{"https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/historical-region/": {"t": "Historical region", "s": "Geographical regions defined by past cultural or political significance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/historical-region.webp", "c": "Yamen · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qin-state/": {"t": "Qin (state)", "s": "Ancient Chinese state that unified the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/zhou-dynasty/": {"t": "Zhou dynasty", "s": "Longest-reigning Chinese dynasty, spanning nearly eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qin-s-wars-of-unification/": {"t": "Qin's wars of unification", "s": "Campaigns that unified China under the First Emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qin-dynasty/": {"t": "Qin dynasty", "s": "First imperial dynasty of China, unifying the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "The Tang dynasty governed China from 618 to 907, with a break between 690 and 705.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/tang-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tang dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/height-above-mean-sea-level/": {"t": "Height above mean sea level", "s": "Vertical distance referenced to historic mean sea level.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/height-above-mean-sea-level.webp", "c": "NASA/JPL-Caltech · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-china-plain/": {"t": "North China Plain", "s": "The cradle of Chinese civilization and a densely populated agricultural heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/shang-dynasty/": {"t": "Shang dynasty", "s": "Earliest Chinese dynasty confirmed by archaeology and written records."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/luoyang/": {"t": "Luoyang", "s": "Ancient capital on the Luo River, cradle of Chinese civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-gaozu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "s": "Founder of the Han dynasty, born a peasant, who rose from rebel to emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/looting/": {"t": "Looting", "s": "Looting is the forcible taking of goods during crises."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yangtze/": {"t": "Yangtze", "s": "Longest river in China, third-longest in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/grand-canal-china/": {"t": "Grand Canal (China)", "s": "The world's longest artificial waterway, linking north and south China for over two millennia."}, "/e/chinese-history/guanzhong/": {"t": "Guanzhong", "s": "The heartland of ancient Chinese empires, guarded by mountain passes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/guanzhong.webp", "c": "H2v5o68z · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/floodplain/": {"t": "Floodplain", "s": "Floodplains are fertile, flood-prone river-adjacent lands."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/gobi-desert/": {"t": "Gobi Desert", "s": "A vast cold desert and grassland region spanning southern Mongolia and North China, known for its extreme climate and fossil treasures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/gobi-desert.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kumtag Desert · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/tibetan-plateau/": {"t": "Tibetan Plateau", "s": "Largest and highest plateau in the world, sometimes called the 'Roof of the World'.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/tibetan-plateau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Plateau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lanzhou/": {"t": "Lanzhou", "s": "Capital of Gansu and gateway to the Silk Road."}, "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/e/deserts-and-drylands/badain-jaran-desert/": {"t": "Badain Jaran Desert", "s": "A vast desert with towering stationary dunes, spring-fed lakes, and a river along its edge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/deserts-and-drylands/img/deserts-and-drylands/badain-jaran-desert.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gobi Desert · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/steppe/": {"t": "Steppe", "s": "Grassland ecoregion with semi-arid climate and extreme temperatures."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/tian-shan/": {"t": "Tian Shan", "s": "Central Asia's majestic Tian Shan: sacred peaks, ancient glaciers, and a World Heritage site.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/img/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/tian-shan.webp", "c": "Maryliflower · via Wikipedia: Tian Shan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jiuquan/": {"t": "Jiuquan", "s": "Prefecture-level city in Gansu, China; Silk Road hub and space launch site."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/alluvial-fan/": {"t": "Alluvial fan", "s": "Fan-shaped sediment deposits formed where confined channels widen.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/alluvial-fan.webp", "c": "Page Quinton · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/drainage-basin/": {"t": "Drainage basin", "s": "A land area where surface water converges to a single outlet."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/sedimentary-basin/": {"t": "Sedimentary basin", "s": "Region-scale crustal depressions that accumulate thick sedimentary sequences."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/fault-geology/": {"t": "Fault (geology)", "s": "A fracture in rock where displacement occurs, causing earthquakes."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/cretaceous/": {"t": "Cretaceous", "s": "The longest geological period, marked by warm climates, dinosaurs, and the rise of flowering plants, ending with a mass extinction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/cretaceous.