ivory Coast"}, "/e/cities-and-urban-areas/niamey/": {"t": "Niamey", "s": "Capital and largest city of Niger, on the Niger River."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/mali-empire/": {"t": "Mali Empire", "s": "West African empire known for wealth and cultural influence."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/e/languages-and-scripts-of-africa/moor/": {"t": "Mooré", "s": "A Gur language and official tongue of Burkina Faso."}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-games/e/sports-and-games/association-football/": {"t": "Association football", "s": "Association football, also called football or soccer, is a team sport where two sides of 11 players each use their feet to move an inflated ball across a pitch."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/e/nigerian-states/rivers-state/": {"t": "Rivers State", "s": "Niger Delta state formed in 1967, oil industry hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/img/nigerian-states/rivers-state.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Rivers State · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/kano-city/": {"t": "Kano (city)", "s": "Ancient crossroads of the Sahel, second city of Nigeria."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/ibadan/": {"t": "Ibadan", "s": "Capital of Oyo State and historic military republic."}, "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/e/corporations-and-conglomerates/shell-plc/": {"t": "Shell plc", "s": "Shell plc is a British publicly traded oil and gas company with its headquarters in London, England.", "i": "https://codexery.com/corporations-conglomerates/img/corporations-and-conglomerates/shell-plc.webp", "c": "Marek Ślusarczyk ( Tupungato ) Photo portfolio · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/northern-nigeria-protectorate/": {"t": "Northern Nigeria Protectorate", "s": "British protectorate in northern Nigeria from 1900 to 1914.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/img/british-colonisation-in-africa/northern-nigeria-protectorate.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Northern Nigeria Protectorate · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/british-colonisation-in-africa/e/british-colonisation-in-africa/southern-nigeria-protectorate/": {"t": "Southern Nigeria Protectorate", "s": "British protectorate formed in 1900, later unified with Northern Nigeria."}, "https://codexery.com/organizations-associated-with-the/e/organizations-associated-with-the-covid-19-pandemic/world-health-organization/": {"t": "World Health Organization", "s": "UN agency coordinating global health responses and standards."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petrochemical/": {"t": "Petrochemical", "s": "Chemical products derived from petroleum and other fossil fuels."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petroleum/": {"t": "Petroleum", "s": "A fossil fuel central to modern industry and climate change."}, "https://codexery.com/nigerian-states/e/nigerian-states/states-of-nigeria/": {"t": "States of Nigeria", "s": "Semi-autonomous units sharing power with Nigeria's federal government."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/executive-government/": {"t": "Executive (government)", "s": "Branch of government that enforces law and policy."}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/south-african-republic/": {"t": "South African Republic", "s": "Independent Boer republic annexed after the Second Boer War."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/zulu-people/": {"t": "Zulu people", "s": "The largest ethnic group in South Africa, known for their rich traditions, military history, and vibrant beadwork."}, "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/e/military-conflicts-and-wars/first-boer-war/": {"t": "First Boer War", "s": "A short but decisive conflict between the United Kingdom and Boers of the Transvaal, resulting in Boer victory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/img/military-conflicts-and-wars/first-boer-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First Boer War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-boer-war/": {"t": "Second Boer War", "s": "A colonial war over gold and British dominance in Southern Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-boer-war.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/hegemony/": {"t": "Hegemony", "s": "Predominance of one state over others, regionally or globally."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/cape-colony/": {"t": "Cape Colony", "s": "British colony at the Cape of Good Hope, later part of South Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-the-british-empire/e/history-of-the-british-empire/colony-of-natal/": {"t": "Colony of Natal", "s": "British colony in south-eastern Africa, later a province of South Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/tswana-language/": {"t": "Tswana language", "s": "A Bantu language official in Zimbabwe and South Africa.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/img/languages-and-scripts/tswana-language.webp", "c": "Algovia · via Wikipedia: Tswana language · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/tsonga-language/": {"t": "Tsonga language", "s": "A Bantu language of South Africa and Mozambique, official in South Africa and recognized in Zimbabwe."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/venda-language/": {"t": "Venda language", "s": "A Bantu language official in South Africa and Zimbabwe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/img/languages-and-scripts/venda-language.webp", "c": "Htonl · via Wikipedia: Venda language · Public domain"}}