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/kunlun-mountains/": {"t": "Kunlun Mountains", "s": "A vast Asian mountain chain on the northern rim of the Tibetan Plateau, central to Chinese myth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/kunlun-mountains.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kunlun Mountains · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/endorheic-basin/": {"t": "Endorheic basin", "s": "Closed drainage basins with no outflow to oceans."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/river-delta/": {"t": "River delta", "s": "Landform formed by sediment deposition at a river mouth."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-biology/e/plant-biology/shrub/": {"t": "Shrub", "s": "A woody perennial plant with multiple stems, shorter than trees."}, "https://codexery.com/plants-fungi/e/plants-and-fungi/tree/": {"t": "Tree", "s": "A perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves."}, "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/e/geomorphology/gully/": {"t": "Gully", "s": "Erosional landform formed by water and mass movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geomorphology/img/geomorphology/gully.webp", "c": "Rihards Olups · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/tree-species/e/tree-species/willow/": {"t": "Willow", "s": "Willows are diverse trees and shrubs of the genus Salix."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eurasia/": {"t": "Eurasia", "s": "The largest continental area on Earth, spanning Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/pottery/": {"t": "Pottery", "s": "One of the oldest human inventions, fired clay objects."}, "https://codexery.com/ingredients/e/ingredients/wheat/": {"t": "Wheat", "s": "A staple cereal cultivated for millennia, wheat is the second most-produced grain after maize."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/civil-service/": {"t": "Civil service", "s": "The backbone of government: impartial, professional, and permanent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/civil-service.webp", "c": "Harry Mitchell · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/song-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Song dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai/": {"t": "Yuan Shikai", "s": "Chinese general and statesman who briefly declared himself emperor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yuan Shikai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company/": {"t": "East India Company", "s": "Chartered company that ruled large parts of India and dominated key trade routes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/east-india-company.webp", "c": "John Bruce · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/confucianism/": {"t": "Confucianism", "s": "A system of thought emphasizing virtue, harmony, and familial responsibility."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Han", "s": "Seventh Han emperor who expanded China's borders and centralized the state."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wen-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wen of Han", "s": "Fifth Han emperor who restored stability after Empress Lü's regency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wen-of-han.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/dong-zhongshu/": {"t": "Dong Zhongshu", "s": "Han dynasty philosopher who promoted Confucianism as state ideology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/dong-zhongshu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Laozi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-xuan-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Xuan of Han", "s": "Tenth Han emperor who oversaw the Zhao–Xuan Resurgence."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/three-kingdoms/": {"t": "Three Kingdoms", "s": "A partial revival of the old three kingdoms in early medieval Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-yang-of-sui/": {"t": "Emperor Yang of Sui", "s": "Second Sui emperor whose projects and wars bankrupted the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wen-of-sui/": {"t": "Emperor Wen of Sui", "s": "Founding emperor who reunified China and began the Grand Canal."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/ningbo/": {"t": "Ningbo", "s": "A historic port city and economic hub in the Yangtze Delta."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/shaoxing/": {"t": "Shaoxing", "s": "Historic city known for wine, opera, and comfortable living."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/suzhou/": {"t": "Suzhou", "s": "Ancient cradle of Wu culture, modern industrial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/wu-chinese/": {"t": "Wu Chinese", "s": "A major Chinese language group preserving medieval voiced initials."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-266-420/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "s": "The Jin dynasty: a reunified China divided by civil war and barbarian invasions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/yongle-emperor/": {"t": "Yongle Emperor", "s": "Third emperor of the Ming dynasty, known for moving the capital to Beijing and sponsoring the Yongle Encyclopedia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "/e/chinese-history/republic-of-china-1912-1949/": {"t": "Republic of China (1912–1949)", "s": "First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-icons/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-icons/sun-yat-sen/": {"t": "Sun Yat-sen", "s": "Founder of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/tea/e/tea/green-tea/": {"t": "Green tea", "s": "A delicate, unoxidized tea with ancient origins in China."}, "/e/chinese-history/hexi-corridor/": {"t": "Hexi Corridor", "s": "A historic corridor linking China to Central Asia."}, "/e/chinese-history/shanhai-pass/": {"t": "Shanhai Pass", "s": "Fortified gateway at the eastern end of the Great Wall, commanding the narrowest choke point of the Liaoxi Corridor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/shanhai-pass.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Shanhai Pass · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china/": {"t": "The Great Wall of China", "s": "An ancient defensive system spanning thousands of miles across China's northern borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/qinhuangdao/": {"t": "Qinhuangdao", "s": "Port city and coal hub on China's Bohai coast."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/political-legitimacy/": {"t": "Political legitimacy", "s": "Concept of the right of authority to rule a society."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/son-of-heaven/": {"t": "Son of Heaven", "s": "Sacred monarchial title of the Chinese sovereign.", "i": "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/img/imperial-titles/son-of-heaven.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-philosophy-rhetoric/e/classical-philosophy-and-rhetoric/mencius-book/": {"t": "Mencius (book)", "s": "Anthology of Mencius's dialogues on moral and political philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/halley-s-comet/": {"t": "Halley's Comet", "s": "First comet recognized as periodic, observed for over two millennia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/halley-s-comet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Halley's Comet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/xia-dynasty/": {"t": "Xia dynasty", "s": "First dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography, possibly legendary.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/xia-dynasty.webp", "c": "Gary Todd · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-histories-and-epics/e/ancient-histories-and-epics/book-of-documents/": {"t": "Book of Documents", "s": "One of the Five Classics, foundational to Chinese political philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/cao-pi/": {"t": "Cao Pi", "s": "First emperor of Cao Wei who ended the Han dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/shu-han/": {"t": "Shu Han", "s": "A Han rump state in the Three Kingdoms period."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/e/eastern-and-islamic-philosophers/mencius/": {"t": "Mencius", "s": "Chinese Confucian philosopher, the Second Sage, who taught innate human goodness."}, "/e/chinese-history/mandate-of-heaven/": {"t": "Mandate of Heaven", "s": "Chinese doctrine legitimizing rule through Heaven's favor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/mandate-of-heaven.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "/e/chinese-history/reform-and-opening-up/": {"t": "Reform and opening up", "s": "Economic reforms that transformed China's economy after 1978."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/international-order/": {"t": "International order", "s": "Patterned relationships among units on the international level."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-world/": {"t": "Eastern world", "s": "Umbrella term for diverse Eastern cultures and civilizations."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/pax-romana/": {"t": "Pax Romana", "s": "A roughly 200-year Roman golden age of relative peace and stability.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/pax-romana.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Pax Romana · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/migration-period/": {"t": "Migration Period", "s": "Era of large-scale migrations reshaping post-Roman Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/migration-period.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Migration Period · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/imjin-war/": {"t": "Imjin War", "s": "Two Japanese invasions of Korea ending in stalemate."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/seoul/": {"t": "Seoul", "s": "The dynamic capital of South Korea, blending ancient history with cutting-edge modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-conquistadors/e/explorers-and-conquistadors/zhang-qian/": {"t": "Zhang Qian", "s": "Han envoy whose journeys opened the Silk Road."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sogdia/": {"t": "Sogdia", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilisation and key Silk Road intermediaries."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/first-turkic-khaganate/": {"t": "First Turkic Khaganate", "s": "The first Central Asian transcontinental empire from Manchuria to the Black Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/first-turkic-khaganate.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aral-sea/": {"t": "Aral Sea", "s": "The southern remnant of the former Aral Sea, split into eastern and western basins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aral-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aral Sea · see source"}, 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"/e/chinese-history/sino-french-war/": {"t": "Sino-French War", "s": "Limited conflict for influence in Vietnam without declaration of war."}, "https://codexery.com/remington-winchester-and-colt-firearms/e/remington-winchester-and-colt-firearms/remington-rolling-block-rifle/": {"t": "Remington Rolling Block rifle", "s": "A breech-loading rifle family used by militaries and civilians worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/other/e/other/outer-manchuria/": {"t": "Outer Manchuria", "s": "Historical region ceded by Qing China to Russia in the 19th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other/img/other/outer-manchuria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Outer Manchuria · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/empress-dowager-cixi/": {"t": "Empress Dowager Cixi", "s": "Manchu noblewoman who ruled Qing China as empress dowager."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/history-of-science-and-technology-in-china/": {"t": "History of 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and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-leaders/e/east-asian-leaders/li-xiannian/": {"t": "Li Xiannian", "s": "Chinese Communist leader and conservative Party elder."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/jiang-qing/": {"t": "Jiang Qing", "s": "Revolutionary, actress, and fourth wife of Mao Zedong."}, "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/e/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-people-s-court/": {"t": "Supreme People's Court", "s": "Highest judicial authority of the People's Republic of China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-law-diplomacy/img/international-law-and-diplomacy/supreme-people-s-court.webp", "c": "Original: Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China (Q691994) Vector:  HyBoxwood · via Wikipedia: Supreme People's Court · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/shining-path/": {"t": "Shining Path", "s": "Maoist guerrilla group that waged a people's war in Peru."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/economy-of-china/": {"t": "Economy of China", "s": "The world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and largest by PPP since 2016."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/tiananmen-square-protests/": {"t": "Tiananmen Square protests", "s": "1989 protests in Beijing ended in a military crackdown."}, "https://codexery.com/constitutional-law/e/constitutional-law/constitution-of-china/": {"t": "Constitution of China", "s": "Supreme law of the People's Republic of China."}, "https://codexery.com/stock-markets-finance/e/stock-markets-and-finance/shanghai-stock-exchange/": {"t": "Shanghai Stock Exchange", "s": "Asia's largest stock exchange, re-established in 1990."}, "https://codexery.com/banking-and-finance/e/banking-and-finance/capital-market/": {"t": "Capital market", "s": "A market for long-term debt and equity securities."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/developing-country/": {"t": "Developing country", "s": "A country with a less-developed industrial base and lower HDI, though definitions vary widely."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/gross-domestic-product/": {"t": "Gross domestic product", "s": "Monetary measure of total market value of final goods and services."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts-and-schools/e/economic-concepts-and-schools/purchasing-power-parity/": {"t": "Purchasing power parity", "s": "Economic measure comparing currency purchasing power across 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"https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/lee-kuan-yew.webp", "c": "White House Photographic Office. 1974-1977 · via Wikipedia: Lee Kuan Yew · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/shenzhen/": {"t": "Shenzhen", "s": "Shenzhen: A premier global metropolis and technology hub on the Pearl River estuary."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-leaders/e/asian-leaders/chen-yun/": {"t": "Chen Yun", "s": "CCP statesman and architect of economic reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/decentralization/": {"t": "Decentralization", "s": "Distribution of decision-making from central to smaller groups."}, "https://codexery.com/national-economies/e/national-economies/economy-of-japan/": {"t": "Economy of Japan", "s": "Japan: East Asian model of strategic public investment and economic resilience."}, 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see source"}, "https://codexery.com/shogun/e/characters/tokugawa-ieyasu/": {"t": "Tokugawa Ieyasu", "s": "Former hostage turned daimyo who founded the Tokugawa shogunate and ruled Japan from Edo.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shogun/img/characters/tokugawa-ieyasu.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tokugawa Ieyasu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/sh-tai/": {"t": "Shō Tai", "s": "Last King of Ryukyu, demoted to Domain King in 1872, forced to abdicate in 1879, later made a Japanese marquess.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/img/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/sh-tai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: King of Ryukyu · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/monroe-doctrine/": {"t": "Monroe Doctrine", "s": "U.S. policy opposing foreign intervention in the Western Hemisphere."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/western-hemisphere/": {"t": "Western Hemisphere", "s": "U.S. Department of Defense school for Latin American security personnel, formerly the School of the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/yue-chinese/": {"t": "Yue Chinese", "s": "A major Sinitic branch centered on Guangzhou and Hong Kong."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/japanese-language/": {"t": "Japanese language", "s": "The principal language of the Japonic family, spoken by over 123 million people, primarily in Japan."}, 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"s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "/e/chinese-history/shanghai-massacre/": {"t": "Shanghai massacre", "s": "Violent suppression of communists in Shanghai by KMT forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/shanghai-massacre.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/japanese-invasion-of-manchuria/": {"t": "Japanese invasion of Manchuria", "s": "Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria after a staged false flag incident."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Largest Asian war of the 20th century, intertwined with World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Unknown photographer, Ministry of the Navy · via Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/public-holidays-and-observances/national-day/": {"t": "National day", "s": "A day celebrating statehood or nationhood, often a public holiday.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/img/public-holidays-and-observances/national-day.webp", "c": "chensiyuan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-of-1917-1923/e/revolutions-of/may-fourth-movement/": {"t": "May Fourth Movement", "s": "Student protests on May 4, 1919 sparked a nationalist and political movement."}, 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"https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/ambush.webp", "c": "Jean-François-Alphonse Lecomte · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/south-china-sea/": {"t": "South China Sea", "s": "A marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, vital to global trade and fishing."}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/spratly-islands/": {"t": "Spratly Islands", "s": "Disputed archipelago in the South China Sea with strategic and resource significance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/img/coral-reefs/spratly-islands.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/petroleum/": {"t": "Petroleum", "s": "A fossil fuel central to modern industry and climate change."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/artificial-island/": {"t": "Artificial island", "s": "Human-made landforms built for settlement, defense, or economic purposes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/artificial-island.webp", "c": "Luka Peternel · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-indochina-war/": {"t": "First Indochina War", "s": "A conflict from 1946 to 1954 between France and the Viet Minh, ending with French withdrawal and the division of Vietnam."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/coral-reefs/e/coral-reefs/johnson-south-reef/": {"t": "Johnson South Reef", "s": "A disputed Spratly reef, site of a 1988 skirmish and later militarized."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hainan/": {"t": "Hainan", "s": "China's southernmost island province, a tropical free-trade port."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/sulu-sea/": {"t": "Sulu Sea", "s": "A Philippine sea with a World Heritage reef."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/tibetan-buddhism/": {"t": "Tibetan Buddhism", "s": "Tibetan Buddhism: A Mahayana tradition preserving Indian tantric practices and native developments, with four major schools and a non-sectarian Rimé movement."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/dzungar-khanate/": {"t": "Dzungar Khanate", "s": "Last nomadic empire of the Oirat Mongols, spanning Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-traditions/e/buddhist-traditions/dalai-lama/": {"t": "Dalai Lama", "s": "Spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and historical symbol of Tibetan unity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lhasa/": {"t": "Lhasa", "s": "High-altitude capital of Tibet, center of Buddhist culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/yue-fei/": {"t": "Yue Fei", "s": "Patriotic general of the Song dynasty, executed under a frameup in 1142.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/yue-fei.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Yue Fei · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/sikkim/": {"t": "Sikkim", "s": "The hidden valley of rice in the Eastern Himalaya"}, "/e/chinese-history/self-strengthening-movement/": {"t": "Self-Strengthening Movement", "s": "Late Qing reform movement to strengthen state through Western technology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/self-strengthening-movement.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Self-Strengthening Movement · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/tongzhi-emperor/": {"t": "Tongzhi Emperor", "s": "The eighth Qing emperor whose reign was overshadowed by Empress Dowager Cixi and marked by the Tongzhi Restoration.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/img/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/tongzhi-emperor.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Guangxu Emperor · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/comparative-politics/e/comparative-politics/politics-of-taiwan/": {"t": "Politics of Taiwan", "s": "Taiwan's politics evolved from authoritarian rule to a full democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/liberal-democracy/": {"t": "Liberal democracy", "s": "A government combining democracy with liberal political philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/capital-punishment/": {"t": "Capital punishment", "s": "State-sanctioned killing as punishment for misconduct."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples are diverse groups with ancestral ties to traditional territories."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/taiwanese-indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Taiwanese indigenous peoples", "s": "Austronesian indigenous peoples of Taiwan, origin of oceanic expansion."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/e/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/chen-shui-bian/": {"t": "Chen Shui-bian", "s": "First non-Kuomintang president of the Republic of China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/img/asian-presidents-and-prime-ministers/chen-shui-bian.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Chen Shui-bian · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/declaration-of-war/": {"t": "Declaration of war", "s": "A formal act announcing a state of war between states."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/nguy-n-dynasty/": {"t": "Nguyễn dynasty", "s": "The Nguyễn dynasty, the final imperial family of Vietnam, was founded by the House of Nguyễn Phúc."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/firearm-manufacturers/e/firearm-manufacturers/krupp/": {"t": "Krupp", "s": "Europe's largest company and Germany's chief arms maker in two world wars."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "/e/chinese-history/sino-soviet-split/": {"t": "Sino-Soviet split", "s": "Ideological rivalry split communist world into competing spheres.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/sino-soviet-split.webp", "c": "NuclearVacuum · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pol-pot/": {"t": "Pol Pot", "s": "Cambodian revolutionary and dictator who led the Khmer Rouge and oversaw the Cambodian genocide."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/zbigniew-brzezinski/": {"t": "Zbigniew Brzezinski", "s": "Polish-American diplomat and political scientist, National Security Advisor to Jimmy Carter", "i": "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/img/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/zbigniew-brzezinski.webp", "c": "Central Intelligence Agency from Washington, D.C. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/soviet-afghan-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Afghan War", "s": "Decade-long conflict that contributed to the Soviet Union's dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/mcmahon-line/": {"t": "McMahon Line", "s": "Boundary between Tibet and British India, disputed by China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/british-empire/img/british-empire/mcmahon-line.webp", "c": "Simla Accord 1914 · via Wikipedia: McMahon Line · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/1959-tibetan-uprising/": {"t": "1959 Tibetan uprising", "s": "The 1959 Tibetan uprising, also known as the Lhasa uprising, began on 10 March 1959 with protests in the Tibetan capital driven by concerns that the Chinese gov"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-independence-movement/": {"t": "Indian independence movement", "s": "Political efforts to end British colonial rule in India."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jawaharlal-nehru/": {"t": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "s": "India's first prime minister and architect of its modern secular democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/manipur/": {"t": "Manipur", "s": "A northeastern Indian state of hills and valleys, known for its diverse ethnic groups and cultural heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/indian-states/e/indian-states/assam/": {"t": "Assam", "s": "The land of the Brahmaputra, tea, and one-horned rhinos.", "i": "https://codexery.com/indian-states/img/indian-states/assam.webp", "c": "Medhi jyoti · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/konbaung-dynasty/": {"t": "Konbaung dynasty", "s": "The last dynasty of Burma, from 1752 to 1885."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/partition-of-india/": {"t": "Partition of India", "s": "The partition of India in 1947 divided British India into two independent dominions: the Union of India (today the Republic 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Zongren", "s": "Warlord, general, and acting president of the Republic of China."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/triad-organised-crime/": {"t": "Triad (organised crime)", "s": "Chinese transnational organised crime syndicate with historical patriotic origins."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/strike-action/": {"t": "Strike action", "s": "A form of direct action in which employees collectively refuse to work, usually in response to grievances."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/zhu-de/": {"t": "Zhu De", "s": "Founding marshal of the People's Republic of China"}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/geopolitics/": {"t": "Geopolitics", "s": "Study of geography's effects on politics and international relations."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/hegemony/": {"t": "Hegemony", "s": "Predominance of one state over others, regionally or globally."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/george-c-marshall/": {"t": "George C. Marshall", "s": "Organizer of victory and architect of European recovery"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge/": {"t": "Great Purge", "s": "A Soviet political purge targeting dissenters and perceived enemies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/great-purge.webp", "c": "Stefanguzvica · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/hungarian-revolution-of-1956/": {"t": "Hungarian Revolution of 1956", "s": "A 13-day uprising against Soviet domination, crushed by Soviet forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/hungarian-revolution-of-1956.webp", "c": "Globetrotter19 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "/e/chinese-history/sino-indian-war/": {"t": "Sino-Indian War", "s": "In October and November of 1962, China and India fought a brief but intense war, sometimes called the China–India War or the Indo-China War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/sino-indian-war.webp", "c": "Hogweard (Original) Sgh45 (This version) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/pravda/": {"t": "Pravda", "s": "The official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bucharest/": {"t": "Bucharest", "s": "Capital and largest city of Romania, historically called 'Paris of the East'."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dwight-d-eisenhower/": {"t": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "s": "34th president of the United States and Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-il-sung/": {"t": "Kim Il-sung", "s": "Founder and eternal leader of North Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/kim-il-sung.webp", "c": "David Clayton Ellsworth · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/korean-war/": {"t": "Korean War", "s": "A frozen conflict that divided a peninsula."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}}